4,543
Views
62
CrossRef citations to date
0
Altmetric
Research Article

Prolonged grief, depression, and posttraumatic stress in disaster-bereaved individuals: latent class analysis

, , , & ORCID Icon
Article: 1298311 | Received 21 Nov 2016, Accepted 03 Dec 2016, Published online: 10 Mar 2017

References

  • American Psychiatric Association. (2013). Diagnostic and statistical manual of mental disorders (5th ed.). Arlington, VA: American Psychiatric Publishing.
  • Armour, C., Contractor, A., Elhai, J. D., Stringer, M., Lyle, G., Forbes, D., & Richardson, J. D. (2015). Identifying latent profiles of posttraumatic stress and major depression symptoms in Canadian veterans: Exploring differences across profiles in health related functioning. Psychiatry Research, 228(1), 1–11. doi:10.1016/j.psychres.2015.03.011
  • Armour, C., Fried, E. I., Deserno, M. K., Tsai, J., & Pietrzak, R. H. (2016). A Network Analysis of DSM-5 posttraumatic stress disorder symptoms and correlates in U.S. military veterans. Journal Of Anxiety Disorders. doi:10.1016/j.janxdis.2016.11.008
  • Blevins, C. A., Weathers, F. W., Davis, M. T., Witte, T. K., & Domino, J. L. (2015). The posttraumatic stress disorder checklist for DSM-5 (PCL-5): Development and initial psychometric evaluation. Journal of Traumatic Stress, 28, 489–498. doi:10.1002/jts.22059
  • Boelen, P. A. (2010). A sense of ‘unrealness’ about the death of a loved-one: An exploratory study of its role in emotional complications among bereaved individuals. Applied Cognitive Psychology, 24(2), 238–251. doi:10.1002/acp.v24:2
  • Boelen, P. A., Reijntjes, A., Djelantik, M., & Smid, G. E. (2016). Prolonged grief and depression after unnatural loss: Latent class analyses and cognitive correlates. Psychiatry Research, 240, 358–363. doi:10.1016/j.psychres.2016.04.012
  • Boelen, P. A., & Smid, G. E. (in press). The Traumatic Grief Inventory Self Report Version (TGI-SR): Introduction and preliminary psychometric evaluation. Journal of Loss and Trauma.
  • Boelen, P. A., van de Schoot, R., van den Hout, M. A., de Keijser, J., & van den Bout, J. (2010). Prolonged Grief Disorder, depression, and posttraumatic stress disorder are distinguishable syndromes. Journal of Affective Disorders, 125(1–3), 374–378. doi:10.1016/j.jad.2010.01.076
  • Boelen, P. A., van den Hout, M. A., & van den Bout, J. (2006). A cognitive-behavioral conceptualization of complicated grief. Clinical Psychology: Science and Practice, 13(2), 109–128.
  • Boeschoten, M. A., Bakker, A., Jongedijk, R. A., & Olff, M. (2014). PTSS checklist voor de DSM-5 (PCL-5). Diemen: Arq Psychotrauma Expert Groep.
  • Bonanno, G. A., Galea, S., Bucciarelli, A., & Vlahov, D. (2006). Psychological resilience after disaster: New york city in the aftermath of the september 11th terrorist attack. Psychological Science, 17(3), 181–186. doi:10.1111/j.1467-9280.2006.01682.x
  • Burstein, M., Georgiades, K., Lamers, F., Swanson, S. A., Cui, L., He, J.-P., … Merikangas, K. R. (2012). Empirically derived subtypes of lifetime anxiety disorders: Developmental and clinical correlates in U.S. adolescents. Journal of Consulting and Clinical Psychology, 80(1), 102–115. doi:10.1037/a0026069
  • Carragher, N., Adamson, G., Bunting, B., & McCann, S. (2009). Subtypes of depression in a nationally representative sample. Journal of Affective Disorders, 113(1–2), 88–99. doi:10.1016/j.jad.2008.05.015
  • Castle, J., & Phillips, W. L. (2003). Grief rituals: Aspects that facilitate adjustment to bereavement. Journal of Loss & Trauma, 8(1), 41–71. doi:10.1080/15325020305876
  • Cloitre, M., Garvert, D., Weiss, B., Carlson, E., & Bryant, R. (2014). Distinguishing PTSD, Complex PTSD, and Borderline Personality Disorder: A latent class analysis. European Journal Of Psychotraumatology, 5, 25097. doi:10.3402/ejpt.v5.25097
  • Contractor, A. A., Elhai, J. D., Fine, T. H., Tamburrino, M. B., Cohen, G., Shirley, E., … Calabrese, J. R. (2015). Latent profile analyses of posttraumatic stress disorder, depression and generalized anxiety disorder symptoms in trauma-exposed soldiers. Journal Of Psychiatric Research, 68(19), 19–26. doi:10.1016/j.jpsychires.2015.05.014
  • Currier, J. M., Holland, J. M., & Neimeyer, R. A. (2010). Do CBT-based interventions alleviate distress following bereavement? A review of the current evidence. International Journal of Cognitive Therapy, 3(1), 77–93. doi:10.1521/ijct.2010.3.1.77
  • de Graaf, L. E., Gerhards, S. A., Arntz, A., Riper, H., Metsemakers, J. F., Evers, S. M., … Huibers, M. J. (2009). Clinical effectiveness of online computerised cognitive-behavioural therapy without support for depression in primary care: Randomised trial. The British Journal of Psychiatry: the Journal of Mental Science, 195(1), 73–80. doi:10.1192/bjp.bp.108.054429
  • Dutch Safety Board. (2015). MH17 crash. The Hague: Dutch Safety Board.
  • Elhai, J. D., Naifeh, J. A., Forbes, D., Ractliffe, K. C., & Tamburrino, M. (2011). Heterogeneity in clinical presentations of posttraumatic stress disorder among medical patients: Testing factor structure variation using factor mixture modeling. Journal of Traumatic Stress, 24(4), 435–443. doi:10.1002/jts.20653
  • Engelhard, I. M., van den Hout, M. A., Weerts, J., Arntz, A., Hox, J. J., & McNally, R. J. (2007). Deployment-related stress and trauma in dutch soldiers returning from iraq. prospective study. The British Journal of Psychiatry: the Journal of Mental Science, 191, 140–145. doi:10.1192/bjp.bp.106.034884
  • Fried, E. I., van Borkulo, C. D., Epskamp, S., Schoevers, R. A., Tuerlinckx, F., & Borsboom, D. (2016). Measuring depression over time. Or not? Lack of unidimensionality and longitudinal measurement invariance in four common rating scales of depression. Psychological Assessment, 28(11), 1354–1367. doi:10.1037/pas0000275
  • Galatzer-Levy, I. R., Nickerson, A., Litz, B. T., & Marmar, C. R. (2013). Patterns of lifetime PTSD comorbidity: A latent class analysis. Depression and Anxiety, 30(5), 489–496. doi:10.1002/da.22048
  • Galea, S., Nandi, A., & Vlahov, D. (2005). The epidemiology of post-traumatic stress disorder after disasters. Epidemiologic Reviews, 27(1), 78–91. doi:10.1093/epirev/mxi003
  • Heeke, C., Stammel, N., & Knaevelsrud, C. (2015). When hope and grief intersect: Rates and risks of prolonged grief disorder among bereaved individuals and relatives of disappeared persons in colombia. Journal of Affective Disorders, 173, 59–64. doi:10.1016/j.jad.2014.10.038
  • Johannesson, K. B., Lundin, T., Hultman, C. M., Fröjd, T., & Michel, P. (2011). Prolonged grief among traumatically bereaved relatives exposed and not exposed to a tsunami. Journal of Traumatic Stress, 24(4), 456–464. doi:10.1002/jts.20668
  • Kristensen, P., Weisaeth, L., & Heir, T. (2010). Predictors of complicated grief after a natural disaster: A population study two years after the 2004 south-east asian tsunami. Death Studies, 34(2), 137–150.
  • Kristensen, P., Weisaeth, L., Hussain, A., & Heir, T. (2015). Prevalence of psychiatric disorders and functional impairment after loss of a family member: A longitudinal study after the 2004 Tsunami. Depression and Anxiety, 32(1), 49–56. doi:10.1002/da.22269
  • Li, J., Chow, A. Y. M., Shi, Z., & Chan, C. L. W. (2015). Prevalence and risk factors of complicated grief among sichuan earthquake survivors. Journal of Affective Disorders, 175, 218–223. doi:10.1016/j.jad.2015.01.003
  • Maciejewski, P. K., Maercker, A., Boelen, P. A., & Prigerson, H. G. (2016). “Prolonged grief disorder” and “persistent complex bereavement disorder”, but not “complicated grief”, are one and the same diagnostic entity: An analysis of data from the Yale bereavement study. World Psychiatry, 15, 266–275. doi:10.1002/wps.v15.3
  • Maercker, A., & Znoj, H. (2010). The younger sibling of PTSD: Similarities and differences between complicated grief and posttraumatic stress disorder. European Journal of Psychotraumatology, 1(5558). doi:10.3402/ejpt.v1i0.5558
  • McNally, R. J., Robinaugh, D. J., Wu, G. W. Y., Wang, L., Deserno, M. K., & Borsboom, D. (2015). Mental disorders as causal systems: A network approach to posttraumatic stress disorder. Clinical Psychological Science, 3(6), 836–849. doi:10.1177/2167702614553230
  • Mundt, J. C., Marks, I. M., Shear, M. K., & Greist, J. H. (2002). The work and social adjustment scale: A simple measure of impairment in functioning. The British Journal of Psychiatry: the Journal of Mental Science, 180, 461–464.
  • Neria, Y., Gross, R., Litz, B., Maguen, S., Insel, B., Seirmarco, G., … Marshall, R. D. (2007). Prevalence and psychological correlates of complicated grief among bereaved adults 2.5–3.5 years after september 11th attacks. Journal of Traumatic Stress, 20(3), 251–262. doi:10.1002/jts.20223
  • Nickerson, A., Liddell, B. J., Maccallum, F., Steel, Z., Silove, D., & Bryant, R. A. (2014). Posttraumatic stress disorder and prolonged grief in refugees exposed to trauma and loss. BMC Psychiatry, 14(1), 106. doi:10.1186/1471-244X-14-106
  • Nylund, K. L., Asparouhov, T., & Muthén, B. O. (2007). Deciding on the number of classes in latent class analysis and growth mixture modeling: A monte carlo simulation study. Structural Equation Modeling: A Multidisciplinary Journal, 14(4), 535–569. doi:10.1080/10705510701575396
  • Perlman, S. E., Friedman, S., Galea, S., Nair, H. P., Erős-Sarnyai, M., Stellman, S. D., … Greene, C. M. (2011). Short-term and medium-term health effects of 9/11. The Lancet, 378(9794), 925–934. doi:10.1016/S0140-6736(11)60967-7
  • Prigerson, H. G., Bierhals, A. J., Kasl, S. V., Reynolds, C. F., Shear, M. K., Newsom, J. T., & Jacobs, S. (1996). Complicated grief as a disorder distinct from bereavement-related depression and anxiety: A replication study. The American Journal of Psychiatry, 153(11), 1484–1486. doi:10.1176/ajp.153.11.1484
  • Prigerson, H. G., Horowitz, M. J., Jacobs, S. C., Parkes, C. M., Aslan, M., Goodkin, K., … Maciejewski, P. K. (2009). Prolonged grief disorder: Psychometric validation of criteria proposed for DSM-V and ICD-11. Plos Medicine, 6(8), e1000121. doi:10.1371/journal.pmed.1000121
  • Rosner, R. (2015). Prolonged grief: Setting the research agenda. European Journal of Psychotraumatology, 6, 27303. doi:10.3402/ejpt.v6.27303
  • Rosner, R., Pfoh, G., & Kotoučová, M. (2011). Treatment of complicated grief. European Journal of Psychotraumatology, 2, 7995. doi:10.3402/ejpt.v2i0.7995
  • Rush, A. J., Trivedi, M. H., Ibrahim, H. M., Carmody, T. J., Arnow, B., Klein, D. N., … Keller, M. B. (2003). The 16-item quick inventory of depressive symptomatology (QIDS), clinician rating (QIDS-C), and self-report (QIDS-SR): A psychometric evaluation in patients with chronic major depression. Biological Psychiatry, 54(5), 573–583.
  • Shear, M. K., Simon, N., Wall, M., Zisook, S., Neimeyer, R., Duan, N., … Keshaviah, A. (2011). Complicated grief and related bereavement issues for DSM-5. Depression and Anxiety, 28(2), 103–117. doi:10.1002/da.20780
  • Simon, N. M., Shear, K. M., Thompson, E. H., Zalta, A. K., Perlman, C., Reynolds, C. F., … Silowash, R. (2007). The prevalence and correlates of psychiatric comorbidity in individuals with complicated grief. Comprehensive Psychiatry, 48(5), 395–399. doi:10.1016/j.comppsych.2007.05.002
  • Smid, G. E., Kleber, R. J., De La Rie, S. M., Bos, J. B., Gersons, B. P., & Boelen, P. A. (2015). Brief eclectic psychotherapy for traumatic grief (BEP-TG): Toward integrated treatment of symptoms related to traumatic loss. European Journal of Psychotraumatology, 6, 27324. doi:10.3402/ejpt.v6.27324
  • Stammel, N., Heeke, C., Bockers, E., Chhim, S., Taing, S., Wagner, B., & Knaevelsrud, C. (2013). Prolonged grief disorder three decades post loss in survivors of the khmer rouge regime in cambodia. Journal of Affective Disorders, 144(1–2), 87–93. doi:10.1016/j.jad.2012.05.063
  • van der Velden, P. G., van der Burg, S., Steinmetz, C. H. D., & van den Bout, J. (1992). Slachtoffers van bankovervallen [Victims of back robberies]. Houten: Bohn Stafleu van Loghem.
  • van Loo, H. M., de Jonge, P., Romeijn, J.-W., Kessler, R. C., & Schoevers, R. A. (2012). Data-driven subtypes of major depressive disorder: A systematic review. BMC Medicine, 10, 1.
  • Vermunt, J. K. (2010). Latent class modeling with covariates: Two improved three-step aproaches. Political Analysis, 18, 450–469. doi:10.1093/pan/mpq025
  • Vermunt, J. K., & Magidson, J. (2013). Latent GOLD 5.0 upgrade manual. Belmont, MA: Statistical Innovations.
  • Wurpts, I. C., & Geiser, C. (2014). Is adding more indicators to a latent class analysis beneficial or detrimental? Results of a monte-carlo study. Frontiers in Psychology, 5, 920. doi:10.3389/fpsyg.2014.00920