576
Views
0
CrossRef citations to date
0
Altmetric
Basic Research Article

Associations of past-year overall trauma, sexual assault and PTSD with social support for young adult sexual minority women

Asociaciones de trauma general, agresión sexual y trastorno de estrés postraumático del último año con apoyo social para mujeres adultas jóvenes de minorías sexuales

ORCID Icon, ORCID Icon, ORCID Icon, ORCID Icon & ORCID Icon
Article: 2287911 | Received 01 Jun 2023, Accepted 11 Nov 2023, Published online: 31 Jan 2024

References

  • American Psychiatric Association. (2013). Diagnostic and statistical manual of mental disorders: DSM-5. Arlingt VA. Published online.
  • Arnett, J. J. (2000). Emerging adulthood: A theory of development from the late teens through the twenties. American Psychologist, 55(5), 469. https://doi.org/10.1037/0003-066X.55.5.469
  • Balsam, K. F., Rothblum, E. D., & Beauchaine, T. P. (2005). Victimization over the life span: A comparison of lesbian, gay, bisexual, and heterosexual siblings. Journal of Consulting and Clinical Psychology, 73(3), 477. https://doi.org/10.1037/0022-006X.73.3.477
  • Bishop, M. D., Fish, J. N., Hammack, P. L., & Russell, S. T. (2020). Sexual identity development milestones in three generations of sexual minority people: A national probability sample. Developmental Psychology, 56(11), 2177–2193. https://doi.org/10.1037/dev0001105
  • Brattström, O., Eriksson, M., Larsson, E., & Oldner, A. (2015). Socio-economic status and co-morbidity as risk factors for trauma. European Journal of Epidemiology, 30(2), 151–157. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10654-014-9969-1
  • Button, D. M., O’Connell, D. J., & Gealt, R. (2012). Sexual minority youth victimization and social support: The intersection of sexuality, gender, race, and victimization. Journal of Homosexuality, 59(1), 18–43. https://doi.org/10.1080/00918369.2011.614903
  • Campbell, S. B., Renshaw, K. D., Kashdan, T. B., Curby, T. W., & Carter, S. P. (2017). A daily diary study of posttraumatic stress symptoms and romantic partner accommodation. Behavior Therapy, 48(2), 222–234. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.beth.2016.04.006
  • Charuvastra, A., & Cloitre, M. (2008). Social bonds and posttraumatic stress disorder. Annual Review of Psychology, 59(1), 301–328. https://doi.org/10.1146/annurev.psych.58.110405.085650
  • Cohen, S., & McKay, G. (1984). Social support, stress and the buffering hypothesis: A theoretical analysis. Baum Andrew Taylor Shelley E Sing Jerome E Ed Handb Psychol Health Hillsdale NJ Erlbaum. Published online:253–267.
  • Conron, K. J., Mimiaga, M. J., & Landers, S. J. (2010). A population-based study of sexual orientation identity and gender differences in adult health. American Journal of Public Health, 100(10), 1953–1960. https://doi.org/10.2105/AJPH.2009.174169
  • Davis, R. C., & Brickman, E. (1996). Supportive and unsupportive aspects of the behavior of others toward victims of sexual and nonsexual assault. Journal of Interpersonal Violence, 11(2), 250–262. https://doi.org/10.1177/088626096011002008
  • Diamond, L. M. (2000). Sexual identity, attractions, and behavior among young sexual-minority women over a 2-year period. Developmental Psychology, 36(2), 241–250. https://doi.org/10.1037/0012-1649.36.2.241
  • Diamond, L. M. (2008). Female bisexuality from adolescence to adulthood: Results from a 10-year longitudinal study. Developmental Psychology, 44(1), 5–14. https://doi.org/10.1037/0012-1649.44.1.5
  • DiMauro, J., & Renshaw, K. D. (2019). PTSD and relationship satisfaction in female survivors of sexual assault. Psychological Trauma: Theory, Research, Practice, and Policy, 11(5), 534. https://doi.org/10.1037/tra0000391
  • Dworkin, E. R., Brill, C. D., & Ullman, S. E. (2019). Social reactions to disclosure of interpersonal violence and psychopathology: A systematic review and meta-analysis. Clinical Psychology Review, 72, 101750. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cpr.2019.101750
  • Dworkin, E. R., Krahé, B., & Zinzow, H. (2021). The global prevalence of sexual assault: A systematic review of international research since 2010. Psychology of Violence, 11(5), 497–508. https://doi.org/10.1037/vio0000374
  • Edwards, K. M., Mauer, V. A., Huff, M., Farquhar-Leicester, A., Sutton, T. E., & Ullman, S. E. (2023). Disclosure of sexual assault among sexual and gender minorities: A systematic literature review. Trauma, Violence, & Abuse, 24(3), 1608–1623. https://doi.org/10.1177/15248380211073842
  • Edwards, K. M., Waterman, E. A., Dardis, C. M., Ullman, S. E., Rodriguez, L. M., & Dworkin, E. R. (2021). A program to improve social reactions to sexual and dating violence disclosures reduces posttraumatic stress in subsequently victimized participants. Psychological Trauma: Theory, Research, Practice, and Policy, 13(3), 368–375. https://doi.org/10.1037/tra0000927
  • Frost, D. M., Meyer, I. H., & Schwartz, S. (2016). Social support networks among diverse sexual minority populations. American Journal of Orthopsychiatry, 86(1), 91. https://doi.org/10.1037/ort0000117
  • Hsieh, N. (2014). Explaining the mental health disparity by sexual orientation: The importance of social resources. Society and Mental Health, 4(2), 129–146. https://doi.org/10.1177/2156869314524959
  • Hutchison, B., Leigh, K. T., Wagner, H. H., Capuzzi, D., & Stauffer, M. D. (2016). Young adulthood: Emotional and social development. In D. Capuzzi, & M. D. Stauffer (Eds.), Human growth and development across the lifespan: Applications for counselors (pp. 415–442). John Wiley & Sons, Inc. Published online.
  • Kanefsky, R. Z., Newins, A. R., & Necaise, A. (2022). Sexual assault disclosure among sexual minority individuals: Associations with’outness,’perceived stigma, community belonging, and perceptions of police. Psychology of Sexual Orientation and Gender Diversity. https://doi.org/10.1037/sgd0000611
  • Kaysen, D., Atkins, D. C., Simpson, T. L., Stappenbeck, C. A., Blayney, J. A., Lee, C. M., & Larimer, M. E. (2014). Proximal relationships between PTSD symptoms and drinking among female college students: Results from a daily monitoring study. Psychology of Addictive Behaviors, 28(1), 62–73. https://doi.org/10.1037/a0033588
  • Kaysen, D., Rhew, I. C., Bittinger, J., Bedard-Gilligan, M., Garberson, L. A., Hodge, K. A., Nguyen, A. J., Logan, D. E., Dworkin, E. R., & Lindgren, K. P.. (2021). Prevalence and factor structure of PTSD in DSM-5 versus DSM-IV in a national sample of sexual minority women. Journal of Interpersonal Violence, 36(21-22), NP12388–NP12410. https://doi.org/10.1177/0886260519892960
  • Kennedy, A. C., & Prock, K. A. (2018). “I still feel like I am not normal”: A review of the role of stigma and stigmatization among female survivors of child sexual abuse, sexual assault, and intimate partner violence. Trauma, Violence, & Abuse, 19(5), 512–527. https://doi.org/10.1177/1524838016673601
  • Kerridge, B. T., Pickering, R. P., Saha, T. D., Ruan, W. J., Chou, S. P., Zhang, H., Jung, J., & Hasin, D. S. (2017). Prevalence, sociodemographic correlates and DSM-5 substance use disorders and other psychiatric disorders among sexual minorities in the United States. Drug and Alcohol Dependence, 170, 82–92. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.drugalcdep.2016.10.038
  • Koss, M. P., Abbey, A., Campbell, R., Cook, S., Norris, J., Testa, M., Ullman, S., West, C., & White, J. (2007). Revising the SES: A collaborative process to improve assessment of sexual aggression and victimization. Psychology of Women Quarterly, 31(4), 357–370. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1471-6402.2007.00385.x
  • Kubany, E. S., Leisen, M. B., Kaplan, A. S., Watson, S. B., Haynes, S. N., Owens, J. A., & Burns, K. (2000). Development and preliminary validation of a brief broad-spectrum measure of trauma exposure: The traumatic life events questionnaire. Psychological Assessment, 12(2), 210. https://doi.org/10.1037/1040-3590.12.2.210
  • Lanthier, S., Mason, R., Logie, C. H., Myers, T., & Du Mont, J. (2023). “Coming out of the closet about sexual assault”: Intersectional sexual assault stigma and (Non) disclosure to formal support providers among survivors using Reddit. Social Science & Medicine. 328 115978. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.socscimed.2023.115978
  • Lee, C. Y. S., & Goldstein, S. E. (2016). Loneliness, stress, and social support in young adulthood: Does the source of support matter? Journal of Youth and Adolescence, 45(3), 568–580. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10964-015-0395-9
  • Littleton, H. L. (2010). The impact of social support and negative disclosure reactions on sexual assault victims: A cross-sectional and longitudinal investigation. Journal of Trauma & Dissociation, 11(2), 210–227. https://doi.org/10.1080/15299730903502946
  • Long, S. M., Ullman, S. E., Long, L. M., Mason, G. E., & Starzynski, L. L. (2007). Women’s experiences of male-perpetrated sexual assault by sexual orientation. Violence and Victims, 22(6), 684–701. https://doi.org/10.1891/088667007782793138
  • Lorenz, K., Ullman, S. E., Kirkner, A., Mandala, R., Vasquez, A. L., & Sigurvinsdottir, R. (2018). Social reactions to sexual assault disclosure: A qualitative study of informal support dyads. Violence Against Women, 24(12), 1497–1520. https://doi.org/10.1177/1077801217732428
  • Masarik, A. S., Conger, R. D., Martin, M. J., Donnellan, M. B., Masyn, K. E., & Lorenz, F. O. (2013). Romantic relationships in early adulthood: Influences of family, personality, and relationship cognitions. Personal Relationships, 20(2), 356–373. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1475-6811.2012.01416.x
  • McLaughlin, K. A., Hatzenbuehler, M. L., Xuan, Z., & Conron, K. J. (2012). Disproportionate exposure to early-life adversity and sexual orientation disparities in psychiatric morbidity. Child Abuse & Neglect, 36(9), 645–655. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.chiabu.2012.07.004
  • Messinger, A. M., & Koon-Magnin, S. (2019). Sexual violence in LGBTQ communities. In W. T. O'Donohue, & P. A. Schewe (Eds.), Handbook of Sexual Assault and Sexual Assault Prevention (pp. 661–674). Springer Cham. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-23645-8_39
  • Mitchell, K. J., Jones, L. M., Turner, H. A., Hamby, S., Farrell, A., Cuevas, C., & Daly, B. (2020). Exposure to multiple forms of bias victimization on youth and young adults: Relationships with trauma symptomatology and social support. Journal of Youth and Adolescence, 49(10), 1961–1975. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10964-020-01304-z
  • Monson, C. M., Taft, C. T., & Fredman, S. J. (2009). Military-related PTSD and intimate relationships: From description to theory-driven research and intervention development. Clinical Psychology Review, 29(8), 707–714. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cpr.2009.09.002
  • Moos RH, Moos BS. Life stressors and social resources inventory: A measure of adults’ and youths’ life contexts. Published online 1997.
  • Ozer, E. J., Best, S. R., Lipsey, T. L., & Weiss, D. S. (2003). Predictors of posttraumatic stress disorder and symptoms in adults: A meta-analysis. Psychological Bulletin, 129(1), 52. https://doi.org/10.1037/0033-2909.129.1.52
  • Pulverman, C. S., & Meston, C. M. (2020). Sexual dysfunction in women with a history of childhood sexual abuse: The role of sexual shame. Psychological Trauma: Theory, Research, Practice, and Policy, 12(3), 291. https://doi.org/10.1037/tra0000506
  • R Core Team R. (2013). R: A language and environment for statistical computing. Published online.
  • Rhew, I. C., Stappenbeck, C. A., Bedard-Gilligan, M., Hughes, T., & Kaysen, D. (2017). Effects of sexual assault on alcohol use and consequences among young adult sexual minority women. Journal of Consulting and Clinical Psychology, 85(5), 424. https://doi.org/10.1037/ccp0000202
  • Roberts, A. L., Austin, S. B., Corliss, H. L., Vandermorris, A. K., & Koenen, K. C. (2010). Pervasive trauma exposure among US sexual orientation minority adults and risk of posttraumatic stress disorder. American Journal of Public Health, 100(12), 2433–2441. https://doi.org/10.2105/AJPH.2009.168971
  • Rothman, E. F., Exner, D., & Baughman, A. L. (2011). The prevalence of sexual assault against people who identify as gay, lesbian, or bisexual in the United States: A systematic review. Trauma, Violence, & Abuse, 12(2), 55–66. https://doi.org/10.1177/1524838010390707
  • Ruzek, J. I., Brymer, M. J., Jacobs, A. K., Layne, C. M., Vernberg, E. M., & Watson, P. J. (2007). Psychological first aid. Journal of Mental Health Counseling, 29(1), 17–49. https://doi.org/10.17744/mehc.29.1.5racqxjueafabgwp
  • Salim, S. R., McConnell, A. A., & Messman, T. (2022). Sexual victimization outcomes and adjustment among bisexual women: A review of the quantitative literature. Trauma, Violence & Abuse, 24(3), 1503–1521. https://doi.org/10.1177/15248380211073837
  • Salim, S. R., McConnell, A. A., & Messman, T. L. (2023). Bisexual women's recovery after sexual assault: Stigma, negative social reactions, and hazardous drinking. Psychology of Sexual Orientation and Gender Diversity, 10(1), 11–20. https://doi.org/10.1037/sgd0000490
  • Scheer, J. R., Helminen, E. C., Cascalheira, C. J., Jaipuriyar, V., Shaw, T. J., Zabelski, S., Behari, K., Pirog, S., Batchelder, A. W., Possemato, K., Hughes, T. L., & Sullivan, T. P. (2023). Probable PTSD, PTSD symptom severity, and comorbid PTSD and hazardous drinking among sexual minority women compared to heterosexual women: A meta-analysis. Clinical Psychology Review, 102, 102283. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cpr.2023.102283
  • Seiffe-Krenke, I. (2006). Leaving home or still in the nest? Parent-child relationships and psychological health as predictors of different leaving home patterns. Developmental Psychology, 42(5), 864. https://doi.org/10.1037/0012-1649.42.5.864
  • Shallcross, S. L., Arbisi, P. A., Polusny, M. A., Kramer, M. D., & Erbes, C. R. (2016). Social causation versus social erosion: Comparisons of causal models for relations between support and PTSD symptoms. Journal of Traumatic Stress, 29(2), 167–175. https://doi.org/10.1002/jts.22086
  • Sigurvinsdottir, R., & Ullman, S. E. (2015). The role of sexual orientation in the victimization and recovery of sexual assault survivors. Violence and Victims, 30(4), 636–648. https://doi.org/10.1891/0886-6708.VV-D-13-00066
  • Sijercic, I., Liebman, R. E., Ip, J., Whitfield, K. M., Ennis, N., Sumantry, D., Sippel, L. M., Fredman, S. J., & Monson, C. M. (2022). A systematic review and meta-analysis of individual and couple therapies for posttraumatic stress disorder: Clinical and intimate relationship outcomes. Journal of Anxiety Disorders, 91, 102613. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.janxdis.2022.102613
  • Snapp, S. D., Watson, R. J., Russell, S. T., Diaz, R. M., & Ryan, C. (2015). Social support networks for LGBT young adults: Low cost strategies for positive adjustment. Family Relations, 64(3), 420–430. https://doi.org/10.1111/fare.12124
  • Tabachnick, B. G., & Fidell, L. S. (2007). Experimental designs using ANOVA. Vol 724. Duxbury Press.
  • Travers, Á, Armour, C., Hansen, M., Cunningham, T., Lagdon, S., Hyland, P., Vallières, F., McCarthy, A., & Walshe, C. (2020). Lesbian, gay or bisexual identity as a risk factor for trauma and mental health problems in Northern Irish students and the protective role of social support. European Journal of Psychotraumatology, 11(1), 1708144. https://doi.org/10.1080/20008198.2019.1708144
  • Trinke, S. J., & Bartholomew, K. (1997). Hierarchies of attachment relationships in young adulthood. Journal of Social and Personal Relationships, 14(5), 603–625. https://doi.org/10.1177/0265407597145002
  • Ullman, S. E., Lorenz, K., & O’Callaghan, E. (2018). Risk avoidance strategies after sexual assault: A dyadic study of survivors and informal support providers. Victims & Offenders, 13(6), 814–833. https://doi.org/10.1080/15564886.2018.1479910
  • Ullman, S. E., & Relyea, M. (2016). Social support, coping, and posttraumatic stress symptoms in female sexual assault survivors: A longitudinal analysis. Journal of Traumatic Stress, 29(6), 500–506. https://doi.org/10.1002/jts.22143
  • van Stolk-Cooke, K., Legrand, A. C., Brier, Z. M., & Price, M. (2023). A preliminary evaluation of the supportive other experiences questionnaire: Integrating the perspectives of social support providers after traumatic injury. Journal of Affective Disorders, 335, 440–449. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jad.2023.04.127
  • Wachter, K., Murray, S. M., Hall, B. J., Annan, J., Bolton, P., & Bass, J. (2018). Stigma modifies the association between social support and mental health among sexual violence survivors in the Democratic Republic of Congo: Implications for practice. Anxiety, Stress, & Coping, 31(4), 459–474. https://doi.org/10.1080/10615806.2018.1460662
  • Walters, M. L., Breiding, M. J., & Chen, J. (2013). The national intimate partner and sexual violence survey: 2010 findings on victimization by sexual orientation. Published online 2013.
  • Wang, Y., Chung, M. C., Wang, N., Yu, X., & Kenardy, J. (2021). Social support and posttraumatic stress disorder: A meta-analysis of longitudinal studies. Clinical Psychology Review, 85, 101998. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cpr.2021.101998
  • Weathers, F. W., Huska, J. A., & Keane, T. M. (1991). PCL-C for DSM-IV. Boston Natl Cent PTSD-Behav Sci Div. Published online.
  • Weathers FW, Litz BT, Keane TM, Palmieri PA, Marx BP, Schnurr PP. 2013. The ptsd checklist for dsm-5 (pcl-5). Published online 2013.
  • Weiss, W. M., Murray, L. K., Zangana, G. A. S., Mahmooth, Z., Kaysen, D., Dorsey, S., Lindgren, K., Gross, A., Murray, S. M., Bass, J. K., & Bolton, P. (2015). Community-based mental health treatments for survivors of torture and militant attacks in Southern Iraq: A randomized control trial. BMC Psychiatry, 15(1), 249. https://doi.org/10.1186/s12888-015-0622-7
  • Zalta, A. K., Tirone, V., Orlowska, D., Blais, R. K., Lofgreen, A., Klassen, B., Held, P., Stevens, N. R., Adkins, E., & Dent, A. L. (2021). Examining moderators of the relationship between social support and self-reported PTSD symptoms: A meta-analysis. Psychological Bulletin, 147(1), 33. https://doi.org/10.1037/bul0000316
  • Zimmerman, L., Darnell, D. A., Rhew, I. C., Lee, C. M., & Kaysen, D. (2015). Resilience in community: A social ecological development model for young adult sexual minority women. American Journal of Community Psychology, 55(0), 179–190. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10464-015-9702-6