References
- Li Q, Guan X, Wu P, et al. Early transmission dynamics in Wuhan, China, of novel Coronavirus-infected pneumonia. N Engl J Med. 2020;382(13):1199–11. .
- Astuti I. Ysrafil null. Severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2): an overview of viral structure and host response. Diabetes Metab Syndr. 2020;14(4):407–412.
- Thompson R. Pandemic potential of 2019-nCoV. Lancet Infect Dis. 2020;20(3):280.
- Karia R, Gupta I, Khandait H, et al. COVID-19 and its modes of transmission. SN Compr Clin Med. 2020;2:1–4.
- Li Y, Ren B, Peng X, et al. Saliva is a non-negligible factor in the spread of COVID-19. Mol Oral Microbiol. 2020;35(4):141–145. .
- Wang W, Xu Y, Gao R, et al. Detection of SARS-CoV-2 in different types of clinical specimens. JAMA. 2020;323(18):1843–1844. .
- Lai CKC, Lam W. Laboratory testing for the diagnosis of COVID-19. Biochem Biophys Res Commun. 2020;538:226–230.
- Hussein HA, Hassan RYA, Chino M, et al. Point-of-care diagnostics of COVID-19: from current work to future perspectives. Sensors. 2020;20(15):15.
- Scheuch G. Breathing is enough: for the spread of influenza virus and SARS-CoV-2 by breathing only. J Aerosol Med Pulm Drug Deliv. 2020;33(4):230–234.
- Sri Santosh T, Parmar R, Anand H, et al. A review of salivary diagnostics and its potential implication in detection of COVID-19.. Cureus. 2020;12(4):e7708.
- Liao W-T, Hsu M-Y, Shen C-F, et al. Home sample self-collection for COVID-19 patients. Adv Biosyst. 2020;;4(11):e2000150.
- Yee R, Truong T, Pannaraj PS, et al. Saliva is a promising alternative specimen for the detection of SARS-CoV-2 in children and adults. 2020. MedRxiv Prepr Serv Health Sci
- Zou L, Ruan F, Huang M, et al. SARS-CoV-2 viral load in upper respiratory specimens of infected patients. N Engl J Med. 2020;382(12):1177–1179. .
- To KK-W, Tsang OT-Y, Chik-Yan Yip C, et al. Consistent detection of 2019 novel coronavirus in saliva. Clin Infect Dis Off Publ Infect Dis Soc Am. 2020;71(15):841–843. .
- Thompson RN, Cunniffe NJ. The probability of detection of SARS-CoV-2 in saliva. Stat Methods Med Res. 2020;29(4):1049–1050.
- Sapkota D, Søland TM, Galtung HK, et al. COVID-19 salivary signature: diagnostic and research opportunities. J Clin Pathol. 2020. DOI:https://doi.org/10.1136/jclinpath-2020-206834.
- Yokota I, Shane PY, Okada K, et al. Mass screening of asymptomatic persons for SARS-CoV-2 using saliva. Clin Infect Dis Off Publ Infect Dis Soc Am. 2020. DOI:https://doi.org/10.1093/cid/ciaa1388.
- Fakheran O, Dehghannejad M, Khademi A. Saliva as a diagnostic specimen for detection of SARS-CoV-2 in suspected patients: a scoping review. Infect Dis Poverty. 2020;9(1):100.
- Senok A, Alsuwaidi H, Atrah Y, et al. Saliva as an alternative specimen for molecular COVID-19 testing in community settings and population-based screening. Infect Drug Resist. 2020;13:3393–3399.
- Nasiri K, Dimitrova A. Comparing saliva and nasopharyngeal swab specimens in the detection of COVID-19: a systematic review and meta-analysis. J Dent Sci. 2021;. DOI:https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jds.2021.01.010
- Czumbel LM, Kiss S, Farkas N, et al. Saliva as a candidate for COVID-19 diagnostic testing: a meta-analysis. Front Med. 2020;7:465.
- Comber L, Walsh KA, Jordan K, et al. Alternative clinical specimens for the detection of SARS-CoV-2: a rapid review. Rev Med Virol. 2020;. DOI:https://doi.org/10.1002/rmv.2185.
- Khiabani K, Amirzade-Iranaq MH. Are saliva and deep throat sputum as reliable as common respiratory specimens for SARS-CoV-2 detection? A systematic review and meta-analysis. Am J Infect Control. 2021;. DOI:https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ajic.2021.03.008
- Li R, Pei S, Chen B, et al. Substantial undocumented infection facilitates the rapid dissemination of novel coronavirus (SARS-CoV-2). Science. 2020;368(6490):489–493. .
- Losiak W, Losiak-Pilch J. Cortisol awakening response, self-reported affect and exam performance in female students. Appl Psychophysiol Biofeedback. 2020;45(1):11–16.
- Soderstrom JH, Fatovich DM, Mandelt C, et al. Correlation of paired toxic plasma and saliva paracetamol concentrations following deliberate self-poisoning with paracetamol. Br J Clin Pharmacol. 2012;74(1):154–160. .
- Amrane S, Tissot-Dupont H, Doudier B, et al. Rapid viral diagnosis and ambulatory management of suspected COVID-19 cases presenting at the infectious diseases referral hospital in Marseille, France, - January 31st to March 1st, 2020: a respiratory virus snapshot. Travel Med Infect Dis. 101632;2020:36.
- Corman VM, Landt O, Kaiser M, et al. Detection of 2019 novel coronavirus (2019-nCoV) by real-time RT-PCR. Euro Surveill Bull Eur Sur Mal Transm Eur Commun Dis Bull. 2020;25(3):pii=2000045.
- Ninove L, Nougairede A, Gazin C, et al. RNA and DNA bacteriophages as molecular diagnosis controls in clinical virology: a comprehensive study of more than 45,000 routine PCR tests. PloS One. 2011;6(2):e16142. .
- La Scola B, Le Bideau M, Andreani J, et al. Viral RNA load as determined by cell culture as a management tool for discharge of SARS-CoV-2 patients from infectious disease wards. Eur J Clin Microbiol Infect Dis Off Publ Eur Soc Clin Microbiol. 2020;39(6):1059–1061. .
- Jaafar R, Aherfi S, Wurtz N, et al. Correlation between 3790 qPCR positives samples and positive cell cultures including 1941 SARS-CoV-2 isolates. Clin Infect Dis Off Publ Infect Dis Soc Am. 2020. DOI:https://doi.org/10.1093/cid/ciaa1491.
- Vogels CBF, Brito AF, Wyllie AL, et al. Analytical sensitivity and efficiency comparisons of SARS-CoV-2 RT-qPCR primer-probe sets. Nat Microbiol. 2020;5(10):1299–1305. .
- Al-Ani RM, Acharya D. Prevalence of anosmia and ageusia in patients with COVID-19 at a primary health center, Doha, Qatar. 2020; 1–7. Indian J Otolaryngol Head Neck Surg Off Publ Assoc Otolaryngol India.
- Qiu C, Cui C, Hautefort C, et al. Olfactory and gustatory dysfunction as an early identifier of COVID-19 in adults and children: an international multicenter study. Otolaryngol–Head Neck Surg Off J Am Acad Otolaryngol-Head Neck Surg. 2020;163(4):714–721.
- Landis JR, Koch GG. The measurement of observer agreement for categorical data. Biometrics. 1977;33(1):159–174.
- Zhao C, Xu Y, Zhang X, et al. Public health initiatives from hospitalized patients with COVID-19, China. J Infect Public Health. 2020;13(9):1229–1236. .
- Pasomsub E, Watcharananan SP, Boonyawat K, et al. Saliva sample as a non-invasive specimen for the diagnosis of coronavirus disease 2019: a cross-sectional study. Clin Microbiol Infect Off Publ Eur Soc Clin Microbiol Infect Dis. 2020;;229(6). DOI:https://doi.org/10.1152/ajplegacy.1975.229.6.1726.
- Vaz SN, Santana Ds De, Em N. et al. Saliva is a reliable, non-invasive specimen for SARS-CoV-2 detection. Braz J Infect Dis Off Publ Braz Soc Infect Dis. 2020;24(5):422–427.
- https://www.has-sante.fr/jcms/p_3202319/fr/avis-n-2020-047/ac/seap-du-18-septembre-2020-du-college-de-la-haute-autorite-de-sante-relatif-a-l-inscription-sur-la-liste-des-actes-et-prestations-mentionnee-a-l-article-l-162-1-7-du-code-de-la-securite-sociale-de-la-detection-du-genome-du-virus-sars-cov-2-par-technique-de-transcription-inverse-suivie-d-une-amplification-rt-pcr-sur-prelevement-salivaire. 2020.
- Williams E, Bond K, Zhang B, et al. Saliva as a Noninvasive Specimen for Detection of SARS-CoV-2. J Clin Microbiol. 2020;58(8). DOI:https://doi.org/10.1128/JCM.00776-20
- L’Helgouach N, Champigneux P, Santos-Schneider F, et al. EasyCOV : LAMP based rapid detection of SARS-CoV-2 in saliva [Internet]. Infectious Diseases (except HIV/AIDS); 2020 May. Available from: http://medrxiv.org/lookup/doi/10.1101/2020.05.30.20117291
- Becker D, Sandoval E, Amin A, et al. Saliva is less sensitive than nasopharyngeal swabs for COVID-19 detection in the community setting [Internet]. Infectious Diseases (except HIV/AIDS); 2020 May. Available from: http://medrxiv.org/lookup/doi/10.1101/2020.05.11.20092338
- Cheuk S, Wong Y, Tse H, et al. Posterior oropharyngeal saliva for the detection of SARS-CoV-2. Clin Infect Dis Off Publ Infect Dis Soc Am. 2020;71(11):2939–2946.
- Wyllie AL, Fournier J, Casanovas-Massana A, et al. Saliva or nasopharyngeal swab specimens for detection of SARS-CoV-2. N Engl J Med. 2020;383(13):1283–1286. .
- Procop GW, Shrestha NK, Vogel S, et al. A direct comparison of enhanced saliva to nasopharyngeal swab for the detection of SARS-CoV-2 in symptomatic patients. J Clin Microbiol. 2020;58(11). DOI:https://doi.org/10.1128/JCM.01946-20.
- Kojima N, Turner F, Slepnev V, et al. Self-collected oral fluid and nasal swabs demonstrate comparable sensitivity to clinician collected nasopharyngeal swabs for COVID-19 detection [internet]. Infectious Diseases (except HIV/AIDS); 2020 Apr. Available from: http://medrxiv.org/lookup/doi/10.1101/2020.04.11.20062372
- Migueres M, Mengelle C, Dimeglio C, et al. Saliva sampling for diagnosing SARS-CoV-2 infections in symptomatic patients and asymptomatic carriers. J Clin Virol Off Publ Pan Am Soc Clin Virol. 2020;130:104580.
- Aita A, Basso D, Cattelan AM, et al. SARS-CoV-2 identification and IgA antibodies in saliva: one sample two tests approach for diagnosis. Clin Chim Acta Int J Clin Chem. 2020;510:717–722.
- Alainna J Jamal, Mohammad Mozafarihashjin, Eric Coomes, Jeff Powis, Angel X Li, Aimee Paterson, Sofia Anceva-Sami, Shiva Barati, Gloria Crowl, Amna Faheem, Lubna Farooqi, Saman Khan, Karren Prost, Susan Poutanen, Maureen Taylor, Lily Yip, Xi Zoe Zhong, Allison J McGeer, Samira Mubareka, Toronto Invasive Bacterial Diseases Network COVID-19 Investigators, Sensitivity of Nasopharyngeal Swabs and Saliva for the Detection of Severe Acute Respiratory Syndrome Coronavirus 2, Clinical Infectious Diseases, Volume 72, Issue 6, 15 March 2021, Pages 1064–1066, https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.1093/cid/ciaa848.
- Farhana Ali, Daniel A Sweeney, No One Likes a Stick up Their Nose: Making the Case for Saliva-based Testing for Coronavirus Disease 2019 (COVID-19), Clinical Infectious Diseases, 2020;, ciaa1314, https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.1093/cid/ciaa1314.
- Rao M, Rashid FA, Sabri FSAH, et al. Comparing nasopharyngeal swab and early morning saliva for the identification of SARS-CoV-2. Clin Infect Dis Off Publ Infect Dis Soc Am. 2020. DOI:https://doi.org/10.1093/cid/ciaa1156.
- Petrillo S, Carrà G, Bottino P, et al. A novel multiplex qRT-PCR assay to detect SARS-CoV-2 infection: high sensitivity and increased testing capacity. Microorganisms. 2020;8(7):1064. .
- Wölfel R, Corman VM, Guggemos W, et al. Virological assessment of hospitalized patients with COVID-2019. Nature. 2020;581(7809):465–469. .
- Zhao J, Yuan Q, Wang H, et al. Antibody responses to SARS-CoV-2 in patients of novel coronavirus disease 2019. Clin Infect Dis Off Publ Infect Dis Soc Am. 2020;71(16):2027–2034. .
- Xie X, Zhong Z, Zhao W, et al. Chest CT for typical coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) pneumonia: relationship to negative RT-PCR testing. Radiology. 2020;296(2):E41–E45.
- Wang D, Hu B, Hu C, et al. Clinical characteristics of 138 hospitalized patients with 2019 novel coronavirus-infected pneumonia in Wuhan, China. JAMA. 2020;323(11):1061–1069. .
- Chu DKW, Pan Y, Cheng SMS, et al. Molecular diagnosis of a novel coronavirus (2019-nCoV) causing an outbreak of pneumonia. Clin Chem. 2020;66(4):549–555. .
- CDC. Coronavirus Disease 2019 (COVID-19) centers for disease control and prevention [Internet]. Available from: https://www.cdc.gov/coronavirus/2019-ncov/lab/rt-pcr-panel-primer-probes.html ( 2020).
- Wang C, Wu H, Ding X, et al. Does infection of 2019 novel coronavirus cause acute and/or chronic sialadenitis? Med Hypotheses. 2020;140:109789.
- Wang Y, Zhang L, Sang L, et al. Kinetics of viral load and antibody response in relation to COVID-19 severity. J Clin Invest. 2020;130(10):5235–5244. .
- Liu Y, Yan L-M, Wan L, et al. Viral dynamics in mild and severe cases of COVID-19. Lancet Infect Dis. 2020;20(6):656–657. .
- Zhu J, Guo J, Xu Y, et al. Viral dynamics of SARS-CoV-2 in saliva from infected patients. J Infect. 2020;81(3):e48–e50.
- To KK-W, Tsang OT-Y, Leung W-S, et al. Temporal profiles of viral load in posterior oropharyngeal saliva samples and serum antibody responses during infection by SARS-CoV-2: an observational cohort study. Lancet Infect Dis. 2020;20(5):565–574. .
- Sueki A, Matsuda K, Yamaguchi A, et al. Evaluation of saliva as diagnostic materials for influenza virus infection by PCR-based assays. Clin Chim Acta Int J Clin Chem. 2016;453:71–74.
- Robinson JL, Lee BE, Kothapalli S, et al. Use of throat swab or saliva specimens for detection of respiratory viruses in children. Clin Infect Dis Off Publ Infect Dis Soc Am. 2008;46(7):e61–64.