10,124
Views
67
CrossRef citations to date
0
Altmetric
Review Article

The prevalence of PTSD and major depression in the global population of adult war survivors: a meta-analytically informed estimate in absolute numbers

La prevalencia de TEPT y Depresión Mayor en la población global de adultos sobrevivientes a la guerra: Una estimación en números absolutos meta-analíticamente informada.

成年战争幸存者全球群体中PTSD和严重抑郁症的患病率:根据元分析估计绝对数值

ORCID Icon & ORCID Icon
Article: 1578637 | Received 05 Nov 2018, Accepted 24 Jan 2019, Published online: 22 Feb 2019

References

  • Alhasnawi, S., Sadik, S., Rasheed, M., Baban, A., Al-Alak, M. M., Othman, A. Y., … Murthy, S. (2009). The prevalence and correlates of DSM-IV disorders in the Iraq Mental Health Survey (IMHS). World Psychiatry, 8(2), 97–12.
  • Anthony, D., Smith, S. W., & Williamson, T. (2009). Reputation and reliability in collective goods: The case of the online encyclopedia Wikipedia. Rationality and Society, 21(3), 283–306.
  • APA. (1980, 1994, 2013). Diagnostic and statistical manual of mental disorders III-5. Washington, DC: American Psychiatric Association.
  • Ayazi, T., Lien, L., Eide, A. H., Ruom, M. M., & Hauff, E. (2012). What are the risk factors for the comorbidity of posttraumatic stress disorder and depression in a war-affected population? A cross-sectional community study in South Sudan. BioMed Central Psychiatry, 12(1), e175.
  • Betancourt, T. S., Brennan, R. T., Vinck, P., VanderWeele, T. J., Spencer-Walters, D., Jeong, J., … Pham P. (2016). Associations between mental health and ebola-related health behaviors: A regionally representative cross-sectional survey in post-conflict Sierra Leone. Public Library of Science Medicine, 13(8), e1002073.
  • Burri, A., & Maercker, A. (2014). Differences in prevalence rates of PTSD in various European countries explained by war exposure, other trauma and cultural value orientation. BioMed Central Research Notes, 7(1), e407.
  • Canetti, D., Galea, S., Hall, B. J., Johnson, R. J., Palmieri, P. A., & Hobfoll, S. E. (2010). Exposure to prolonged socio-political conflict and the risk of PTSD and depression among Palestinians. Psychiatry, 73(3), 219–231.
  • Collins, P. Y., Patel, V., Joestl, S. S., March, D., Insel, T. R., & Daar, A. S. (2011). Grand challenges in global mental health. Nature, 475(7354), 27–30.
  • De Jong, J. T., Komproe, I. H., Van Ommeren, M., El Masri, M., Araya, M., Khaled, N., … Somasundaram, D. (2001). Lifetime events and posttraumatic stress disorder in 4 postconflict settings. Journal of the American Medical Association, 286(5), 555–562.
  • Dückers, M. L., Alisic, E., & Brewin, C. R. (2016). A vulnerability paradox in the cross-national prevalence of post-traumatic stress disorder. The British Journal of Psychiatry, 209(4), 300–305.
  • Eytan, A., Gex-Fabry, M., Toscani, L., Deroo, L., Loutan, L., & Bovier, P. A. (2004). Determinants of postconflict symptoms in Albanian Kosovars. The Journal of Nervous and Mental Disease, 192(10), 664–671. doi: 00005053-200410000-00004
  • Ferrari, A. J., Somerville, A. J., Baxter, A. J., Norman, R., Patten, S. B., Vos, T., & Whiteford, H. A. (2013). Global variation in the prevalence and incidence of major depressive disorder: A systematic review of the epidemiological literature. Psychological Medicine, 43(3), 471–481.
  • Fodor, K. E., Pozen, J., Ntaganira, J., Sezibera, V., & Neugebauer, R. (2015). The factor structure of posttraumatic stress disorder symptoms among Rwandans exposed to the 1994 genocide: A confirmatory factor analytic study using the PCL-C. Journal of Anxiety Disorders, 32, 8–16.
  • Johnson, K., Asher, J., Rosborough, S., Raja, A., Panjabi, R., Beadling, C., & Lawry, L. (2008). Association of combatant status and sexual violence with health and mental health outcomes in postconflict Liberia. Journal of the American Medical Association, 300(6), 676–690.
  • Kessler, R. C., Aguilar-Gaxiola, S., Alonso, J., Benjet, C., Bromet, E. J., Cardoso, G., … Florescu, S. (2017). Trauma and PTSD in the WHO World Mental Health surveys. European Journal of Psychotraumatology, 8, 1–16.
  • Kessler, R. C., Aguilar-Gaxiola, S., Alonso, J., Chatterji, S., Lee, S., Ormel, J., … Wang, P. S. (2009). The global burden of mental disorders: An update from the WHO World Mental Health (WMH) surveys. Epidemiology and Psychiatric Sciences, 18(1), 23–33.
  • Kuwert, P., Klauer, T., Eichhorn, S., Grundke, E., Dudeck, M., Schomerus, G., & Freyberger, H. J. (2010). Trauma and current posttraumatic stress symptoms in elderly German women who experienced wartime rapes in 1945. The Journal of Nervous and Mental Disease, 198(6), 450–451.
  • Marshall, M. G., & Cole, B. R. (2009). Global report 2009: Conflict, governance, and state fragility. Vienna: Center for Systemic Peace.
  • Mathers, C. D., & Loncar, D. (2006). Projections of global mortality and burden of disease from 2002 to 2030. Public Library of Science Medicine, 3(11), e442.
  • Morina, N., & Emmelkamp, P. M. (2012). Mental health outcomes of widowed and married mothers after war. British Journal of Psychiatry, 200(2), 158–159.
  • Morina, N., & Ford, J. D. (2008). Complex sequelae of psychological trauma among Kosovar civilian war victims. International Journal of Social, 54(5), 425–436.
  • Morina, N., Ford, J. D., Risch, A. K., Morina, B., & Stangier, U. (2010). Somatic distress among Kosovar civilian war survivors: Relationship to trauma exposure and the mediating role of experiential avoidance. Social Psychiatry and Psychiatric Epidemiology, 45(12), 1167–1177.
  • Morina, N., Malek, M., Nickerson, A., & Bryant, R. A. (2017). Meta-analysis of interventions for posttraumatic stress disorder and depression in adult survivors of mass violence in low- and middle-income countries. Depression and Anxiety, 34(8), 679–691.
  • Morina, N., Reschke, K., & Hofmann, S. G. (2011). Long-term outcomes of war-related death of family members in Kosovar civilian war survivors. Death Studies, 35(4), 365–372.
  • Morina, N., Stam, K., Pollet, T. V., & Priebe, S. (2018). Prevalence of depression and posttraumatic stress disorder in adult civilian survivors of war who stay in war-afflicted regions. A systematic review and meta-analysis of epidemiological studies. Journal of Affective Disorders, 239, 328–338.
  • Morina, N., Stangier, U., & Risch, A. K. (2008). Experiential avoidance in civilian war survivors with current versus recovered posttraumatic stress disorder: A pilot study. Behaviour Change, 25(1), 15–22.
  • Morina, N., Von Lersner, U., & Prigerson, H. G. (2011). War and bereavement: Consequences for mental and physical distress. Public Library of Science One, 6(7), e22140.
  • Morina, N., Wicherts, J. M., Lobbrecht, J., & Priebe, S. (2014). Remission from post-traumatic stress disorder in adults: A systematic review and meta-analysis of long term outcome studies. Clinical Psychology Review, 34(3), 249–255.
  • Mugisha, J., Muyinda, H., Malamba, S., & Kinyanda, E. (2015). Major depressive disorder seven years after the conflict in northern Uganda: Burden, risk factors and impact on outcomes (The Wayo-Nero Study). BioMed Central Psychiatry, 15(1), e48.
  • Munyandamutsa, N., Nkubamugisha, P. M., Gex-Fabry, M., & Eytan, A. (2012). Mental and physical health in Rwanda 14 years after the genocide. Social Psychiatry and Psychiatric Epidemiology, 47(11), 1753–1761.
  • Murray, C. J., & Lopez, A. D. (1996). The global burden of disease: A comprehensive assessment of mortality and disability from diseases, injuries, and risk factors in 1990 and projected to 2020. Boston: Harvard School of Public Health.
  • Nemeroff, C. B., Bremner, J. D., Foa, E. B., Mayberg, H. S., North, C. S., & Stein, M. B. (2006). Posttraumatic stress disorder: A state-of-the-science review. Journal of Psychiatric Research, 40(1), 1–21.
  • Pettersson, T., & Wallensteen, P. (2015). Armed conflicts, 1946–2014. Journal of Peace Research, 52(4), 536–550.
  • Priebe, S., Bogic, M., Ajdukovic, D., Franciskovic, T., Galeazzi, G. M., Kucukalic, A., … Schützwohl, M. (2010). Mental disorders following war in the Balkans: A study in 5 countries. Archives of General Psychiatry, 67(5), 518–528.
  • Priebe, S., Gavrilovic, J., Bremner, S., Ajdukovic, D., Franciskovic, T., Neri, G., … Schützwohl, M. (2013). Course of post-traumatic stress disorder following war in the Balkans: 1-year follow-up study. Psychological Medicine, 43(9), 1837–1847.
  • Rieder, H., & Elbert, T. (2013). Rwanda–Lasting imprints of a genocide: Trauma, mental health and psychosocial conditions in survivors, former prisoners and their children. Conflict and Health, 7(1), e6.
  • Rugema, L., Mogren, I., Ntaganira, J., & Krantz, G. (2015). Traumatic episodes and mental health effects in young men and women in Rwanda, 17 years after the genocide. British Medical Journal Open, 5(6), e006778.
  • Sanderson, S., Tatt, I. D., & Higgins, J. (2007). Tools for assessing quality and susceptibility to bias in observational studies in epidemiology: A systematic review and annotated bibliography. International Journal of Epidemiology, 36(3), 666–676.
  • Schaal, S., Dusingizemungu, J. P., Jacob, N., & Elbert, T. (2011). Rates of trauma spectrum disorders and risks of posttraumatic stress disorder in a sample of orphaned and widowed genocide survivors. European Journal of Psychotraumatology, 2(1), e6343.
  • Sheehan, D., Lecrubier, Y., Sheehan, K., Amorim, P., Janavs, J., Weiller, E., … Dunbar, G. (1998). The Mini-International Neuropsychiatric Interview (MINI): The development and validation of a structured diagnostic psychiatric interview for DSM-IV and ICD-10. The Journal of Clinical Psychiatry, 59, 22–33; quiz 34–57.
  • Silove, D. (1999). The psychosocial effects of torture, mass human rights violations, and refugee trauma: Toward an integrated conceptual framework. The Journal of Nervous and Mental Disease, 187(4), 200–207.
  • Somasundaram, D. J., & Sivayokan, S. (1994). War trauma in a civilian population. British Journal of Psychiatry, 165(4), 524–527.
  • Steel, Z., Chey, T., Silove, D., Marnane, C., Bryant, R. A., & Van Ommeren, M. (2009). Association of torture and other potentially traumatic events with mental health outcomes among populations exposed to mass conflict and displacement: A systematic review and meta-analysis. Journal of the American Medical Association, 302(5), 537–549.
  • UCDP. (2018). UCDP conflict encyclopedia. Uppsala: Uppsala University.
  • UN. (2018, October 31). Population statistics. Retrieved from https://population.un.org/wpp/Download/Standard/Population/
  • Veling, W., Hall, B. J., & Joosse, P. (2013). The association between posttraumatic stress symptoms and functional impairment during ongoing conflict in the Democratic Republic of Congo. Journal of Anxiety Disorders, 27(2), 225–230.
  • Von Elm, E., Altman, D. G., Egger, M., Pocock, S. J., Gøtzsche, P. C., Vandenbroucke, J. P., & Strobe Initiative. (2007). The Strengthening the Reporting of Observational Studies in Epidemiology (STROBE) statement: Guidelines for reporting observational studies. Public Library of Science Medicine, 4(10), e296.
  • Von Elm, E., Altman, D. G., Egger, M., Pocock, S. J., Gøtzsche, P. C., Vandenbroucke, J. P., & Strobe Initiative. (2014). The Strengthening the Reporting of Observational Studies in Epidemiology (STROBE) statement: Guidelines for reporting observational studies. International Journal of Surgery, 12(12), 1495–1499.
  • Whiteford, H. A., Ferrari, A. J., Degenhardt, L., Feigin, V., & Vos, T. (2015). The global burden of mental, neurological and substance use disorders: An analysis from the global burden of disease study 2010. Public Library of Science One, 10(2), e0116820.
  • WHO. (1992). International classification of diseases (Vol. 10). Geneva: World Health Organization.
  • Yasan, A., Saka, G., Ozkan, M., & Ertem, M. (2009). Trauma type, gender, and risk of PTSD in a region within an area of conflict. Journal of Traumatic Stress, 22(6), 663–666.