References

• American Psychiatric Association. (2013). Diagnostic and statistical manual of mental disorders (5th ed.). Arlington: American Psychiatric Association.
   Google Scholar
• Andreassen, C. S., Billieux, J., Griffiths, M. D., Kuss, D. J., Demetrovics, Z., Mazzoni, E., & Pallesen, S. (2016). The relationship between addictive use of social media and video games and symptoms of psychiatric disorders: A large-scale cross-sectional study. Psychology of Addictive Behaviors, 30(2), 252–10.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Argyle, M. (2013). The psychology of happiness. London: Routledge.
   Google Scholar
• Aydın, A., & Sütcü, S. T. (2007). Validity and reliability of social anxiety scale for adolescents (SAS-A). Turkish Journal of Child and Adolescent Mental Health, 14(2), 79–89.
   Google Scholar
• Bargeron, A. H., & Hormes, J. M. (2017). Psychosocial correlates of internet gaming disorder: Psychopathology, life satisfaction, and impulsivity. Computers in Human Behavior, 68, 388–394.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Beard, C. L., & Wickham, R. E. (2016). Gaming-contingent self-worth, gaming motivation, and internet gaming disorder. Computers in Human Behavior, 61, 507–515.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Bernstein, D. P., Ahluvalia, T., Pogge, D., & Handelsman, L. (1997). Validity of the childhood trauma questionnaire in an adolescent psychiatric population. Journal of the American Academy of Child & Adolescent Psychiatry, 36(3), 340–348.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Bernstein, D. P., Fink, L., Handelsman, L., Foote, J., Lovejoy, M., Wenzel, K., … Ruggiero, J. (1994). Initial reliability and validity of a new retrospective measure of child abuse and neglect. American Journal of Psychiatry, 151(8), 1132.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Bernstein, D. P., Stein, J. A., Newcomb, M. D., Walker, E., Pogge, D., Ahluvalia, T., … Zule, W. (2003). Development and validation of a brief screening version of the childhood trauma questionnaire. Child Abuse & Neglect, 27(2), 169–190.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Bessière, K., Seay, A. F., & Kiesler, S. (2007). The ideal elf: Identity exploration in World of Warcraft. Cyberpsychology & Behavior, 10(4), 530–535.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Billieux, J., King, D. L., Higuchi, S., Achab, S., Bowden-Jones, H., Hao, W., … Poznyak, V. (2017). Functional impairment matters in the screening and diagnosis of gaming disorder. Journal of Behavioral Addictions, 6, 285–289.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Billieux, J., Van der Linden, M., Achab, S., Khazaal, Y., Paraskevopoulos, L., Zullino, D., & Thorens, G. (2013). Why do you play World of Warcraft? An in-depth exploration of self-reported motivations to play online and in-game behaviours in the virtual world of Azeroth. Computers in Human Behavior, 29(1), 103–109.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Boomsma, A. (1985). Nonconvergence, improper solutions, and starting values in LISREL maximum likelihood estimation. Psychometrika, 50, 229–242.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Brand, M., Young, K. S., Laier, C., Wölfling, K., & Potenza, M. N. (2016). Integrating psychological and neurobiological considerations regarding the development and maintenance of specific internet-use disorders: An Interaction of Person-Affect-Cognition-Execution (I-PACE) model. Neuroscience & Biobehavioral Reviews, 71, 252–266.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Cheng, H., & Furnham, A. (2002). Personality, peer relations, and self-confidence as predictors of happiness and loneliness. Journal of Adolescence, 25(3), 327–339.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Dalbudak, E., Evren, C., Aldemir, S., & Evren, B. (2014). The severity of internet addiction risk and its relationship with the severity of borderline personality features, childhood traumas, dissociative experiences, depression and anxiety symptoms among Turkish university students. Psychiatry Research, 219(3), 577–582.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Demetrovics, Z., Urbán, R., Nagygyörgy, K., Farkas, J., Zilahy, D., Mervó, B., … Harmath, E. (2011). Why do you play? The development of the motives for online gaming questionnaire (MOGQ). Behavior Research Methods, 43(3), 814–825.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Didie, E. R., Tortolani, C. C., Pope, C. G., Menard, W., Fay, C., & Phillips, K. A. (2006). Childhood abuse and neglect in body dysmorphic disorder. Child Abuse & Neglect, 30(10), 1105–1115.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Dunkley, D. M., Masheb, R. M., & Grilo, C. M. (2010). Childhood maltreatment, depressive symptoms, and body dissatisfaction in patients with binge eating disorder: The mediating role of self-criticism. The International Journal of Eating Disorders, 43(3), 274–281.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Eskin, M. (2001). Adolescent loneliness, coping methods and the relationship of loneliness to suicidal behavior. Clinical Psychiatry, 4, 5–11.
   Google Scholar
• Finzi-Dottan, R., & Karu, T. (2006). From emotional abuse in childhood to psychopathology in adulthood. The Journal of Nervous Mental Disorders, 194, 616–621.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Forrest, C. J., King, D. L., & Delfabbro, P. H. (2017). Maladaptive cognitions predict changes in problematic gaming in highly-engaged adults: A 12-month longitudinal study. Addictive Behaviors, 65, 125–130.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Forrest, K. Y., & Stuhldreher, W. L. (2007). Patterns and correlates of body image dissatisfaction and distortion among college students. American Journal of Health Studies, 22(1), 18–25.
   Google Scholar
• Furnham, A., & Greaves, N. (1994). Gender and locus of control correlates of body image dissatisfaction. European Journal of Personality, 8(3), 183–200.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Gervasi, A. M., La Marca, L., Costanzo, A., Pace, U., Guglielmucci, F., & Schimmenti, A. (2017). Personality and internet gaming disorder: A systematic review of recent literature. Current Addiction Reports, 4(3), 293–307.
   Google Scholar
• Glassman, L. H., Weierich, M. R., Hooley, J. M., Deliberto, T. L., & Nock, M. K. (2007). Child maltreatment, non-suicidal self-injury, and the mediating role of self-criticism. Behaviour Research and Therapy, 45(10), 2483–2490.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Griffiths, M. D., Király, O., Pontes, H. M., & Demetrovics, Z. (2015). An overview of problematic gaming. In E. Aboujaoude & V. Starcevic (Eds.), Mental health in the digital age: Grave dangers, great promise (pp. 27–45). Oxford: Oxford University Press.
   Google Scholar
• Griffiths, M. D., Kuss, D. J., & Pontes, H. M. (2016). A brief overview of Internet gaming disorder and its treatment. Australian Clinical Psychologist, 2(1), 20108.
   Google Scholar
• Grogan, S. (2016). Body image: Understanding body dissatisfaction in men, women and children. New York: Taylor & Francis.
   Google Scholar
• Grover, K. E., Carpenter, L. L., Price, L. H., Gagne, G. G., Mello, A. F., Mello, M. F., & Tyrka, A. R. (2007). The relationship between childhood abuse and adult personality disorder symptoms. Journal of Personality Disorders, 21(4), 442–447.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Hagborg, J. M., Tidefors, I., & Fahlke, C. (2017). Gender differences in the association between emotional maltreatment with mental, emotional, and behavioral problems in Swedish adolescents. Child Abuse & Neglect, 67, 249–259.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Harter, S. (2012). Self-perception profile for adolescents: Manual and questionnaires. Denver, CO: University of Denver.
   Google Scholar
• Hays, R. D., & DiMatteo, M. R. (1987). A short-form measure of loneliness. Journal of Personality Assessment, 51(1), 69–81.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Heim, C., Bradley, B., Mletzko, T. C., Deveau, T. C., Musselman, D. L., Nemeroff, C. B., … Binder, E. B. (2009). Effect of childhood trauma on adult depression and neuroendocrine function: Sex-specific moderation by CRH receptor 1 gene. Frontiers in Behavioral Neuroscience, 3, 41.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Hu, L. T., & Bentler, P. M. (1999). Cutoff criteria for fit indexes in covariance structural analysis: Conventional criteria versus new alternatives. Structural Equation Modeling: A Multidisciplinary Journal, 6(1), 1–55.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Johnson, J. G., Cohen, P., Brown, J., Smailes, E. M., & Bernstein, D. P. (1999). Childhood maltreatment increases risk for personality disorders during early adulthood. Archives of General Psychiatry, 56(7), 600–606.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Joseph, S., Linley, P. A., Harwood, J., Lewis, C. A., & McCollam, P. (2004). Rapid assessment of well-being: The Short Depression-Happiness Scale (SDHS). Psychology and Psychotherapy: Theory, Research and Practice, 77(4), 463–478.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Junne, F., Zipfel, S., Wild, B., Martus, P., Giel, K., Resmark, G., … Herpertz, S. (2016). The relationship of body image with symptoms of depression and anxiety in patients with anorexia nervosa during outpatient psychotherapy: Results of the ANTOP study. Psychotherapy, 53(2), 141–151.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Kardefelt-Winther, D. (2014). A conceptual and methodological critique of internet addiction research: Towards a model of compensatory internet use. Computers in Human Behavior, 31, 351–354.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Kessler, R. C., McLaughlin, K. A., Green, J. G., Gruber, M. J., Sampson, N. A., & Williams, D. R. (2010). Childhood adversities and adult psychopathology in the WHO World mental health surveys. British Journal of Psychiatry., 197, 378–385.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Király, O., Sleczka, P., Pontes, H. M., Urbán, R., Griffiths, M. D., & Demetrovics, Z. (2017). Validation of the ten-item internet gaming disorder test (IGDT-10) and evaluation of the nine DSM-5 internet gaming disorder criteria. Addictive Behaviors, 64, 253–260.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Kircaburun, K., Demetrovics, Z., Griffiths, M., Király, O., Kun, B., & Tosuntaş, Ş. B. (2018a). Trait emotional intelligence and internet gaming disorder among gamers: The mediating role of online gaming motives and moderating role of age groups. Manuscript submitted for publication.
   Google Scholar
• Kircaburun, K., Kokkinos, C. M., Demetrovics, Z., Király, O., Griffiths, M., & Colak, T. S. (2018b). Problematic online behaviors among adolescents and emerging adults: Associations between cyberbullying perpetration, problematic social media use and psychosocial factors. International Journal of Mental Health and Addiction. Epub ahead of print. doi:10.1007/s11469-018-9894-8
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Koronczai, B., Kökönyei, G., Urbán, R., Kun, B., Pápay, O., Nagygyörgy, K., … Demetrovics, Z. (2013). The mediating effect of self-esteem, depression and anxiety between satisfaction with body appearance and problematic internet use. The American Journal of Drug and Alcohol Abuse, 39(4), 259–265.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Kuss, D. J., & Griffiths, M. D. (2012). Internet gaming addiction: A systematic review of empirical research. International Journal of Mental Health and Addiction, 10(2), 278–296.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Kuss, D. J., Griffiths, M. D., & Pontes, H. M. (2017). Chaos and confusion in DSM-5 diagnosis of internet gaming disorder: Issues, concerns, and recommendations for clarity in the field. Journal of Behavioral Addictions, 6, 103–109.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Kuss, D. J., Louws, J., & Wiers, R. W. (2012). Online gaming addiction? Motives predict addictive play behavior in massively multiplayer online role-playing games. Cyberpsychology, Behavior, and Social Networking, 15(9), 480–485.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Laconi, S., Pirès, S., & Chabrol, H. (2017). Internet gaming disorder, motives, game genres and psychopathology. Computers in Human Behavior, 75, 652–659.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Leary, M. R. (1990). Responses to social exclusion: Social anxiety, jealousy, loneliness, depression, and low self-esteem. Journal of Social and Clinical Psychology, 9(2), 221–229.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Lemmens, J. S., Valkenburg, P. M., & Gentile, D. A. (2015). The internet gaming disorder scale. Psychological Assessment, 27(2), 567–582.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Li, W., Garland, E. L., McGovern, P., O’brien, J. E., Tronnier, C., & Howard, M. O. (2017). Mindfulness-oriented recovery enhancement for internet gaming disorder in US adults: A stage I randomized controlled trial. Psychology of Addictive Behaviors, 31(4), 393–402.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Maguire, S. A., Williams, B., Naughton, A. M., Cowley, L. E., Tempest, V., Mann, M. K., … Kemp, A. M. (2015). A systematic review of the emotional, behavioural and cognitive features exhibited by school‐aged children experiencing neglect or emotional abuse. Child: Care, Health and Development, 41(5), 641–653.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Marino, C., & Spada, M. M. (2017). Dysfunctional cognitions in online gaming and internet gaming disorder: A narrative review and new classification. Current Addiction Reports, 4(3), 308–316.
   Google Scholar
• Martončik, M., & Lokša, J. (2016). Do World of Warcraft (MMORPG) players experience less loneliness and social anxiety in online world (virtual environment) than in real world (offline)? Computers in Human Behavior, 56, 127–134.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Mills, P., Newman, E. F., Cossar, J., & Murray, G. (2015). Emotional maltreatment and disordered eating in adolescents: Testing the mediating role of emotion regulation. Child Abuse & Neglect, 39, 156–166.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Nelemans, S. A., Meeus, W. H., Branje, S. J., Van Leeuwen, K., Colpin, H., Verschueren, K., & Goossens, L. (2017). Social Anxiety Scale for Adolescents (SAS-A) Short Form: Longitudinal measurement invariance in two community samples of youth. Assessment. doi:10.1177/1073191116685808
   Google Scholar
• Norton, A. R., & Abbott, M. J. (2017). Bridging the gap between aetiological and maintaining factors in social anxiety disorder: The impact of socially traumatic experiences on beliefs, imagery and symptomatology. Clinical Psychology & Psychotherapy, 24(3), 747–765.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Orth, U., & Robins, R. W. (2013). Understanding the link between low self-esteem and depression. Current Directions in Psychological Science, 22(6), 455–460.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Robins, R. W., Hendin, H. M., & Trzesniewski, K. H. (2001). Measuring global self-esteem: Construct validation of a single-item measure and the Rosenberg self-esteem scale. Personality and Social Psychology Bulletin, 27(2), 151–161.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Runyan, D., Wattam, C., Ikeda, R., Hassan, F., & Ramiro, L. (2002). Child abuse and neglect by parents and other caregivers. In E. Krug, L. L. Dahlberg, J. A. Mercy, A. B. Zwi, & R. Lozano (Eds.), World report on violence and health (pp. 59–86). Geneva, Switzerland: World Health Organization.
   Google Scholar
• Saleh, A., Potter, G. G., McQuoid, D. R., Boyd, B., Turner, R., MacFall, J. R., & Taylor, W. D. (2017). Effects of early life stress on depression, cognitive performance and brain morphology. Psychological Medicine, 47(1), 171–181.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Sansone, R. A., Sansone, L. A., & Wiederman, M. (1995). The prevalence of trauma and its relationship to borderline personality symptoms and self-destructive behaviors in a primary care setting. Archives of Family Medicine, 4(5), 439–442.
   Google Scholar
• Sar, V., Öztürk, P. E., & İkikardeş, E. (2012). Validity and reliability of the Turkish version of childhood trauma questionnaire. Turkiye Klinikleri Journal of Medical Sciences, 32(4), 1054–1063.
   Google Scholar
• Saunders, J. B., Hao, W., Long, J., King, D. L., Mann, K., Fauth-Bühler, M., … Chan, E. (2017). Gaming disorder: Its delineation as an important condition for diagnosis, management, and prevention. Journal of Behavioral Addictions, 6(3), 271–279.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Schimmenti, A., & Caretti, V. (2010). Psychic retreats or psychic pits?: Unbearable states of mind and technological addiction. Psychoanalytic Psychology, 27(2), 115.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Schimmenti, A., Passanisi, A., Caretti, V., La Marca, L., Granieri, A., Iacolino, C., … Billieux, J. (2017). Traumatic experiences, alexithymia, and internet addiction symptoms among late adolescents: A moderated mediation analysis. Addictive Behaviors, 64, 314–320.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Schönbrodt, F. D., & Perugini, M. (2013). At what sample size do correlations stabilize? Journal of Research in Personality, 47, 609–612.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Sideridis, G., Simos, P., Papanicolaou, A., & Fletcher, J. (2014). Using structural equation modeling to assess functional connectivity in the brain: Power and sample size considerations. Educational and Psychological Measurement, 74, 733–758.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Sioni, S. R., Burleson, M. H., & Bekerian, D. A. (2017). Internet gaming disorder: Social phobia and identifying with your virtual self. Computers in Human Behavior, 71, 11–15.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Soper, D. S. (2018). A-priori sample size calculator for structural equation models. Retrieved November 7, 2018, from https://www.danielsoper.com/statcalc/calculator.aspx?id=89.
   Google Scholar
• Wang, C. Y., Wu, Y. C., Su, C. H., Lin, P. C., Ko, C. H., & Yen, J. Y. (2017). Association between Internet gaming disorder and generalized anxiety disorder. Journal of Behavioral Addictions, 6(4), 564–571.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Wang, K., Liang, R., Ma, Z. L., Chen, J., Cheung, E. F., Roalf, D. R., … Chan, R. C. (2018). Body image attitude among Chinese college students. PsyCh Journal, 7(1), 31–40.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Westland, J. C. (2010). Lower bounds on sample size in structural equation modeling. Electronic Commerce Research and Applications, 9, 476–487.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Wilamowska, Z. A., Thompson‐Hollands, J., Fairholme, C. P., Ellard, K. K., Farchione, T. J., & Barlow, D. H. (2010). Conceptual background, development, and preliminary data from the unified protocol for transdiagnostic treatment of emotional disorders. Depression and Anxiety, 27(10), 882–890.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• World Health Organization. (2018). ICD-11 for mortality and morbidity statistics. Retrieved from https://icd.who.int/browse11/l-m/en#/http://id.who.int/icd/entity/1448597234
   Google Scholar