Magnesium and Zinc Intake Ratio Mediates the Increase of Coronary Artery Calcification through Upregulating Interleukin 6

References

• Liu ZH, Yu XQ, Yang JW, et al. Prevalence and risk factors for vascular calcification in Chinese patients receiving dialysis: baseline results from a prospective cohort study. Curr Med Res Opin. 2018;34(8):1491–10.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Boström KI. Where do we stand on vascular calcification? Vascul Pharmacol. 2016;84:8–14.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Chen NX, O’Neill KD, Moe SM. Matrix vesicles induce calcification of recipient vascular smooth muscle cells through multiple signaling pathways. Kidney Int. 2018;93(2):343–354.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Aghagolzadeh P, Bachtler M, Bijarnia R, et al. Calcification of vascular smooth muscle cells is induced by secondary calciprotein particles and enhanced by tumor necrosis factor-α. Atherosclerosis. 2016;251:404–414.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Moe SM, Chen NX. Inflammation and vascular calcification. Blood Purif. 2005;23(1):64–71.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Budoff MJ, Young R, Lopez VA, et al. Progression of coronary calcium and incident coronary heart disease events: mesa (multi-ethnic study of atherosclerosis). J Am Coll Cardiol. 2013;61(12):1231–1239.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Raggi P, Callister TQ, Shaw LJ. Progression of coronary artery calcium and risk of first myocardial infarction in patients receiving cholesterol-lowering therapy. arteriosclerosis. Thrombosis Vasc Biol. 2004;24(7):1272–1277.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Wong ND, Detrano RC, Abrahamson D, et al. Coronary artery screening by electron beam computed tomography. Circulation. 1995;92(3):632–636.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Budoff MJ, Hokanson JE, Nasir K, et al. Progression of coronary artery calcium predicts all-cause mortality. JACC Cardiovasc Imaging. 2010;3(12):1229–1236.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Kim E-D, Kim JS, Kim -S-S, et al. Association of abdominal aortic calcification with lifestyle and risk factors of cardiovascular disease. Korean J Fam Med. 2013;34(3):213–220.
   Google Scholar
• Obisesan OH, Osei AD, Uddin SMI, et al. An update on coronary artery calcium interpretation at chest and cardiac CT. Radiol Cardiothorac Imaging. 2021;3(1):e200484–e200484.
   Google Scholar
• Cheong BYC, Wilson JM, Spann SJ, et al. Coronary artery calcium scoring: an evidence-based guide for primary care physicians. J Intern Med. 2021;289(3):309–324.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Greenland P, Blaha MJ, Budoff MJ, et al. Coronary calcium score and cardiovascular risk. J Am Coll Cardiol. 2018;72(4):434–447.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Ghosh S, He W, Gao J, et al. Whole milk consumption is associated with lower risk of coronary artery calcification progression: evidences from the multi-ethnic study of atherosclerosis. Eur J Nutr. 2021;60(2):1049–1058.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Zhao W, Chen J. Implications from and for food cultures for cardiovascular disease: diet, nutrition and cardiovascular diseases in China. Asia Pac J Clin Nutr. 2001;10(2):146–152.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Vaskonen T. Dietary minerals and modification of cardiovascular risk factors. J Nutr Biochem. 2003;14(9):492–506.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Choi Y, Chang Y, Lee JE, et al. Egg consumption and coronary artery calcification in asymptomatic men and women. Atherosclerosis. 2015;241(2):305–312.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Miranda AM, Steluti J, Goulart AC, et al. Coffee consumption and coronary artery calcium score: cross-sectional results of ELSA-Brasil (Brazilian longitudinal study of adult health). J Am Heart Assoc. 2018;7(7). DOI:10.1161/JAHA.117.007155
   Google Scholar
• Djoussé L, Hopkins PN, Arnett DK, et al. Chocolate consumption is inversely associated with calcified atherosclerotic plaque in the coronary arteries: the NHLBI family heart study. Clin Nutr. 2011;30(1):38–43.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Reedy J, Krebs-Smith SM, Hammond RA, et al. Advancing the science of dietary patterns research to leverage a complex systems approach. J Acad Nutr Diet. 2017;117(7):1019–1022.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Chen W, Eisenberg R, Mowrey WB, et al. Association between dietary zinc intake and abdominal aortic calcification in US adults. Nephrol Dial Transplant. 2020;35(7):1171–1178.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Sun Y, Byon CH, Yang Y, et al. Dietary potassium regulates vascular calcification and arterial stiffness. JCI Insight. 2017;2(19). DOI:10.1172/jci.insight.94920
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Anderson JJB, Kruszka B, Delaney JAC, et al. Calcium intake from diet and supplements and the risk of coronary artery calcification and its progression among older adults: 10‐Year follow‐up of the multi‐ethnic study of atherosclerosis (Mesa). J Am Heart Assoc. 2016;5(10):e003815.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Voelkl J, Tuffaha R, Luong TTD, et al. Zinc Inhibits Phosphate-Induced Vascular Calcification through TNFAIP3-Mediated Suppression of NF-κB. J Am Soc Nephrol. 2018;29(6):1636–1648.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Posadas-Sánchez R, Posadas-Romero C, Cardoso-Saldaña G, et al. Serum magnesium is inversely associated with coronary artery calcification in the Genetics of Atherosclerotic Disease (GEA) study. Nutr J. 2016;15(1):22.
   Google Scholar
• Levy J, Miranda AAM, De Carli E, et al. Ingestion of magnesium was not associated with coronary calcium score in a cross-sectional study. Int J Vitam Nutr Res. 2021;91(3–4):217–223.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Chen W, Fitzpatrick J, Monroy-Trujillo JM, et al. Diabetes mellitus modifies the associations of serum magnesium concentration with arterial calcification and stiffness in incident hemodialysis patients. Kidney Int Rep. 2019;4(6):806–813.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Talaei M, Koh WP, Yuan JM, et al. DASH dietary pattern, mediation by mineral intakes, and the risk of coronary artery disease and stroke mortality. J Am Heart Assoc. 2019;8(5):e011054.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Bild DE, Bluemke DA, Burke GL, et al. Multi-ethnic study of Atherosclerosis: objectives and design. Am J Epidemiol. 2002;156(9):871–881.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Stathopoulou MG, Kanoni S, Papanikolaou G, et al. Mineral intake. In:C. Bouchard and J.M. Ordovas, Editors. Progress in molecular biology and translational science. Academic Press; 2012. p. 201–236.
   Google Scholar
• Roman Viñas B, Ribas Barba L, Ngo J, et al. Projected prevalence of inadequate nutrient intakes in Europe. Ann Nutr Metab. 2011;59(2–4):84–95.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Bukkens SG, de Vos N, Kok FJ, et al. Selenium status and cardiovascular risk factors in healthy Dutch subjects. J Am Coll Nutr. 1990;9(2):128–135.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Sotos-Prieto M, Bhupathiraju SN, Mattei J, et al. Changes in diet quality scores and risk of cardiovascular disease among US men and women. Circulation. 2015;132(23):2212–2219.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Benjamin EJ, Virani SS, Callaway CW, et al. Heart disease and stroke statistics—2018 update: a report from the American heart association. Circulation. 2018;137(12):e67–e492.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Correa S, Guerra-Torres XE, Waikar SS, et al. Serum magnesium, blood pressure, and risk of hypertension and chronic kidney disease progression in the CRIC study. Hypertension. 2021;78(6):1771–1780.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Larsson SC, Virtamo J, Wolk A. Potassium, calcium, and magnesium intakes and risk of stroke in women. Am J Epidemiol. 2011;174(1):35–43.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Cunha AR, Umbelino B, Correia ML, et al. Magnesium and vascular changes in hypertension. Int J Hypertens. 2012;2012:754250.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Gudjoncik A, Guenancia C, Zeller M, et al. Iron, oxidative stress, and redox signaling in the cardiovascular system. Mol Nutr Food Res. 2014;58(8):1721–1738.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Astrup A, Geiker NRW, Magkos F. Effects of full-fat and fermented dairy products on cardiometabolic disease: food is more than the sum of its parts. Adv Nutr. 2019;10(5):924s–930s.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Reunanen A, Knekt P, Marniemi J, et al. Serum calcium, magnesium, copper and zinc and risk of cardiovascular death. Eur J Clin Nutr. 1996;50(7):431–437.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Alcantara EH, Lomeda R-AR, Feldmann J, et al. Zinc deprivation inhibits extracellular matrix calcification through decreased synthesis of matrix proteins in osteoblasts. Mol Nutr Food Res. 2011;55(10):1552–1560.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Machado AD, Gómez LM, Marchioni DML, et al. Association between dietary intake and coronary artery calcification in non-dialysis chronic kidney disease: the PROGREDIR study. Nutrients. 2018;10(3):372.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Eshak ES, Iso H, Yamagishi K, et al. Associations between copper and zinc intakes from diet and mortality from cardiovascular disease in a large population-based prospective cohort study. J Nutr Biochem. 2018;56:126–132.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Bates CJ, Hamer M, Mishra GD. Redox-modulatory vitamins and minerals that prospectively predict mortality in older British people: the national diet and nutrition survey of people aged 65 years and over. Br J Nutr. 2011;105(1):123–132.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Hamedifard Z, Farrokhian A, Reiner Ž, et al. The effects of combined magnesium and zinc supplementation on metabolic status in patients with type 2 diabetes mellitus and coronary heart disease. Lipids Health Dis. 2020;19(1):112.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• N.E. Jensky, M.H. Criqui, M.C. Wright, C.L. Wassel, S.A. Brody, M.A. Allison, Blood pressure and vascular calcification, Hypertension. 55 (2010) 990–997. https://doi.org/10.1161/HYPERTENSIONAHA.109.147520
   Google Scholar
• Jensky NE, Criqui MH, Wright MC, et al. Blood pressure and vascular calcification. Hypertension. 2010;55(4):990–997.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Reiterer G, MacDonald R, Browning JD, et al. Zinc deficiency increases plasma lipids and atherosclerotic markers in LDL-receptor-deficient mice. J Nutr. 2005;135(9):2114–2118.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Yang YJ, Choi BY, Chun BY, et al. Dietary zinc intake is inversely related to subclinical atherosclerosis measured by carotid intima-media thickness. Br J Nutr. 2010;104(8):1202–1211.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Shin M-Y, Kwun I-S. Role of zinc for calcification inhibitor protein in vascular smooth muscle cell plaque formation. J Nutr Health. 2016;49(1):59–62.
   Google Scholar
• Mizushima S, Cappuccio FP, Nichols R, et al. Dietary magnesium intake and blood pressure: a qualitative overview of the observational studies. J Hum Hypertens. 1998;12(7):447–453.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Song Y, Ridker PM, Manson JE, et al. Magnesium intake, C-reactive protein, and the prevalence of metabolic syndrome in middle-aged and older U.S. women. Diabetes Care. 2005;28(6):1438–1444.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Tangvoraphonkchai K, Davenport A. Magnesium and Cardiovascular Disease. Adv Chronic Kidney Dis. 2018;25(3):251–260.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Song Y, Manson JE, Cook NR, et al. Dietary magnesium intake and risk of cardiovascular disease among women. Am J Cardiol. 2005;96(8):1135–1141.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Huitrón-Bravo GG, Denova-Gutiérrez E, de Jesús Garduño-garcía J, et al. Dietary magnesium intake and risk of hypertension in a Mexican adult population: a cohort study. BMC Nutr. 2015;1(1):6.
   Google Scholar
• Salem S, Bruck H, Bahlmann FH, et al. Relationship between magnesium and clinical biomarkers on inhibition of vascular calcification. Am J Nephrol. 2012;35(1):31–39.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Hruby A, O’Donnell CJ, Jacques PF, et al. Magnesium intake is inversely associated with coronary artery calcification: the Framingham heart study. JACC Cardiovasc Imaging. 2014;7(1):59–69.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• de Oliveira Otto MC, Alonso A, Lee DH, et al. Dietary micronutrient intakes are associated with markers of inflammation but not with markers of subclinical atherosclerosis. J Nutr. 2011;141(8):1508–1515.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Strauss HW, Nakahara T, Narula N, et al. Vascular calcification: the evolving relationship of vascular calcification to major acute coronary events. J Nucl Med. 2019;60(9):1207–1212.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Zhao -M-M, Xu M-J, Cai Y, et al. Mitochondrial reactive oxygen species promote p65 nuclear translocation mediating high-phosphate-induced vascular calcification in vitro and in vivo. Kidney Int. 2011;79(10):1071–1079.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Tesauro M, Mauriello A, Rovella V, et al. Arterial ageing: from endothelial dysfunction to vascular calcification. J Intern Med. 2017;281(5):471–482.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Lee SJ, Lee IK, and Jeon JH. Vascular calcification-new insights into its mechanism. Int J Mol Sci. 2020;21(8):2685.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Hennig B, Toborek M, McClain CJ. High-energy diets, fatty acids and endothelial cell function: implications for atherosclerosis. J Am Coll Nutr. 2001;20(2 Suppl):97–105.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Marreiro DD, Cruz KJ, and Morais JB, et al. Zinc and oxidative stress: current mechanisms. Antioxidants (Basel). 2017;6(2):24.
   Google Scholar
• Gammoh NZ, Rink L. Zinc in infection and inflammation. Nutrients. 2017;9(6):624.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Yang YZ, Liu ZH, Wang SC, et al. Magnesium isoglycyrrhizinate alleviates fructose-induced liver oxidative stress and inflammatory injury through suppressing NOXs. Eur J Pharmacol. 2020;883:173314.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Asemi Z, Karamali M, Jamilian M, et al. Magnesium supplementation affects metabolic status and pregnancy outcomes in gestational diabetes: a randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled trial. Am J Clin Nutr. 2015;102(1):222–229.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• de Oliveira Otto MC, Alonso A, Lee DH, et al. Dietary intakes of zinc and heme iron from red meat, but not from other sources, are associated with greater risk of metabolic syndrome and cardiovascular disease. J Nutr. 2012;142(3):526–533.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Sarukura N, Kogirima M, Takai S, et al. Dietary zinc intake and its effects on zinc nutrition in healthy Japanese living in the central area of Japan. J Med Invest. 2011;58(3–4):203–209.
   Google Scholar