Sensory neurotization of muscle: past, present and future considerations

References

• Menorca RM, Fussell TS, Elfar JC. Nerve physiology: mechanisms of injury and recovery. Hand Clin. 2013;29:317–330.
   Google Scholar
• Hall S. The response to injury in the peripheral nervous system. J Bone Joint Surg Br. 2005;87:1309–1319.
   Google Scholar
• Bain JR, Veltri KL, Chamberlain D, et al. Improved functional recovery of denervated skeletal muscle after temporary sensory nerve innervation. Neuroscience. 2001;103:503–510.
   Google Scholar
• Bidder W. Versuche über die Möglichkeit des Zusammenheilens functionell verschiedene. Arch Anat Physiol Lpz. 1842;107.
   Google Scholar
• Heidenhain, R. Uber pseudomotorische Nervenwirkungen. Arch. Anat. u. Physiol., Physiol. Anat. Suppl. 7:133, 1883.
   Google Scholar
• Vulpian M. A. Researches on the influence of traumatic lesions of nerves on the physiological properties and the structure of muscles. Arch de Phys. 1872;4.
   Google Scholar
• Weiss P, Edds MB. Sensory-motor nerve crosses in the rat. J. Neurophysiol. 1945;8:173–193.
   Google Scholar
• Gutmann E. The reinnervation of muscle by sensory nerve fibres. J Anat. 1945;79:1–10.
   Google Scholar
• Tower SS. A search for trophic influences of posterior spinal roots on skeletal muscle, with a note on the nerve fibers found in the proximal stumps of the roots after the excision of the root ganglion. Brain. 1931;54:99–100.
   Google Scholar
• Tower SS. The reaction of muscle to denervation. Physiol Rev. 1939;19:1–48.
   Google Scholar
• Zalewski AA. Effects of reinnervation on denervated skeletal muscle by axons of motor, sensory, and sympathetic neurons. Am J Physiol. 1970;219:1675–1679.
   Google Scholar
• Nishimura H, Johnson RD, Munson JB. Rescue of motoneurons from the axotomized state by regeneration into a sensory nerve in cats. J Neurophysiol. 1991;66:1462–1470.
   Google Scholar
• Zhang F, Lineaweaver WC, Ustüner T, et al. Comparison of muscle mass preservation in dennervated muscle and transplanted muscle flaps after motor and sensory reinnervation and neurotization. Plast Reconstr Surg. 1997;99:803–814.
   Google Scholar
• Hynes NM, Bain JR, Thoma A, et al. Preservation of denervated muscle by sensory protection in rats. J Reconstr Microsurg. 1997;13:337–343.
   Google Scholar
• Bain JR, Hason Y, Veltri K, et al. Clinical application of sensory protection of dennervated muscle. J Neurosurg. 2008;109:955–961.
   Google Scholar
• Papakonstantinou KC, Kamin E, Terzis JK. Muscle preservation by prolonged sensory protection. J Reconstr Microsurg. 2002;18:173–182; discussion 183–184.
   Google Scholar
• Li Q, Zhang P, Yin X, et al. Early sensory protection in reverse end-to-side neurorrhaphy to improve the functional recovery of chronically dennervated muscle in rat: a pilot study. J Neurosurg. 2014;121:415–422.
   Google Scholar
• Ducic I, Dellon AL, Bogue DP. Radial sensory neurotization of the thumb and index finger for prehension after proximal median and ulnar nerve injuries. J Reconstr Microsurg. 2006;22:073–078.
   Google Scholar
• Zuijdendorp HM, Tra WM, van Neck JW, et al. Delay of denervation atrophy by sensory protection in an end-to-side neurorrhaphy model: a pilot study. J Plast Reconstr Aesthet Surg. 2010;63:1949–1952.
   Google Scholar
• Burnett MG, Zager EL. Pathophysiology of peripheral nerve injury: a brief review. Neurosurg Focus. 2004;16:E1.
   Google Scholar
• Jones S, Eisenberg HM, Jia X. Advances and future applications of augmented peripheral nerve regeneration. Int J Mol Sci. 2016;7;17:1494.
   Google Scholar
• Li QT, Zhang PX, Yin XF, et al. Functional recovery of dennervated skeletal muscle with sensory or mixed nerve protection: a pilot study. PLoS One. 2013;8:e79746.
   Google Scholar
• Nghiem BT, Sando IC, Hu Y, et al. Sensory protection to enhance functional recovery following proximal nerve injuries: current trends. Plast Aesthet Res. 2015;2:202–207.
   Google Scholar
• Narakas AO, Hentz VR. Neurotization in brachial plexus injuries. Indication and results. Clin Orthop Relat Res. 1988;237:43–56.
   Google Scholar
• Beck-Broichsitter BE, Becker ST, Lamia A, et al. Sensoric protection after median nerve injury: babysitter-procedure prevents muscular atrophy and improves neuronal recovery. Biomed Res Int. 2014;2014:1.
   Google Scholar
• Michalski B, Bain JR, Fahnestock M. Long-term changes in neurotrophic factor expression in distal nerve stump following denervation and reinnervation with motor or sensory nerve. J Neurochem. 2008;105:1244–1252.
   Google Scholar
• Brunelli GA, Brunelli GR. Direct muscle neurotization. J Reconstr Microsurg. 1993;9:81–90; discussion 89–90.
   Google Scholar
• Warren R, Neligan P. Plastic surgery. 3rd ed. Volume 2: Aesthetic surgery. Section I, Chapter 33: Nerve transfers. In: Boyd KU, Fox IK, Mackinnon SE, editors. p. 719–744, 2012, Elsevier Inc.
   Google Scholar
• Wei FC, Mardini S. Flaps and reconstructive surgery. 2nd rev. ed. Chapter 15. Facial reanimation: evolution and refinements. In: Terzis JK, Karypidis D, editors. Elsevier, New York, 2017. p. 162–182.
   Google Scholar
• Noordin S, Ahmed M, Rehman R, et al. Neuronal regeneration in dennervated muscle following sensory and muscular neurotization. Acta Orthop. 2008;79:126–133.
   Google Scholar
• Sönmez E, Kayikçioğlu AU, Temuçin CM, et al. Motor reinnervation of a dennervated muscle by using a sensory nerve: an experimental study on gluteus maximus muscle of the rat. J Hand Surg Am. 2007;32:1183–1189.
   Google Scholar
• Wang H, Gu Y, Xu J, et al. Comparative study of different surgical procedures using sensory nerves or neurons for delaying atrophy of denervated skeletal muscle. J Hand Surg Am. 2001;26:326–331.
   Google Scholar
• Ochi M, Kwong WH, Kimori K, et al. Delay of the denervation process in skeletal muscle by sensory ganglion graft and its clinical application. Plast Reconstr Surg. 1996;97:577–586.
   Google Scholar
• Chang KN, DeArmond SJ, Buncke HJ Jr. Sensory reinnervation in microsurgical reconstruction of the heel. Plast Reconstr Surg. 1986;78:652–664.
   Google Scholar
• Dellon AL. Muscle sense, or nonsense? Ann Plast Surg. 1991;26:444–448.
   Google Scholar
• Williams HB. A clinical pilot study to assess functional return following continuous muscle stimulation after nerve injury and repair in the upper extremity using a completely implantable electrical system. Microsurgery. 1996;17:597–605.
   Google Scholar
• Placheta E, Wood MD, Lafontaine C, et al. Enhancement of facial nerve motoneuron regeneration through cross-face nerve grafts by adding end-to-side sensory axons. Plast Reconstr Surg. 2015;135:460–471.
   Google Scholar
• Sulaiman OA, Midha R, Munro CA, et al. Chronic Schwann cell denervation and the presence of a sensory nerve reduce motor axonal regeneration. Exp Neurol. 2002;176:342–354.
   Google Scholar