References
- Peterson SN, Snesrud E, Schork NJ, et al. Dental caries pathogenicity: a genomic and metagenomic perspective. Int Dent J. 2011;61(Suppl 1):1–10.
- He J, Li Y, Cao Y, et al. The oral microbiome diversity and its relation to human diseases. Folia Microbiol (Praha). 2015;60(1):69–80.
- Takahashi N, editor. Microbial ecosystem in the oral cavity: metabolic diversity in an ecological niche and its relationship with oral diseases. Amsterdam, New York: Elsevier; 2005. (International Congress Series).
- Peterson SN, Snesrud E, Liu J, et al. The dental plaque microbiome in health and disease. PLoS One. 2013;8(3):e58487.
- Filoche S, Wong L, Sissons C. Oral biofilms: emerging concepts in microbial ecology. J Dent Res. 2010;89(1):8–18.
- Jenkinson HF, Lamont RJ. Oral microbial communities in sickness and in health. Trends Microbiol. 2005;13(12):589–595.
- Marsh PD. Dental plaque as a biofilm and a microbial community - implications for health and disease. BMC Oral Health. 2006;6(Suppl 1):S14.
- Marsh PD, Moter A, Devine DA. Dental plaque biofilms: communities, conflict and control. Periodontol 2000. 2011;55(1):16–35.
- Hajishengallis G, Lamont RJ. Beyond the red complex and into more complexity: the polymicrobial synergy and dysbiosis (PSD) model of periodontal disease etiology. Mol Oral Microbiol. 2012;27(6):409–419.
- Marsh PD, Head DA, Devine DA. Dental plaque as a biofilm and a microbial community—implications for treatment. J Oral Biosci. 2015;57(4):185–191.
- Bartold PM, Van Dyke TE. Periodontitis: a host‐mediated disruption of microbial homeostasis. Unlearning learned concepts. Periodontol 2000. 2013;62(1):203–217.
- Marsh PD, Devine DA. How is the development of dental biofilms influenced by the host?. J Clin Periodontol. 2011;38(s11):28–35.
- Zarco M, Vess T, Ginsburg G. The oral microbiome in health and disease and the potential impact on personalized dental medicine. Oral Dis. 2012;18(2):109–120.
- FitzGerald K, Fleming P, Franklin O. Dental health and management for children with congenital heart disease. Prim Dent Care. 2010;17(1):21–25.
- Nosrati E, Eckert GJ, Kowolik MJ, et al. Gingival evaluation of the pediatric cardiac patient. Pediatr Dent. 2013;35(5):456–462.
- Parahitiyawa N, Jin L, Leung W, et al. Microbiology of odontogenic bacteremia: beyond endocarditis. Clin Microbiol Rev. 2009;22(1):46–64.
- Stecksen-Blicks C, Rydberg A, Nyman L, et al. Dental caries experience in children with congenital heart disease: a case-control study. Int J Paediatr Dent. 2004;14(2):94–100.
- Busuttil Naudi A, Mooney G, El-Bahannasawy E, et al. The dental health and preventative habits of cardiac patients attending the Royal Hospital for Sick Children Glasgow. Eur Arch Paediatr Dent. 2006;7(1):23–30.
- Rosen L, Rydberg A, Sjostrom I, et al. Saliva profiles in children using heart failure medication: a pilot study. Eur Arch Paediatr Dent. 2010;11(4):187–191.
- Passos IA, Sampaio FC, Martínez CR, et al. Sucrose concentration and pH in liquid oral pediatric medicines of long-term use for children. Rev Panam Salud Publica. 2010;27(2):132–137.
- Dawes C, Pedersen AM, Villa A, et al. The functions of human saliva: a review sponsored by the World Workshop on Oral Medicine VI. Arch Oral Biol. 2015;60(6):863–874.
- Steelman R, Rosen DA, Nelson ER, et al. Gingival colonization with selective HACEK microbes in children with congenital heart disease. Clin Oral Investig. 2003;7(1):38–40.
- Steelman R, Einzig S, Balian A, et al. Increased susceptibility to gingival colonization by specific HACEK microbes in children with congenital heart disease. J Clin Pediatr Dent. 2000;25(1):91–94.
- Knirsch W, Nadal D. Infective endocarditis in congenital heart disease. Eur J Pediatr. 2011;170(9):1111–1127.
- Pollard MA, Curzon ME. Dental health and salivary Streptococcus mutans levels in a group of children with heart defects. Int J Paediatr Dent. 1992;2(2):81–85.
- Suvarna RM, Rai K, Hegde AM. Oral health of children with congenital heart disease following preventive treatment. J Clin Pediatr Dent. 2011;36(1):93–98.
- Franco E, Saunders CP, Roberts GJ, et al. Dental disease, caries related microflora and salivary IgA of children with severe congenital cardiac disease: an epidemiological and oral microbial survey. Pediatr Dent. 1996;18(3):228–235.
- Torres MC, Ramos ME, Coelho TL, et al. Salivary Streptococcus mutans and Lactobacillus sp levels in cardiac children. J Clin Pediatr Dent. 2001;26(1):103–109.
- Ali H, Mustafa M, Nasir E, et al. Oral-health-related background factors and dental service utilisation among Sudanese children with and without a congenital heart defects. BMC Oral Health. 2016;16(1):123.
- Ali HM, Mustafa M, Hasabalrasol S, et al. Presence of plaque, gingivitis and caries in Sudanese children with congenital heart defects. Clin Oral Investig. 2016 Jun 24. [Epub ahead of print].
- WHO (World Health Organization). Oral health surveys, basic methods. Geneva: WHO; 1997.
- Ainamo J, Bay I. Problems and proposals for recording gingivitis and plaque. Int Dent J. 1975;25(4):229.
- Yang Y, Li Y, Lin Y, et al. Comparison of immunological and microbiological characteristics in children and the elderly with or without dental caries. Eur J Oral Sci. 2015;123(2):80–87.
- Hata S, Hata H, Miyasawa-Hori H, et al. Quantitative detection of Streptococcus mutans in the dental plaque of Japanese preschool children by real-time PCR. Lett Appl Microbiol. 2006;42(2):127–131.
- Seow WK, Lam JH, Tsang AK, et al. Oral Streptococcus species in pre-term and full-term children - a longitudinal study. Int J Paediatr Dent. 2009;19(6):406–411.
- Kouidhi B, Fdhila K, Slama RB, et al. Molecular detection of bacteria associated to dental caries in 4–12-year-old Tunisian children. Microb Pathog. 2014;71:32–36.
- Socransky SS, Haffajee AD, Smith C, et al. Use of checkerboard DNA-DNA hybridization to study complex microbial ecosystems. Oral Microbiol Immunol. 2004;19(6):352–362.
- Haffajee A, Socransky S, Patel M, et al. Microbial complexes in supragingival plaque. Oral Microbiol Immunol. 2008;23(3):196–205.
- Bradshaw DJ, Lynch RJ. Diet and the microbial aetiology of dental caries: new paradigms. Int Dent J. 2013;63(s2):64–72.
- Matsui R, Cvitkovitch D. Acid tolerance mechanisms utilized by Streptococcus mutans. Future Microbiol. 2010;5(3):403–417.
- Aas JA, Griffen AL, Dardis SR, et al. Bacteria of dental caries in primary and permanent teeth in children and young adults. J Clin Microbiol. 2008;46(4):1407–1417.
- Stecksén-Blicks C. Oral microflora and dietary intake in infants with congenital heart disease: a case–control study. Eur Arch Paediatr Dent. 2013;14(2):57.
- Topcuoglu N, Bozdogan E, Ozsoy SD, et al. Prevalence of salivary Streptococcus mutans serotype k in children undergoing congenital heart surgery. J Clin Pediatr Dent. 2013;38(2):175–178.
- Hallett KB, O’Rourke PK. Baseline dental plaque activity, mutans streptococci culture, and future caries experience in children. Pediatr Dent. 2013;35(7):523–528.
- Skeie MS, Raadal M, Strand GV, et al. The relationship between caries in the primary dentition at 5 years of age and permanent dentition at 10 years of age - a longitudinal study. Int J Paediatr Dent. 2006;16(3):152–160.
- Lang NP, Schatzle MA, Loe H. Gingivitis as a risk factor in periodontal disease. J Clin Periodontol. 2009;36(Suppl 10):3–8.
- Li Y, Wang W. Predicting caries in permanent teeth from caries in primary teeth: an eight-year cohort study. J Dent Res. 2002;81(8):561–566.
- Hahn CL, Schenkein HA, Tew JG. Endocarditis-associated oral streptococci promote rapid differentiation of monocytes into mature dendritic cells. Infect Immun. 2005;73(8):5015–5021.
- Dyson C, Barnes RA, Harrison GA. Infective endocarditis: an epidemiological review of 128 episodes. J Infect. 1999;38(2):87–93.
- Byun R, Nadkarni MA, Chhour KL, et al. Quantitative analysis of diverse Lactobacillus species present in advanced dental caries. J Clin Microbiol. 2004;42(7):3128–3136.
- Chhour KL, Nadkarni MA, Byun R, et al. Molecular analysis of microbial diversity in advanced caries. J Clin Microbiol. 2005;43(2):843–849.
- Gross EL, Beall CJ, Kutsch SR, et al. Beyond Streptococcus mutans: dental caries onset linked to multiple species by 16S rRNA community analysis. PLoS One. 2012;7(10):e47722.
- How KY, Song KP, Chan KG. Porphyromonas gingivalis: an overview of periodontopathic pathogen below the gum line. Front Microbiol. 2016;7:53.
- Mao S, Park Y, Hasegawa Y, et al. Intrinsic apoptotic pathways of gingival epithelial cells modulated by Porphyromonas gingivalis. Cell Microbiol. 2007;9(8):1997–2007.
- Garg SA, Thosar NR, Baliga SM, et al. Estimation of salivary nitric oxide levels in children with congenital heart diseases. Indian J Dent. 2015;6(2):65–68.
- Radford D, Thong Y, Beard L, et al. IgG subclass deficiency in children with congenital heart disease. Pediatr Allergy Immunol. 1990;1(1):41–45.
- Radford DJ, Lachman R, Thong Y. The immunocompetence of children with congenital heart disease. Int Arch Allergy Appl Immunol. 1986;81(4):331–336.
- El-Hawary YM, El-Sayed B, Abd-Alhakem G, et al. Deciduous teeth structure changes in congenital heart disease: ultrastructure and microanalysis. Interv Med Appl Sci. 2014;6(3):111–117.
- Belibasakis GN, Schmidlin PR, Sahrmann P. Molecular microbiological evaluation of subgingival biofilm sampling by paper point and curette. APMIS. 2014;122(4):347–352.
- Hsu K-LC. Variability of two sampling methods in plaque samples. Birmingham, USA: The University of Alabama; 2008.
- Hsu K-L, Osgood R, Cutter G, et al. Variability of two plaque sampling methods in quantitation of Streptococcus mutans. Caries Res. 2010;44(2):160–164.
- Do T, Devine D, Marsh PD. Oral biofilms: molecular analysis, challenges, and future prospects in dental diagnostics. Clin Cosmet Investig Dent. 2013;5:11–19.
- Murad C, Sassone L, Faveri M, et al. Microbial diversity in persistent root canal infections investigated by checkerboard DNA-DNA hybridization. J Endod. 2014;40(7):899–906.
- Testa M, Erbiti S, Delgado A, et al. Evaluation of oral microbiota in undernourished and eutrophic children using checkerboard DNA-DNA hybridization. Anaerobe. 2016;42:55–59.