References

• Afifi, T. O., Mather, A., Boman, J., Fleisher, W., Enns, M. W., MacMillan, H., & Sareen, J. (2011). Childhood adversity and personality disorders: Results from a nationally representative population-based study. Journal of Psychiatric Research, 45, 814–9.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Allen, B., & Lauterbach, D. (2007). Personality characteristics of adult survivors of childhood trauma. Journal of Traumatic Stress, 20(4), 587–595.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• American Psychiatric Association. (2013). Diagnostic and statistical manual of mental disorders (5th ed.) (pp. 5–25). Arlington, VA: American Psychiatric Publishing.
   Google Scholar
• Anda, R. F., Felitti, V. J., Bremner, J. D., Walker, J. D., Whitfield, C., Perry, B. D., … Giles, W. H. (2006). The enduring effects of abuse and related adverse experiences in childhood: A convergence of evidence from neurobiology and epidemiology. European Archives of Psychiatry and Clinical Neuroscience, 256, 174–186.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Arrindell, W. A, & Ettema, J. H. M. (2003). Herziene handleiding bij een multidimensionele psychopathologie indicator [SCL-90: Revised manual for a multidimensional indicator of psychopathology]. Lisse, the Netherlands: Swets & Zeitlinger.
   Google Scholar
• Bremner, J. D., Bolus, R., & Mayer, E. A. (2007). Psychometric properties of the early trauma inventory self report. Journal of Nervous and Mental Disease, 195(3), 211–218.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Bremner, J. D., Vermetten, E., & Mazure, C. M. (2000). Development and preliminary psychometric properties of an instrument for the measurement of childhood trauma: The early trauma inventory. Depression and Anxiety, 12, 1–12.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Brewin, C. R., Andrews, B., & Valentine, J. D. (2000). Meta-analysis of risk factors for posttraumatic stress disorder in trauma-exposed adults. Journal of Consulting and Clinical Psychology, 68(5), 748–766.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Cabrera, O. A., Hoge, C. W., Bliese, P. D., Castro, C. A., & Messer, S. C. (2007). Childhood adversity and combat as predictors of depression and posttraumatic stress in deployed troops. American Journal of PreventiveMedicine, 33(2), 77–82.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Carver, C. S. (1997). You want to measure coping but your protocol’s too long: Consider the brief COPE. International Journal of Behavioral Medicine, 4, 92–100.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Carver, C. S., & Connor-Smith, J. (2010). Personality and coping. Annual Review of Psychology, 61, 679–704.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Chu, D. A., Williams, L. M., Harris, A. W. F., Bryant, R. A., & Gatt, J. M. (2013). Early life trauma predicts self-reported levels of depressive and anxiety symptoms in nonclinical community adults: Relative contributions of early life stressor types and adult trauma exposure. Journal of Psychiatric Research, 47, 23–32.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Clancy, C. P., Graybeal, A., Tompson, W. P., Badgett, K. S., Feldman, M. E., Calhoun, P. S., … Beckham, J. C. (2006). Lifetime trauma exposure in veterans with military-related posttraumatic stress disorder: Association with current symptomatology. Journal of Clinical Psychiatry, 67, 1346–1353.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Clarke, A. T. (2006). Coping with interpersonal stress and psychosocial health among children and adolescents: A meta-analysis. Journal of Youth and Adolescence, 35(1), 11–24.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Clemmons, J. C., Walsh, K., Dilillo, D., & Messman-Moore, T. L. (2007). Unique and combined contributions of multiple child abuse types and abuse severity to adult trauma symptomatology. Child Maltreatment, 12(2), 172–181.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Cloitre, M., Stolbach, B. C., Herman, J. L., van der Kolk, B., Pynoos, R., Wang, J., & Petkova, E. (2009). A developmental approach to complex PTSD: Childhood and adult cumulative trauma as predictors of symptoms complexity. Journal of Traumatic Stress, 22(5), 399–408.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Compas, B. E., Connor-Smith, J. K., Saltzman, H., Harding Thomsen, A., & Wadsworth, M. E. (2001). Coping with stress during childhood and adolescence: Problems, progress, and potential in theory and research. Psychological Bulletin, 127(1), 87–127.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• de Carvalho, H. W., Pereira, R., Frozi, J., Bisol, L. W., Ottoni, G. L., & Lara, D. R. (2015). Childhood trauma is associated with maladaptive personality traits. Child Abuse and Neglect, 44, 18–25.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Derogatis, L. R., Lipman, R. S., & Covi, L. (1973). SCL-90: An outpatient psychiatric rating scale – Preliminary report. Psychopharmacology Bulletin, 9, 13–28.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Eekhout, I., de Boer, R. M., Twisk, J. W., de Vet, H. C., & Heymans, M. W. (2012). Missing data: A systematic review of how they are reported and handled. Epidemiology, 23(5), 729–732.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Felitti, V. J., Anda, R. F., Nordenberg, D., Williamson, D. F., Spitz, A. M., Edwards, V., … Marks, J. S. (1998). Relationship of childhood abuse and household dysfunction to many of the leading causes of death in adults: The adverse childhood experiences (ACE) study. American Journal of Preventive Medicine, 14, 245–258.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Finzi-Dottan, R., & Karu, T. (2006). From emotional abuse in childhood to psychopathology in adulthood. A path mediated by immature defense mechanisms and self-esteem. The Journal of Nervous and Mental Disease, 194(8), 616–621.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Folkman, S., & Moskowitz, J. T. (2004). Coping: Pitfalls and promise. Annual Review of Psychology, 55, 745–774.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Fritch, A. M., Mishkind, M., Reger, M. A., & Gahm, G. A. (2010). The impact of childhood abuse and combat-related trauma on post deployment adjustment. Journal of Traumatic Stress, 23(2), 248–254.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Gibb, B. E. (2002). Childhood maltreatment and negative cognitive styles: A quantitative and qualitative review. Clinical Psychology Review, 22, 223–246.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Gladwin, T. E., Rinck, M., Eberl, C., Becker, E. S., Lindenmeyer, J., & Wiers, R. W. (2015). Mediation of cognitive bias modification for alcohol addiction via stimulus-specific alcohol avoidance association. Alcoholism, Clinical and Experimental Research, 39(1), 101–107.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Held, P., Owens, G. P., Schumm, J. A., Chard, K. M., & Hansel, J. E. (2011). Disengagement coping as a mediator between trauma-related guilt and PTSD severity. Journal of Traumatic Stress, 24(6), 708–715.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Hoge, C. W., Castro, C. A., Messer, S. C., McGurk, D., Cotting, D. I., & Koffman, R. L. (2004). Combat duty in Iraq and Afghanistan, mental health problems, and barriers to care. New England Journal of Medicine, 351, 13–22.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Holliday, R., Holder, N., & Suris, A. (2018). Reductions in self-blame cognitions predict PTSD improvements with cognitive processing therapy for military sexual trauma-related PTSD. Psychiatry Research, 263, 181–184.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Iacoviello, B. M., & Charney, D. S. (2014). Psychological facets of resilience: Implications for preventing posttrauma psychopathology, treating trauma survivors, and enhancing community resilience. European Journal of Psychotraumatology, 5, Article ID 23970.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Lazarus, R. S., & Folkman, S. (1984). Stress, appraisal, and coping. New York: Springer.
   Google Scholar
• Liem, J. H., & Boudewyn, A. C. (1999). Contextualizing the effects of childhood sexual abuse on adult self- and social functioning: An attachment theory perspective. Child Abuse & Neglect, 23, 1141–1157.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Littleton, H., Horsley, S., John, S., & Nelson, D. V. (2007). Trauma coping strategies and psychological distress: A meta-analysis. Journal of Traumatic Stress, 20(6), 977–988.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• LoSavio, S. T., Dillon, K. H., & Resick, P. A. (2017). Cognitive factors in the development, maintenance, and treatment of post-traumatic stress disorder. Current Opinion in Psychology, 14, 18–22.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• MacKinnon, D. P., Fairchild, A. J., & Fritz, M. S. (2007). Mediation analysis. Annual Review of Psychology, 58, 593.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• MacKinnon, D. P., Lockwood, C. M., Hoffman, J. M., West, S. G., & Sheets, V. (2002). A comparison of methods to test mediation and other intervening variable effects. Psychological Methods, 7(1), 83–104.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• McLaughlin, K. A., Conron, K. J., Koenen, K. C., & Gilman, S. E. (2010). Childhood adversity, adult stressful life events, and risk of past-year psychiatric disorder: A test of the stress sensitization hypothesis in a population-based sample of adults. Psychological Medicine, 40, 1647–1658.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Min, M. O., Minnes, S., Kim, H., & Singer, L. T. (2013). Pathways linking childhood maltreatment and adult physical health. Child Abuse & Neglect, 37, 361–373.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Monzani, D., Steca, P., Greco, A., D’Addario, M., Cappelletti, E., & Pancani, L. (2015). The situational version of the Brief COPE: Dimensionality and relationships with goal-related variables. Europe’s Journal of Psychology, 11(2), 295–310.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Nurius, P. S., Green, S., Logan-Greene, P., & Borja, S. (2015). Life course pathways of adverse childhood experiences toward adult psychological well-being: A stress process analysis. Child Abuse and Neglect, 45, 143–153.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Passmann Carr, C., Severi Martins, C. M., Stingel, A. M., Lemgruber, V. B., & Juruena, M. F. (2013). The role of early life stress in adult psychiatric disorders: A systematic review according to childhood trauma subtypes. The Journal of Nervous and Mental Disease, 201(12), 1007–1020.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Rademaker, A. R., Vermetten, E., Geuze, E., Muilwijk, A., & Kleber, R. J. (2008). Self-reported early trauma as a predictor of adult personality: A study in a military sample. Journal of Clinical Psychology, 64(7), 863–875.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Raghunathan, T. W., Lepkowski, J. M., van Hoewyk, J., & Solenberger, P. A. (2001). Multivariate technique for multiply imputing missing values using a sequence of regression models. Survey Methodology, 27, 85–95.
   Google Scholar
• Reijnen, A., Rademaker, A. R., Vermetten, E., & Geuze, E. (2015). Prevalence of mental health symptoms in Dutch military personnel returning from deployment to Afghanistan: A 2-year longitudinal analysis. European Psychiatry: The Journal of the Association of European Psychiatrists, 30, 341–346.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Rodrigues, C. S., & Renshaw, K. D. (2010). Associations of coping processes with posttraumatic stress disorder symptoms in national guard/reserve service members deployed during the OEF-OIF era. Journal of Anxiety Disorders, 24, 694–699.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Rubin, D. B. (1976). Inference and missing data. Biometrika, 63, 581–592.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Rubin, D. B. (1996). Multiple imputation after 18+ years. Journal of the American Statistical Association, 91, 473–489.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Sachs-Ericsson, N., Verona, E., Joiner, T., & Preacher, K. J. (2006). Parental verbal abuse and the mediating role of self-criticism in adult internalizing disorders. Journal of Affective Disorders, 93, 71–78.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Sexton, M. B., Raggio, G. A., McSweeney, L. B., Authier, C. C., & Rauch, S. A. M. (2017). Contrasting gender and combat versus military sexual traumas: Psychiatric symptom severity and morbidities in treatment-seeking veterans. Journal of Women’s Health, 26(9), 933–940.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Spatz Widom, C., DuMont, K., & Czaja, S. J. (2007). A prospective investigation of major depressive disorder and comorbidity in abused and neglected children grown up. Archives of General Psychiatry, 64, 49–56.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Stein, A. L., Tran, G. Q., Lund, L. M., Haji, U., Dashevsky, B. A., & Baker, D. G. (2005). Correlates for posttraumatic stress disorder in Gulf War veterans: A retrospective study of main and moderating effects. Journal of Anxiety Disorders, 19, 861–876.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Street, A. E., Gibson, L. E., & Holohan, D. R. (2005). Impact of childhood traumatic events, trauma-related guilt, and avoidant coping strategies on PTSD symptoms in female survivors of domestic violence. Journal of Traumatic Stress, 18(3), 245–252.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• van Buuren, S., & Groothuis-Oudshoorn, K. (2011). MICE: Multivariate imputation by chained equations in R. Journal of Statistical Software, 45(3), 1–67.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Veenman, M., Vermetten, E., de Kloet, C., Unck, F. A. W., & Westenberg, H. G. M. (2005). Prospectief medisch-biologisch onderzoek naar parameters bij stressgerelateerde aandoeningen [Prospective medical-biological research of parameters in stress-related health problems]. Nederlands Militair Geneeskundig Tijdschrift, 58, 60–63.
   Google Scholar
• Wu, N. S., Schairer, L. C., Dellor, E., & Grella, C. (2010). Childhood trauma and health outcomes in adults with comorbid substance abuse and mental health disorders. Addictive Behaviors, 35(1), 68–71.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar