294
Views
0
CrossRef citations to date
0
Altmetric
Basic Research Article

Moral injury appraisals and posttraumatic stress symptoms in trauma-exposed police officers: a latent class analysis

Evaluaciones de daño moral y síntomas de estrés postraumático en oficiales de policía expuestos a traumas: un análisis de clases latentes

ORCID Icon, ORCID Icon & ORCID Icon
Article: 2365030 | Received 08 Dec 2023, Accepted 30 Apr 2024, Published online: 21 Jun 2024

References

  • Andersen, J., & Papazoglou, K. (2015). Compassion fatigue and compassion satisfaction among police officers: An understudied topic. International Journal of Emergency Mental Health and Human Resilience, 17, 661–663. https://doi.org/10.4172/1522-4821.1000259
  • Asparouhov, T., & Muthén, B. (2014). Auxiliary variables in mixture modeling: Three-step approaches using Mplus. Structural Equation Modeling: A Multidisciplinary Journal, 21(3), 329–341. https://doi.org/10.1080/10705511.2014.915181
  • Blumberg, D. M., Papazoglou, K., & Schlosser, M. D. (2020). Organizational solutions to the moral risks of policing. International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health, 17(20), 7461. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph17207461
  • Boeschoten, M. A., Van der Aa, N., Bakker, A., Ter Heide, F. J. J., Hoofwijk, M. C., Jongedijk, R. A., Van Minnen, A., Elzinga, B. M., & Olff, M. (2018). Development and evaluation of the Dutch clinician-administered PTSD scale for DSM-5 (CAPS-5). European Journal of Psychotraumatology, 9(1), 1546085. https://doi.org/10.1080/20008198.2018.1546085
  • Braun, V., & Clarke, V. (2021). Thematic analysis: A practical guide. SAGE Publications.
  • Bryan, C. J., Bryan, A. O., Anestis, M. D., Anestis, J. C., Green, B. A., Etienne, N., Morrow, C. E., & Ray-Sannerud, B. (2016). Measuring moral injury: Psychometric properties of the moral injury events scale in two military samples. Assessment, 23(5), 557–570. https://doi.org/10.1177/1073191115590855
  • Chopko, B. A., Palmieri, P. A., & Adams, R. E. (2015). Critical incident history questionnaire replication: Frequency and severity of trauma exposure among officers from small and midsize police agencies. Journal of Traumatic Stress, 28(2), 157–161. https://doi.org/10.1002/jts.21996
  • Collins, L. M., & Lanza, S. T. (2009). Latent class and latent transition analysis: With applications in the social, behavioral, and health sciences, (Vol. 718). John Wiley & Sons.
  • Currier, J. M., Foster, J. D., & Isaak, S. L. (2019). Moral injury and spiritual struggles in military veterans: A latent profile analysis. Journal of Traumatic Stress, 32(3), 393–404. https://doi.org/10.1002/jts.22378
  • Currier, J. M., Holland, J. M., & Malott, J. (2015). Moral injury, meaning making, and mental health in returning veterans. Journal of Clinical Psychology, 71(3), 229–240. https://doi.org/10.1002/jclp.22134
  • Currier, J. M., McDermott, R. C., Farnsworth, J. K., & Borges, L. M. (2019). Temporal associations between moral injury and posttraumatic stress disorder symptom clusters in military veterans. Journal of Traumatic Stress, 32(3), 382–392. https://doi.org/10.1002/jts.22367
  • de Beurs, E., & Zitman, F. G. (2006). De Brief Symptom Inventory (BSI): De betrouwbaarheid en validiteit van een handzaam alternatief voor de SCL-90. Maandblad Geestelijke Volksgezondheid, 61, 120–141.
  • de la Rie, S. M., van Sint Fiet, A., Bos, J. B. A., Mooren, N., Smid, G., & Gersons, B. P. R. (2021). Brief Eclectic Psychotherapy for Moral Trauma (BEP-MT): treatment protocol description and a case study. European Journal of Psychotraumatology, 12(1), 1929026. https://doi.org/10.1080/20008198.2021.1929026
  • Derogatis, L. R., & Melisaratos, N. (1983). The Brief Symptom Inventory: An introductory report. Psychological Medicine, 13(3), 595–605. https://doi.org/10.1017/S0033291700048017
  • Ehlers, A., & Clark, D. M. (2000). A cognitive model of posttraumatic stress disorder. Behaviour Research and Therapy, 38(4), 319–345. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0005-7967(99)00123-0
  • Forbes, D., Nickerson, A., Alkemade, N., Bryant, R. A., Creamer, M., Silove, D., McFarlane, A. C., Van Hooff, M., Fletcher, S. L., & O’Donnell, M. (2015). Longitudinal analysis of latent classes of psychopathology and patterns of class migration in survivors of severe injury. The Journal of Clinical Psychiatry, 76(9), 1193–1199. https://doi.org/10.4088/JCP.14m09075
  • Frankfurt, S. B., Frazier, P., & Engdahl, B. (2017). Indirect relations between transgressive acts and general combat exposure and moral injury. Military Medicine, 182(11), e1950–e1956. https://doi.org/10.7205/MILMED-D-17-00062
  • Hoffman, J., Liddell, B., Bryant, R. A., & Nickerson, A. (2018). The relationship between moral injury appraisals, trauma exposure, and mental health in refugees. Depression and Anxiety, 35(11), 1030–1039. https://doi.org/10.1002/da.22787
  • Hoffman, J., Liddell, B., Bryant, R. A., & Nickerson, A. (2019). A latent profile analysis of moral injury appraisals in refugees. European Journal of Psychotraumatology, 10(1), 1686805. https://doi.org/10.1080/20008198.2019.1686805
  • Jinkerson, J. D. (2016). Defining and assessing moral injury: A syndrome perspective. Traumatology, 22(2), 122–130. https://doi.org/10.1037/trm0000069
  • Komarovskaya, I., Maguen, S., McCaslin, S. E., Metzler, T. J., Madan, A., Brown, A. D., Galatzer-Levy, I. R., Henn-Haase, C., & Marmar, C. R. (2011). The impact of killing and injuring others on mental health symptoms among police officers. Journal of Psychiatric Research, 45(10), 1332–1336. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jpsychires.2011.05.004
  • Litz, B. T., Contractor, A. A., Rhodes, C., Dondanville, K. A., Jordan, A. H., Resick, P. A., Foa, E. B., Young-McCaughan, S., Mintz, J., Yarvis, J. S., & Peterson, A. L. (2018). Distinct trauma types in military service members seeking treatment for posttraumatic stress disorder. Journal of Traumatic Stress, 31(2), 286–295. https://doi.org/10.1002/jts.22276
  • Litz, B. T., & Kerig, P. K. (2019). Introduction to the special issue on moral injury: Conceptual challenges, methodological issues, and clinical applications. Journal of Traumatic Stress, 32(3), 341–349. https://doi.org/10.1002/jts.22405
  • Litz, B. T., Lebowitz, L., Gray, M. J., & Nash, W. P. (2016). Adaptive disclosure: A new treatment for military trauma, loss, and moral injury. The Guilford Press.
  • Litz, B. T., Stein, N., Delaney, E., Lebowitz, L., Nash, W. P., Silva, C., & Maguen, S. (2009). Moral injury and moral repair in war veterans: A preliminary model and intervention strategy. Clinical Psychology Review, 29(8), 695–706. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cpr.2009.07.003
  • Mantri, S., Lawson, J. M., Wang, Z., & Koenig, H. G. (2021). Prevalence and predictors of moral injury symptoms in health care professionals. Journal of Nervous & Mental Disease, 209(3), 174–180. https://doi.org/10.1097/NMD.0000000000001277
  • Mantri, S., Song, Y. K., Lawson, J. M., Berger, E. J., & Koenig, H. G. (2021). Moral injury and burnout in health care professionals during the COVID-19 pandemic. Journal of Nervous & Mental Disease, 209(10), 720–726. https://doi.org/10.1097/NMD.0000000000001367
  • Mensink, B., van Schagen, A., van der Aa, N., & Ter Heide, F. J. J. (2022). Moral injury in trauma-exposed, treatment-seeking police officers and military veterans: Latent class analysis. Frontiers in Psychiatry, 13, 904659. https://doi.org/10.3389/fpsyt.2022.904659
  • Müller-Engelmann, M., Schnyder, U., Dittmann, C., Priebe, K., Bohus, M., Thome, J., Pfaltz, M. C., & Steil, R. (2020). Psychometric properties and factor structure of the German version of the clinician-administered PTSD scale for DSM-5. Assessment, 27(6), 1128–1138. https://doi.org/10.1177/1073191118774840
  • Muthén, L. K., & Muthén, B. O. (2009). Statistical analysis with latent variables. Mplus User’s guide, 1998–2012.
  • Nash, W. P., Marino Carper, T. L., Mills, M. A., Au, T., Goldsmith, A., & Litz, B. T. (2013). Psychometric evaluation of the moral injury events scale. Military Medicine, 178(6), 646–652. https://doi.org/10.7205/MILMED-D-13-00017
  • Nickerson, A., Liddell, B. J., Maccallum, F., Steel, Z., Silove, D., & Bryant, R. A. (2014). Posttraumatic stress disorder and prolonged grief in refugees exposed to trauma and loss. BMC Psychiatry, 14(1), 106. https://doi.org/10.1186/1471-244X-14-106
  • Norman, S. (2022). Trauma-Informed guilt reduction therapy: Overview of the treatment and research. Current Treatment Options in Psychiatry, 9(3), 115–125. https://doi.org/10.1007/s40501-022-00261-7
  • Papazoglou, K., Blumberg, D. M., Chiongbian, V. B., Tuttle, B. M., Kamkar, K., Chopko, B., Milliard, B., Aukhojee, P., & Koskelainen, M. (2020). The role of moral injury in PTSD among law enforcement officers: A brief report. Frontiers in Psychology, 11, 310. https://doi.org/10.3389/fpsyg.2020.00310
  • Saba, S. K., Davis, J. P., Lee, D. S., Castro, C. A., & Pedersen, E. R. (2022). Moral injury events and behavioral health outcomes among American veterans. Journal of Anxiety Disorders, 90, 102605. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.janxdis.2022.102605
  • Schorr, Y., Stein, N. R., Maguen, S., Barnes, J. B., Bosch, J., & Litz, B. T. (2018). Sources of moral injury among war veterans: A qualitative evaluation. Journal of Clinical Psychology, 74(12), 2203–2218. https://doi.org/10.1002/jclp.22660
  • Stein, N. R., Mills, M. A., Arditte, K., Mendoza, C., Borah, A. M., Resick, P. A., Litz, B. T., Belinfante, K., Borah, E. V., Cooney, J. A., Foa, E. B., Hembree, E. A., Kippie, A., Lester, K., Malach, S. L., McClure, J., Peterson, A. L., Vargas, V., & Wright, E. (2012). A scheme for categorizing traumatic military events. Behavior Modification, 36(6), 787–807. https://doi.org/10.1177/0145445512446945
  • Sutin, A. R., & Robins, R. W. (2007). Phenomenology of autobiographical memories: The memory experiences questionnaire. Memory (Hove, England), 15(4), 390–411. https://doi.org/10.1080/09658210701256654
  • Weathers, F. W., Bovin, M. J., Lee, D. J., Sloan, D. M., Schnurr, P. P., Kaloupek, D. G., Keane, T. M., & Marx, B. P. (2018). The clinician-administered PTSD scale for DSM-5 (CAPS-5): Development and initial psychometric evaluation in military veterans. Psychological Assessment, 30(3), 383–395. https://doi.org/10.1037/pas0000486
  • Weiss, D. S., Brunet, A., Best, S. R., Metzler, T. J., Liberman, A., Pole, N., Fagan, J. A., & Marmar, C. R. (2010). Frequency and severity approaches to indexing exposure to trauma: The Critical Incident History Questionnaire for police officers. Journal of Traumatic Stress, 23(6), 734–743. https://doi.org/10.1002/jts.20576
  • Zerach, G., & Levi-Belz, Y. (2022). Moral injury, PTSD, and complex PTSD among Israeli health and social care workers during the COVID-19 pandemic: The moderating role of self-criticism. Psychological Trauma. https://doi.org/10.1037/tra0001210