Neuroimaging the traumatized self: fMRI reveals altered response in cortical midline structures and occipital cortex during visual and verbal self- and other-referential processing in women with PTSD

References

• Allen, E. A., Erhardt, E. B., Wei, Y., Eichele, T., & Calhoun, V. D. (2012). Capturing inter-subject variability with group independent component analysis of fMRI data: A simulation study. Neuroimage, 59, 1–13. doi:10.1016/j.neuroimage.2011.10.010
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• American Psychiatric Association. (2013). Diagnostic and statistical manual for mental disorders (5th ed.). Arlington, VA: American Psychiatric Publishing.
   Google Scholar
• Araujo, H. F., Kaplan, J., & Damasio, A. (2013). Cortical midline structures and autobiographical-self processes: An activation-likelihood estimation meta-analysis. Frontiers in Human Neuroscience, 7, 22–31. doi:10.3389/fnhum.2013.00548
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Bartra, O., McGuire, J. T., & Kable, J. W. (2013). The valuation system: A coordinate-based meta-analysis of BOLD fMRI experiments examining neural correlates of subjective value. Neuroimage, 76, 412–427. doi:10.1016/j.neuroimage.2013.02.063
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Beeney, J. E., Hallquist, M. N., Ellison, W. D., & Levy, K. N. (2016). Self–other disturbance in borderline personality disorder: Neural, self-report, and performance-based evidence. Personality Disorders: Theory, Research, and Treatment, 7(1), 28–39. doi:10.1037/per0000127
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Bernstein, D. P, Stein, J. A, Newcomb, M. D, Walker, E, Pogge, D, Ahluvalia, T, … Zule, W. (2003). Development and validation of a brief screening version of the childhood trauma questionnaire. Child Abuse & Neglect, 27(2), 169–190. doi: 10.1016/S0145-2134(02)00541-0
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Blake, D. D., Weathers, F. W., Nagy, L. M., Kaloupek, D. G., Gusman, F. D., Charney, D. S., & Keane, T. M. (1995). The development of a Clinician-Administered PTSD Scale. Journal of Traumatic Stress, 8, 75–90. doi:10.1002/jts.2490080106
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Bluhm, R. L, Frewen, P. A, Coupland, N. C, Densmore, M, Schore, A. N, & Lanius, R. A. (2012). Neural correlates of self-reflection in post-traumatic stress disorder. Acta Psychiatrica Scandinavica, 125(3), 238–246. doi: 10.1111/j.1600-0447.2011.01773.x
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Bluhm, R. L., Williamson, P. C., Osuch, E. A., Frewen, P. A., Stevens, T. K., Boksman, K., … Lanius, R. A. (2009). Alterations in default network connectivity in posttraumatic stress disorder related to early-life trauma. Journal of Psychiatry and Neuroscience, 34, 187–194.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Bradley, M. M., & Lang, P. J. (1999). Affective norms for English words (ANEW): Instruction Manual and affective ratings (Technical Support C-1). The Center for Research in Psychophysiology, University of Florida. Retrieved from http://www.uvm.edu/pdodds/teaching/courses/2009-08UVM-300/docs/others/everything/bradley1999a.pdf
   Google Scholar
• Budden, A. (2009). The role of shame in posttraumatic stress disorder: A proposal for a socio-emotional model for DSM-V. Social Science & Medicine, 69, 1032–1039. doi:10.1016/j.socscimed.2009.07.032
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Calhoun, V. D., Adali, T., Pearlson, G. D., & Pekar, J. J. (2001a). A method for making group inferences from functional MRI data using independent component analysis. Human Brain Mapping, 14, 140–151. doi:10.1002/hbm.1048
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Calhoun, V. D., Kiehl, K., & Pearlson, G. (2008). Modulation of temporally coherent brain networks estimated using ICA at rest and during cognitive tasks. Human Brain Mapping, 29, 828–838. doi:10.1002/hbm.20581
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Calhoun, V. D., Liu, J., & Adali, T. (2009). A review of group ICA for fMRI data and ICA for joint inference of imaging, genetic, and ERP data. Neuroimage, 45, SS163–72. doi:10.1016/j.neuroimage.2008.10.057
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Cauda, F., D’Agata, F., Sacco, K., Duca, S., Geminiani, G., & Vercelli, A. (2011). A functional connectivity of the insula in the resting brain. Neuroimage, 55, 8–23. doi:10.1016/j.neuroimage.2010.11.049
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Cisler, J. M., Steele, J. S., Smitherman, S., Lenow, J. K., & Kilts, C. D. (2013). Neural processing correlates of assaultive violence exposure and PTSD symptoms during implicit threat processing: A network level analysis among adolescent girls. Psychiatry Research, 214. doi:10.1016/j.pscychresns.2013.06.003
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Cox, K. S., Resnick, H. S., & Kilpatrick, D. G. (2014). Prevalence and correlates of posttrauma distorted beliefs: Evaluating DSM-5 PTSD expanded cognitive symptoms in a national sample. Journal of Traumatic Stress, 27, 299–306. doi:10.1002/jts.21925
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• D’Argembeau, A., Collette, F., Van Der Linden, M., Laureys, S., Del Fiore, G., Degueldre, C., … Salmon, E. (2005). Self-referential reflective activity and its relationship with rest: A PET study. Neuroimage, 25, 616–624. doi:10.1016/j.neuroimage.2004.11.048
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• De Greck, M., Rotte, M., Paus, R., Moritz, D., Thiemann, R., Proesch, U., … Northoff, G. (2008). Is our self based on reward? Self-relatedness recruits neural activity in the reward system. Neuroimage, 39, 2066–2075. doi:10.1016/j.neuroimage.2007.11.006
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Denny, B. T., Kober, H., Wager, T. D., & Ochsner, K. N. (2012). A meta-analysis of functional neuroimaging studies of self- and other judgments reveals a spatial gradient for mentalizing in medial prefrontal cortex. Journal of Cognitive Neuroscience, 24, 1742–1752. doi:10.1162/jocn_a_00233
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Dorahy, M. J., Middleton, W., Seager, L., McGurrin, P., Williams, M., & Chambers, R. (2015). Dissociation, shame, complex PTSD, child maltreatment and intimate relationship self-concept in dissociative disorder, chronic PTSD and mixed psychiatric groups. Journal of Affective Disorders, 172, 195–203. doi:10.1016/j.jad.2014.10.008
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Dosenbach, N. U., Fair, D. A., Miezin, F. M., Cohen, A. L., Wenger, K. K., Dosenbach, R. A., … Petersen, S. E. (2007). Distinct brain networks for adaptive and stable task control in humans. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences, 104, 11073–11078. doi:10.1073/pnas.0704320104
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Dyer, K. F. W., Dorahy, M. J., Corry, M., Black, R., Matheson, L., Coles, H., … Middleton, W. (2017). Comparing shame in clinical and nonclinical populations: Preliminary findings. Psychological Trauma: Theory, Research, Practice, Policy, 9, 173–180. doi:10.1037/tra0000158
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Enzi, B., De Greck, M., Prösch, U., Tempelmann, C., Northoff, G., & Reif, A. (2009). Is our self nothing but reward? Neuronal overlap and distinction between reward and personal relevance and its relation to human personality. PLoS ONE, 4, e8429. doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0008429
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Erhardt, E. B., Rachakonda, S., Bedrick, E. J., Allen, E. A., Adali, T., & Calhoun, V. D. (2011). Comparison of multi-subject ICA methods for analysis of fMRI data. Human Brain Mapping, 32, 2075–2095. doi:10.1002/hbm.21170
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• First, M. B., Spitzer, R. L., Gibbon, M., & Williams, J. B. W. (2002). Structured clinical interview for DSM-IV-TR axis I disorders, patient edition (SCID-I/P, 11/2002 revision), for DSMIV. New York, NY: Biometrics Research, New York State Psychiatric Institute.
   Google Scholar
• Foa, E. B., Ehlers, A., Clark, D. M., Tolin, D. F., & Orsillo, S. M. (1999). The Posttraumatic Cognitions Inventory (PTCI): Development and validation. Psychological Assessment, 11, 303–314. doi:10.1037/1040-3590.11.3.303
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Frewen, P. A., & Lanius, R. A. (2015). Healing the traumatized self: Consciousness, neuroscience, treatment (Norton Series on Interpersonal Neurobiology). New York: WW Norton.
   Google Scholar
• Frewen, P. A., Dean, J. A., & Lanius, R. A. (2012). Assessment of anhedonia in psychological trauma: Development of the Hedonic Deficit and Interference Scale. European Journal of Psychotraumatology, 3(1), doi:10.3402/ejpt.v3i0.8585
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Frewen, P. A., Dozois, D. J. A., Neufield, R. W. J., Densmore, M., Stevens, T. K., & Lanius, R. A. (2011). Self-referential processing in women with PTSD: Affective and neural response. Psychological Trauma: Theory, Research, Practice and Policy, 3, 318–328. doi:10/1037/a0021264
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Frewen, P. A., & Lundberg, E. (2012). Visual-verbal self/other-referential processing task: Direct vs. indirect assessment, valence, and experiential correlates. Personality and Individual Differences, 52, 509–514. doi:10.1016/j.paid.2011.11.021
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Frewen, P. A., Lundberg, E., Brimson-Théberge, M., & Théberge, J. (2013). Neuroimaging self-esteem: A fMRI study of individual differences in women. Social and Cognitive Affective Neuroscience, 8, 546–555. doi:10.1093/scan/nss032
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Frewen, P. A., Schmittmann, V. D., Bringmann, L. F., & Borsboom, D. (2013). Perceived causal relations between anxiety, posttraumatic stress and depression: Extension to moderation, mediation, and network analysis. European Journal of Psychotraumatology, 4, 10.3402/ejpt.v4i0.20656. doi:10.3402/ejpt.v4i0.20656
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Friedman, M. J., Resick, P. A., Bryant, R. A., & Brewin, C. R. (2011). Considering PTSD for DSM-5. Depression and Anxiety, 28, 750–769. doi:10.1002/da.20767
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Fusar-Poli, P., Placentino, A., Carletti, F., Allen, P., Landi, P., Abbamonte, M., … Politi, P. L. (2009). Laterality effect on emotional faces processing: ALE meta-analysis of evidence. Neuroscience Letters, 452(3), 262–267. doi:10.1016/j.neulet.2009.01.065
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Garrity, A. G., Pearlson, G. D., McKiernan, K., Lloyd, D., Kiehl, K. A., & Calhoun, V. D. (2007). Aberrant “default mode” functional connectivity in schizophrenia. American Journal of Psychiatry, 164, 450–457. doi:10.1176/appi.ajp.164.3.450
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Gillihan, S. J., & Farah, M. J. (2005). Is self special? A critical review of evidence from experimental psychology and cognitive neuroscience. Psychological Bulletin, 131(1), 76–97. doi:10.1037/0033-2909.131.1.76
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Grimm, S., Ernst, J., Boesiger, P., Schuepbach, D., Hell, D., Boeker, H., & Northoff, G. (2009). Increased self‐focus in major depressive disorder is related to neural abnormalities in subcortical‐cortical midline structures. Human Brain Mapping, 30(8), 2617–2627. doi:10.1002/hbm.20693
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Hatfield, E., Cacioppo, J. T., & Rapson, R. L. (1994). Emotional contagion: Cambridge studies in emotion and social interaction. Cambridge, UK: Cambridge University Press.
   Google Scholar
• Heinzel, A., & Northoff, F. (2014). The relationship of self-relatedness and emotional processing. Journal of Consciousness Studies, 21, 30–48.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Herman, J. L. (2011). PTSD as a shame disorder. In R. L. Dearing & J. P. Tangney (Eds.), Shame in the therapy hour (pp. 261–276). Washington, DC: American Psychological Association.
   Google Scholar
• Herold, D., Spengler, S., Sajonz, B., Usnich, T., & Bermpohl, F. (2016). Common and distinct networks for self-referential and social stimulus processing in the human brain. Brain Structure & Function, 221, 3475–3485. doi:10.1007/s00429-015-1113-9
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Himberg, J., Hyvärinen, A., & Esposito, F. (2004). Validating the independent components of neuroimaging time series via clustering and visualization. Neuroimage, 22, 1214–1222. doi:10.1016/j.neuroimage.2004.03.027
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Kaplan, J. T., Aziz-Zadeh, L., Uddin, L. Q., & Iacoboni, M. (2008). The self across the senses: An fMRI study of self-face and self-voice recognition. Social Cognitive and Affective Neuroscience, 3(3), 218–223. doi:10.1093/scan/nsn014
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Ketay, S., Hamilton, H. K., Haas, B. W., & Simeon, D. (2014). Face processing in depersonalization: An fMRI study of the unfamiliar self. Psychiatry Research: Neuroimaging, 222(1–2), 107–110. doi:10.1016/j.pscychresns.2014.02.003
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Kim, K., & Johnson, M. K. (2015). Activity in ventromedial prefrontal cortex during self-related processing: Positive subjective value or personal significance? Social Cognitive and Affective Neuroscience, 10, 494–500. doi:10.1093/scan/nsu078
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Lanius, R. A., Bluhm, R. L., & Frewen, P. A. (2011). How understanding the neurobiology of complex posttraumatic stress disorder can inform clinical practice: A social cognitive and affective neuroscience approach. Acta Psychiatrica Scandinavica, 124(5), 331–348. doi:10.1111/j.1600-0447.2011.01755.x
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Lanius, R. A., Frewen, P. A., Tursich, M., Jetly, R., & McKinnon, M. C. (2015). Restoring large-scale brain networks in PTSD and related disorders: A proposal for neuroscientifically-informed treatment interventions. European Journal of Psychotraumatology, 6, 27313. doi:10.3402/ejpt.v6.27313
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Lee, D. A., Scragg, P., & Turner, S. (2010). The role of shame and guilt in traumatic events: A clinical model of shame-based and guilt-based PTSD. British Journal of Medical Psychology, 74, 451–466. doi:10.1348/000711201161109
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Lemogne, C., Le Bastard, G., Mayberg, H., Volle, E., Bergouignan, L., Lehéricy, S., … Fossati, P. (2009). In search of the depressive self: Extended medial prefrontal network during self-referential processing in major depression. Social Cognitive and Affective Neuroscience, 4(3), 305–312. doi:10.1093/scan/nsp008
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Li, Y., Li, M., Wei, D., Kong, X., Du, X., Hou, X., … Qiu, J. (2017). Self-referential processing in unipolar depression: Distinct roles of subregions of the medial prefrontal cortex. Psychiatry Research: Neuroimaging, 263, 8–14. doi:10.1016/j.pscychresns.2017.02.008
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Lund, K., & Burgess, C. (1996). Producing high-dimensional semantic spaces from lexical co-occurrence. Behavior Research Methods, Instruments, & Computers, 28, 203–208. doi:10.3758/BF03204766
   Google Scholar
• McKeown, M. J., & Sejnowski, T. J. (1998). Independent component analysis of fMRI data: Examining the assumptions. Human Brain Mapping, 6, 368–372. doi:10.1002/(SICI)1097-0193(1998)6:5/6<>1.0.CO;2-N
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Montemurro, D. G., & Bruni, J. E. (1988). The Human Brain in Dissection (2nd ed.). New-York: Oxford University Press.
   Google Scholar
• Moussa, M. N., Steen, M. R., Laurienti, P. J., & Hayasaka, S. (2012). Consistency of network modules in resting-state fMRI connectome data. PLoS One, 7, e44428. doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0044428
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Mueller-Pfeiffer, C., Schick, M., Schulte-Vels, T., O’Gorman, R., Michels, L., Martin-Soelchh, C., … Hasler, G. (2013). Atypical visual processing in posttraumatic stress disorder. Neuroimage: Clinical, 3, 531–538. doi:10.1016/j.nicl.2013.08.009
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Murray, R. J., Schaer, M., & Debbané, M. (2012). Degrees of separation: A quantitative neuroimaging meta-analysis investigating self-specificity and shared neural activation between self- and other-reflection. Neuroscience & Biobehavioral Reviews, 36(3), 1043–1059. doi:10.1016/j.neubiorev.2011.12.013
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Nietlisbach, G., Maercker, A., Rössler, W., & Haker, H. (2010). Are empathic abilities impaired in posttraumatic stress disorder? Psychological Reports, 106(3), 832–844. doi:10.2466/PR0.106.3.832-844
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Northoff, G., & Bermpohl, F. (2004). Cortical midline structures and the self. Trends in Cognitive Sciences, 8, 102–107. doi:10.1016/j.tics.2004.01.004
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Northoff, G., & Hayes, D. J. (2011). Is our self nothing but reward? Biological Psychiatry, 69, 1019–1025. doi:10.1016/j.biopsych.2010.12.014
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Northoff, G., Heinzel, A., De Greck, M., Bermpohl, F., Dobrowolny, H., & Panksepp, J. (2006). Self-referential processing in our brain—A meta-analysis of imaging studies on the self. Neuroimage, 31, 440–457. doi:10.1016/j.neuroimage.2005.12.002
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Parlar, M., Frewen, P. A., Oremus, C., Lanius, R. A., & McKinnon, M. C. (2016). Dissociative symptoms are associated with reduced neuropsychological performance in patients with recurrent depression and a history of trauma exposure. European Journal of Psychotraumatology, 7, 29061. doi:10.3402/ejpt.v7.29061
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Phan, K. L., Wager, T., Taylor, S. F., & Liberzon, I. (2002). Functional neuroanatomy of emotion: A meta-analysis of emotion activation studies in PET and fMRI. SAN DIEGO: Elsevier Inc. doi:10.1006/nimg.2002.1087
   Google Scholar
• Qin, P., & Northoff, G. (2011). How is our self related to midline regions and the default-mode network? Neuroimage, 57, 1221–1233. doi:10.1016/j.neuroimage.2011.05.028
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Rabellino, D., Tursich, M., Frewen, P. A., Daniels, J. K., Densmore, M., Théberge, J., & Lanius, R. A. (2015). Intrinsic Connectivity Networks in post-traumatic stress disorder during sub- and supraliminal processing of threat-related stimuli. Acta Psychiatrica Scandinavica, 132, 365–378. doi:10.1111/acps.12418
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Resick, P. A., Galovski, T. E., Uhlmansiek, M. O., Scher, C. D., Clum, G. A., & Young-Xu, Y. (2008). A randomized clinical trial to dismantle components of cognitive processing therapy for posttraumatic stress disorder in female victims of interpersonal violence. Journal of Consulting and Clinical Psychology, 76, 243–258. doi:10.1037/0022-006X.76.2.243
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Ros, T., Théberge, J., Frewen, P. A., Kluetsch, R., Densmore, M., Calhoun, V. D., & Lanius, R. A. (2013). Mind over chatter: Plastic up-regulation of the fMRI salience network directly after EEG neurofeedback. Neuroimage, 65, 324–335. doi:10.1016/j.neuroimage.2012.09.046
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Rosazza, C., Minati, L., Ghielmetti, F., Mandelli, M. L., & Bruzzone, M. G. (2012). Functional connectivity during resting-state functional MR imaging: Study of the correspondence between independent component analysis and region-of-interest-based methods. AJNR American Journal Neuroradiol, 33, 180–187. doi:10.3174/ajnr.A2733
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Roy, M., Shohamy, D., & Wager, T. D. (2012). Ventromedial prefrontal-subcortical systems and the generation of affective meaning. Trends in Cognitive Sciences, 16, 147–156. doi:10.1016/j.tics.2012.01.005
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Seeley, W. W., Menon, V., Schatzberg, A. F., Keller, J., Glover, G. H., Kenna, H., & Greicius, M. D. (2007). Dissociable intrinsic connectivity networks for salience processing and executive control. Journal of Neuroscience, 27, 2349–2356. doi:10.1523/JNEUROSCI.5587-06.2007
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Shirer, W. R., Ryali, S., Rykhlevskaia, E., Menon, V., & Greicius, M. D. (2012). Decoding subject-driven cognitive states with whole-brain connectivity patterns. Cerebral Cortex, 22, 158–165. doi:10.1093/cercor/bhr099
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Spiridon, M., Fischl, B., & Kanwisher, N. (2006). Location and spatial profile of category-specific regions in human extrastriate cortex. Human Brain Mapping, 27, 77–89. doi:10.1002/hbm.20169
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Spreng, R. N., Mar, R. A., & Kim, A. S. (2009). The common neural basis of autobiographical memory, prospection, navigation, theory of mind and the default mode: A quantitative meta-analysis. Journal of Cognitive Neuroscience, 21, 489–510. doi:10.1162/jocn.2008.21029
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Sridharan, D., Levitin, D. J., & Menon, V. (2008). A critical role for the right fronto-insular cortex in switching between central-executive and default-mode networks. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences, 105(34), 12569–12574. doi:10.1073/pnas.0800005105
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Sripada, R. K., King, A. P., Welsh, R. C., Garfinkel, S. N., Wang, X., Sripada, C. S., & Liberzon, I. (2012). Neural dysregulation in posttraumatic stress disorder: Evidence for disrupted equilibrium between salience and default mode brain networks. Psychosomatic Medicine, 74, 904–911. doi:10.1097/PSY.0b013e318273bf33
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Stotz, S. J., Elbert, T., Müller, V., & Schauer, M. (2015). The relationship between trauma, shame, and guilt: Findings from a community-based study of refugee minors in Germany. European Journal of Psychotraumatology, 6, 25863. doi:10.3402/ejpt.v6.25863
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Taylor, T. F. (2015). The influence of shame on posttrauma disorders: Have we failed to see the obvious? European Journal of Psychotraumatology, 6, 28847. doi:10.3402/ejpt.v6.28847
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Toro, R., Fox, P. T., & Paus, T. (2008). Functional coactivation map of the human brain. Cerebral Cortex, 18, 2553–2559. doi:10.1093/cercor/bhn014
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Tottenham, N., Tanaka, J. W., Leon, A. C., McCarry, T., Nurse, M., Hare, T. A., … Nelson, C. (2009). The NimStim set of facial expressions: Judgments from untrained research participants. Psychiatry Research, 168, 242–249. doi:10.1016/j.psychres.2008.05.006
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Tursich, M., Ros, T., Frewen, P. A., Kluetsch, R. C., Calhoun, V. D., & Lanius, R. A. (2015). Distinct intrinsic network connectivity patterns of post-traumatic stress disorder symptom clusters. Acta Psychiatric Scandinavian, 132, 29–38. doi:10.1111/acps.12387
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Uddin, L. Q., Kaplan, J. T., Molnar-Szakacs, I., Zaidel, E., & Iacoboni, M. (2005). Self-face recognition activates a frontoparietal ‘mirror’ network in the right hemisphere: An event-related fMRI study. Neuroimage, 25(3), 926–935. doi:10.1016/j.neuroimage.2004.12.018
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Van Overwalle, F. (2011). A dissociation between social mentalizing and general reasoning. Neuroimage, 54, 1589–1599. doi:10.1016/j.neuroimage.2010.09.043
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Völlm, B. A., Taylor, A. N. W., Richardson, P., Corcoran, R., Stirling, J., McKie, S., … Elliott, R. (2006). Neuronal correlates of theory of mind and empathy: A functional magnetic resonance imaging study in a nonverbal task. Neuroimage, 29, 90–98. doi:10.1016/j.neuroimage.2005.07.022
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Whitfield-Gabrieli, S., Moran, J. M., Nieto-Castañón, A., Triantafyllou, C., Saxe, R., & Gabrieli, J. D. (2011). Associations and dissociations between default and self-reference networks in the human brain. Neuroimage, 55(1), 225–232. doi:10.1016/j.neuroimage.2010.11.048
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Yaoi, K., Osaka, M., & Osaka, N. (2013). Medial prefrontal cortex dissociation between self and others in a referential task: An fMRI study based on word traits. Journal of Physiology - Paris, 107, 517–525. doi:10.1016/j.jphysparis.2013.09.002
   Google Scholar
• Yoshimura, S., Okamoto, Y., Onoda, K., Matsunaga, M., Ueda, K., & Suzuki, S.-I. (2010). Rostral anterior cingulate cortex activity mediates the relationship between the depressive symptoms and the medial prefrontal cortex activity. Journal of Affective Disorders, 122(1–2), 76–85. doi:10.1016/j.jad.2009.06.017
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Zhang, Y., Liu, F., Chen, H., Li, M., Duan, X., Xie, B., & Chen, H. (2015). Intranetwork and internetwork functional connectivity alterations in post-traumatic stress disorder. Journal of Affective Disorders, 187, 114–121. doi:10.1016/j.jad.2015.08.043
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar