References
- Abaqus/CAE. (2014). User’s guide, theory manual, element (Version. 6.14).
- Alonso, G., Meseguer, J., & Pérez-Grande, I. (2007). Galloping stability of triangular cross-sectional bodies: A systematic approach. Journal of Wind Engineering and Industrial Aerodynamics, 95(9-11), 928–940. https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jweia.2007.01.012
- ASCE/SEI7-05. (2016). Chapter 26: Wind loads. In Minimum design loads for buildings and other structures (pp. 7–16).
- Avila-Sanchez, S., Lopez-Garcia, O., Cuerva, A., & Meseguer, J. (2016). Characterisation of cross-flow above a railway bridge equipped with solid windbreaks. Engineering Structures, 126, 133–146. https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.1016/j.engstruct.2016.07.035
- Avila-Sanchez, S., Lopez-Garcia, O., Cuerva, A., & Meseguer, J. (2017). Assesment of the transverse galloping stability of a railway overhead located above a railway bridge. International Journal of Mechanical Sciences, 131-132, 649–662. https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ijmecsci.2017.07.024
- Avila-Sanchez, S., Meseguer, J., & Lopez-Garcia, O. (2010). Turbulence intensity on catenary contact wires due to parapets placed on a double track bridge. Journal of Wind Engineering and Industrial Aerodynamics, 98(10-11), 504–511. https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jweia.2010.03.003
- Baker, C. J. (1986). Train aerodynamic forces and moments from moving model experiments. Journal of Wind Engineering and Industrial Aerodynamics, 24(3), 227–251. https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.1016/0167-6105(86)90024-3. http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/0167610586900243
- Baker, C. J. (2010). The flow around high speed trains. Journal of Wind Engineering and Industrial Aerodynamics, 98(6-7), 277–298. https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jweia.2009.11.002
- Baker, C. J., & Humphreys, N. D. (1996). Assessment of the adequacy of various wind tunnel techniques to obtain aerodynamic data for ground vehicles in cross winds. Journal of Wind Engineering and Industrial Aerodynamics, 60, 49–68. https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.1016/0167-6105(96)00023-2
- Barcala, M. A., & Meseguer, J. (2007). An experimental study of the influence of parapets on the aerodynamic loads under cross wind on a two-dimensional model of a railway vehicle on a bridge. Proceedings of the Institution of Mechanical Engineers, Part F: Journal of Rail and Rapid Transit, 221(4), 487–494. https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.1243/09544097jrrt53
- Bocciolone, M., Cheli, F., Corradi, R., Muggiasca, S., & Tomasini, G. (2008). Crosswind action on rail vehicles: Wind tunnel experimental analyses. Journal of Wind Engineering and Industrial Aerodynamics, 96(5), 584–610. https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jweia.2008.02.030
- Carassale, L., Freda, A., & Marrè-Brunenghi, M. (2013). Effects of free-stream turbulence and corner shape on the galloping instability of square cylinders. Journal of Wind Engineering and Industrial Aerodynamics, 123, 274–280. https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jweia.2013.09.002
- Carnevale, M., Facchinetti, A., & Rocchi, D. (2017). Procedure to assess the role of railway pantograph components in generating the aerodynamic uplift. Journal of Wind Engineering and Industrial Aerodynamics, 160, 16–29. https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jweia.2016.11.003
- Chen, G., Li, X., Liu, Z., Zhou, D., Wang, Z., Liang, X., & Krajnovic, S. (2019). Dynamic analysis of the effect of nose length on train aerodynamic performance. Journal of Wind Engineering and Industrial Aerodynamics, 184, 198–208. https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jweia.2018.11.021
- Chen, Zhengwei, Liu, Tanghong, Jiang, Zhenhua, Guo, Zijian, & Zhang, Jie. (2018). Comparative analysis of the effect of different nose lengths on train aerodynamic performance under crosswind. Journal of Fluids and Structures, 78, 69–85. https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jfluidstructs.2017.12.016
- Chu, C.-R., Chang, C.-Y., Huang, C.-J., Wu, T.-R., Wang, C.-Y., & Liu, M.-Y. (2013). Windbreak protection for road vehicles against crosswind. Journal of Wind Engineering and Industrial Aerodynamics, 116, 61–69. https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jweia.2013.02.001
- Cook, N. J. (1997). The Deaves and Harris ABL model applied to heterogeneous terrain. Journal of Wind Engineering and Industrial Aerodynamics, 66(3), 197–214. https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.1016/s0167-6105(97)00034-2
- Dong, Z., Luo, W., Qian, G., Lu, P., & Wang, H. (2010). A wind tunnel simulation of the turbulence fields behind upright porous wind fences. Journal of Arid Environments, 74(2), 193–207. https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jaridenv.2009.03.015
- Flynn, D., Hemida, H., & Baker, C. (2016). On the effect of crosswinds on the slipstream of a freight train and associated effects. Journal of Wind Engineering and Industrial Aerodynamics, 156, 14–28. https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jweia.2016.07.001
- GB50009-2012. (2012). Load code for the design of building structures.
- Ge, S., & Jiang, F. (2009). Analyses of the causes for wind disaster in strong wind area along Lanzhou-Xinjiang Railway and the effect of windbreak. Journal of Railway Engineering Society, 000(005), 1–4. https://CNKI:SUN:TDGC.0.2009-05-001
- Ghalandari, M., Mirzadeh Koohshahi, E., Mohamadian, F., Shamshirband, S., & Chau, K. W. (2019). Numerical simulation of nanofluid flow inside a root canal. Engineering Applications of Computational Fluid Mechanics, 13(1), 254–264. https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.1080/19942060.2019.1578696
- Guo, Z., Liu, T., Hemida, H., Chen, Z., & Liu, H. (2020). Numerical simulation of the aerodynamic characteristics of double unit train. Engineering Applications of Computational Fluid Mechanics, 14(1), 910–922. https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.1080/19942060.2020.1784798
- He, X. H., Zou, Y. F., Wang, H. F., Han, Y., & Shi, K. (2014). Aerodynamic characteristics of a trailing rail vehicles on viaduct based on still wind tunnel experiments. Journal of Wind Engineering and Industrial Aerodynamics, 135, 22–33. https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jweia.2014.10.004
- Johnson, T. (1996). Strong; wind effects on railway operations — 16th October 1987. Journal of Wind Engineering and Industrial Aerodynamics, 60, 251–266. https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.1016/0167-6105(96)00038-4
- Kamada, Y., Li, Q. a., Maeda, T., & Yamada, K. (2019). Wind tunnel experimental investigation of flow field around two-dimensional single hill models. Renewable Energy, 136, 1107–1118. https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.1016/j.renene.2018.09.083
- Kozmar, H. (2012). Sheltering efficiency of wind barriers on bridges.
- Krajnovic, S. (2008). Numerical simulation of the flow around anICE2 train under the influence of awind gust,. International Conference on Railway Engineering-Challenges for Railway Transportation in Information Age, Hong Kong, China, March 25-28.
- Li, Y. (2012). Evaluation of wind protection effect of different types of retaining wall in baili wind area of lanxin line. Rail Quality Control, 040(001), 34–37. https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.3969/j.issn.1006-9178.2012.01.013
- Li, X., Chen, G., Wang, Z., Xiong, X., Liang, X., & Yin, J. (2019). Dynamic analysis of the flow fields around single- and double-unit trains. Journal of Wind Engineering and Industrial Aerodynamics, 188, 136–150. https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jweia.2019.02.015
- Li, T., Qin, D., & Zhang, J. (2019). Effect of RANS Turbulence Model on Aerodynamic Behavior of Trains in Crosswind. Chinese Journal of Mechanical Engineering, 32(1), 103. https://doi.org/http://dx.doi.org/10.1186/s10033-019-0402-2
- Liu, F. (2006). Wind-proof effect of different kinds of wind-break walls on the security of train. Journal of Central South University (Science and Technology), 37, 176–182. https://CNKI:SUN:ZNGD.0.2006-01-033
- Liu, T., Chen, Z., Zhou, X., & Zhang, J. (2018). A CFD analysis of the aerodynamics of a high-speed train passing through a windbreak transition under crosswind. Engineering Applications of Computational Fluid Mechanics, 12(1), 137–151. https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.1080/19942060.2017.1360211
- Liu, Z., Zhang, J., Yang, M., & Wu, X. (2012). The partial raises optimization of existed earth type wind barrier in Lanxin Railway. Journal of Railway Science and Engineering, 09(001), 101–106. https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.3969/j.issn.1672-7029.2012.01.019
- Mao, J, Xi, Y. H., & Yang, G. W. (2011). Research on influence of characteristics of cross wind field on aerodynamic performance of high-speed train Journal of the China Railway Society, 33(004), 22–30. https://CNKI:SUN:TDXB.0.2011-04-006
- Mou, B., He, B.-J., Zhao, D.-X., & Chau, K.-w. (2017). Numerical simulation of the effects of building dimensional variation on wind pressure distribution. Engineering Applications of Computational Fluid Mechanics, 11(1), 293–309. https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.1080/19942060.2017.1281845
- Niu, J., Wang, Y., & Zhou, D. (2019). Effect of the outer windshield schemes on aerodynamic characteristics around the car-connecting parts and train aerodynamic performance. Mechanical Systems and Signal Processing, 130, 1–16. https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ymssp.2019.05.001
- Niu, J., Zhou, D., & Liang, X. (2018). Numerical investigation of the aerodynamic characteristics of high-speed trains of different lengths under crosswind with or without windbreaks. Engineering Applications of Computational Fluid Mechanics, 12(1), 195–215. https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.1080/19942060.2017.1390786
- Pombo, J., & Ambrósio, J. (2013). Environmental and track perturbations on multiple pantograph interaction with catenaries in high-speed trains. Computers & Structures, 124, 88–101. https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.1016/j.compstruc.2013.01.015
- Pombo, J., Ambrósio, J., Pereira, M., Rauter, F., Collina, A., & Facchinetti, A. (2009). Influence of the aerodynamic forces on the pantograph–catenary system for high-speed trains. Vehicle System Dynamics, 47(11), 1327–1347. https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.1080/00423110802613402
- Ramezanizadeh, M., Alhuyi Nazari, M., Ahmadi, M. H., & Chau, K.-w. (2019). Experimental and numerical analysis of a nanofluidic thermosyphon heat exchanger. Engineering Applications of Computational Fluid Mechanics, 13(1), 40–47. https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.1080/19942060.2018.1518272
- Royal Meteorological Society. (2018, July 19). Resources: Weather. The Beaufort Scale. https://www.rmets.org/resource/beaufort-scale.
- Scanlon, T. J., & Oldroyd, A. B. (2000). An investigation into the attenuation of wind speed by the use of windbreaks in the vicinity of overhead wires. Proceedings of the Institution of Mechanical Engineers, Part F: Journal of Rail and Rapid Transit, 214(3), 173–182. https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.1243/0954409001531298
- Shur, M. L., Spalart, P. R., Strelets, M. K., & Travin, A. K. (2008). A hybrid RANS-LES approach with delayed-DES and wall-modelled LES capabilities. International Journal of Heat and Fluid Flow, 29(6), 1638–1649. https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ijheatfluidflow.2008.07.001
- SIEMENS. (2017). STAR-CCM+ User Guide. Release 12.02.
- Song, Y., Liu, Z., Ouyang, H., Wang, H., & Lu, X. (2017). Sliding mode control with PD sliding surface for high-speed railway pantograph-catenary contact force under strong stochastic wind field. Shock and Vibration, 2017, 1–16. https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.1155/2017/4895321
- Song, Y., Liu, Z., Wang, H., Lu, X., & Zhang, J. (2016). Nonlinear analysis of wind-induced vibration of high-speed railway catenary and its influence on pantograph–catenary interaction. Vehicle System Dynamics, 54(6), 723–747. https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.1080/00423114.2016.1156134
- Spalart, P. R., Deck, S., Shur, M. L., Squires, K. D., Strelets, M. K., & Travin, A. (2006). A new version of detached-eddy simulation, resistant to ambiguous grid densities. Theoretical and Computational Fluid Dynamics, 20(3), 181–195. https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.1007/s00162-006-0015-0
- Travin, A., Shur, M., Strelets, M., & Spalart, P. R. (2002). Physical and numerical upgrades in the detached-eddy simulation of complex turbulent flows. In R. Friedrich & W. Rodi (Eds.), Advances in LES of complex flows (Vol. 65, pp. 239–254). Kluwer Academic.
- Xia, Y., Liu, T., Gu, H., Guo, Z., Chen, Z., Li, W., & Li, L. (2020). Aerodynamic effects of the gap spacing between adjacent vehicles on wind tunnel train models. Engineering Applications of Computational Fluid Mechanics, 14(1), 835–852. https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.1080/19942060.2020.1773319
- Xie, Q., & Zhi, X. (2019). Wind tunnel test of an aeroelastic model of a catenary system for a high-speed railway in China. Journal of Wind Engineering and Industrial Aerodynamics, 184, 23–33. https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jweia.2018.11.008
- Yao, Z., Zhang, N., Chen, X., Zhang, C., Xia, H., & Li, X. (2020). The effect of moving train on the aerodynamic performances of train-bridge system with a crosswind. Engineering Applications of Computational Fluid Mechanics, 14(1), 222–235. https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.1080/19942060.2019.1704886
- Zhang, J., Gao, G., Liu, T., & Li, Z. (2017). Shape optimization of a kind of earth embankment type windbreak wall along the Lanzhou-Xinjiang railway. Journal of Applied Fluid Mechanics, 10(4), 1189–1200. https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.18869/acadpub.jafm.73.241.27353
- Zhang, J., & Liu, T. H. (2012). Optimization Research on the Slope Angle of the Earth Type Windbreak Wall of Xinjiang Single-Track Railway. China railway science , 33(2), 30–34. https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.3969/j.issn.1001-4632.2012.02.05
- Zhang, J., & Liu, T. H. (2014). Multistep design of earth type wind-break wall along Lanzhou−Xinjiang railway. Joural of Central South University (Science and Tecnology), 45(4), 1334–1340. https://CNKI:SUN:ZNGD.0.2014-04-044
- Zhang, J., Wang, J., Tan, X., Gao, G., & Xiong, X. (2019). Detached eddy simulation of flow characteristics around railway embankments and the layout of anemometers. Journal of Wind Engineering and Industrial Aerodynamics, 193, 103968. https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jweia.2019.103968
- Zhang, L., Yang, M.Z., & Liang, X.F. (2018). Experimental study on the effect of wind angles on pressure distribution of train streamlined zone and train aerodynamic forces. Journal of Wind Engineering and Industrial Aerodynamics, 174, 330–343. https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jweia.2018.01.024
- Zhou, W. (2012). Wind-deviation detection technique and numerical simulation research of railway catenary in wind area Changsha 410075, China.
- Zhou, W., Xiao, H., Wang, Z., Chen, L., & Fu, S. (2018). Dynamic target template matching for railway catenary suspension motion detection in wind area. International Journal of Distributed Sensor Networks, 14(9). Article 155014771879795. https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.1177/1550147718797956
- Zhu, T. (2009). Design on wind-break wall for Nanjiang railway. Railway Investigation and Surveying, 35(5), 103–105. https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.3969/j.issn.1672-7479.2009.05.032