References

• Álvarez-Segura, M., García-Esteve, L., Torres, A., Plaza, A., Imaz, M. L., Hermida-Barros, L., … Burtchen, N. (2014). Are women with a history of abuse more vulnerable to perinatal depressive symptoms? A systematic review. Archives of Women‘S Mental Health, 17, 343–11.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Beck, A. T., Rial, W. Y., & Rickels, K. (1974). Short form of depression inventory: Cross-validation. Psychological Reports, 34, 1184–1186.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Bind, M. A., Peters, A., Koutrakis, P., Coull, B., Vokonas, P., & Schwartz, J. (2016). Quantile regression analysis of the distributional effects of air pollution on blood pressure, heart rate variability, blood lipids, and biomarkers of inflammation in elderly American men: The normative aging study. Environmental Health Perspectives, 124, 1189–1198.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Blackmore, E. R., Putnam, F. W., Pressman, E. K., Rubinow, D. R., Putnam, K. T., Matthieu, M. M., … O‘Connor, T. G. (2016). The effects of trauma history and prenatal affective symptoms on obstetric outcomes. Journal of Traumatic Stress, 29, 245–252.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Bosch, J. A., Veerman, E. C. I., de Geus, E. J., & Proctor, G. B. (2011). α-Amylase as a reliable and convenient measure of sympathetic activity: Don’t start salivating just yet! Psychoneuroendocrinology, 36, 449–453.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Dipietro, J. A., Costigan, K. A., & Sipsma, H. L. (2008). Continuity in self-report measures of maternal anxiety, stress, and depressive symptoms from pregnancy through two years postpartum. Journal of Psychosomatic Obstetrics & Gynecology, 29, 115–124.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Escalona, R., Tupler, L. A., Saur, C. D., Krishnan, K. R. R., & Davidson, J. R. (1997). Screening for trauma history on an inpatient affective‐disorders unit: A pilot study. Journal of Traumatic Stress, 10, 299–305.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Feldman, R., Vengrober, A., Eidelman-Rothman, M., & Zagoory-Sharon, O. (2013). Stress reactivity in war-exposed young children with and without posttraumatic stress disorder: Relations to maternal stress hormones, parenting, and child emotionality and regulation. Development and Psychopathology, 25, 943–955.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• García-Blanco, A., Diago, V., Hervás, D., Ghosn, F., Vento, M., & Cháfer-Pericás, C. (2018). Anxiety and depressive symptoms, and stress biomarkers in pregnant women after in vitro fertilization: A prospective cohort study. Human Reproduction, 33, 1237–1246.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• García-Blanco, A., Monferrer, A., Grimaldos, J., Hervás, D., Balanzá-Martínez, V., Diago, V., … Cháfer-Pericás, C. (2017). A preliminary study to assess the impact of maternal age on stress-related variables in healthy nulliparous women. Psychoneuroendocrinology, 78, 97–104.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• García-Blanco, A., Vento, M., Diago, V., & Cháfer-Pericás, C. (2016). Reference ranges for cortisol and α-amylase in mother and newborn saliva samples at different perinatal and postnatal periods. Journal of Chromatography B, 1022, 249–255.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Giesbrecht, G. F., Granger, D. A., Campbell, T., & Kaplan, B. (2013). Salivary alpha-amylase during pregnancy: Diurnal course and associations with obstetric history, maternal demographics, and mood. Developmental Psychobiology, 55, 156–167.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Gourounti, K. (2016). Psychological stress and adjustment in pregnancy following assisted reproductive technology and spontaneous conception: A systematic review. Women Health, 56, 98–118.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Gourounti, K., Anagnostopoulos, F., & Lykeridou, K. (2013). Coping strategies as psychological risk factor for antenatal anxiety, worries, and depression among Greek women. Archives of Women‘S Mental Health, 16, 353–361.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Grekin, R., Brock, R. L., & O’Hara, M. W. (2017). The effects of trauma on perinatal depression: Examining trajectories of depression from pregnancy through 24 months postpartum in an at-risk population. Journal of Affective Disorders, 218, 269–276.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Habersaat, S., Borghini, A., Nessi, J., Pierrehumbert, B., Forcada-Guex, M., Ansermet, F., & Müller-Nix, C. (2014). Posttraumatic stress symptoms and cortisol regulation in mothers of very preterm infants. Stress & Health, 30, 134–141.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Harville, E. W., Savitz, D. A., Dole, N., Herring, A. H., & Thorp, J. M. (2009). Stress questionnaires and stress biomarkers during pregnancy. Journal of Women‘S Health, 18, 1425–1433.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Howard, L. M., Oram, S., Galley, H., Trevillion, K., & Feder, G. (2013). Domestic violence and perinatal mental disorders: A systematic review and meta-analysis. PLoS Medicine, 10, e1001452.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Keeshin, B. R., Strawn, J. R., Out, D., Granger, D. A., & Putnam, F. W. (2015). Elevated salivary alpha amylase in adolescent sexual abuse survivors with posttraumatic stress disorder symptoms. Journal of Child and Adolescent Psychopharmacology, 25, 344–350.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Kuhlman, K. R., Vargas, I., Geiss, E. G., & Lopez-Duran, N. L. (2015). Age of trauma onset and HPA axis dysregulation among trauma-exposed youth. Journal of Traumatic Stress, 28, 572–579.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Lang, A. J., Rodgers, C. S., & Lebeck, M. M. (2006). Associations between maternal childhood maltreatment and psychopathology and aggression during pregnancy and postpartum. Child Abuse & Neglect, 30, 17–25.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Laurent, H., Goodman, S. H., Stowe, Z. N., Halperin, M., Khan, F., Wright, D., … Knight, B. (2018). Course of ante-and postnatal depressive symptoms related to mothers’ HPA axis regulation. Journal of Abnormal Psychology, 127(4), 404–416.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Meewisse, M. L., Reitsma, J. B., De Vries, G. J., Gersons, B. P. R., & Olff, M. (2007). Cortisol and post-traumatic stress disorder in adults: Systematic review and meta-analysis. The British Journal of Psychiatry, 191, 387–392.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Middlemiss, W. (2003). Poverty, stress, and support: Patterns of parenting behaviour among lower income black and lower income white mothers. Infant and Child Development, 12, 293–300.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Miller, G. E., Chen, E., & Zhou, E. S. (2007). If it goes up, must it come down? Chronic stress and the hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenocortical axis in humans. Psychological Bulletin, 133, 25–45.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Morris, M. C., Compas, B. E., & Garber, J. (2012). Relations among posttraumatic stress disorder, comorbid major depression, and HPA function: A systematic review and meta-analysis. Clinical Psychology Review, 32, 301–315.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Muzik, M., McGinnis, E. W., Bocknek, E., Morelen, D., Rosenblum, K. L., Liberzon, I., … Abelson, J. L. (2016). PTSD symptoms across pregnancy and early postpartum among women with lifetime PTSD diagnosis. Depression and Anxiety, 33, 584–591.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Nater, U. M., & Rohleder, N. (2009). Salivary alpha-amylase as a non-invasive biomarker for the sympathetic nervous system: Current state of research. Psychoneuroendocrinology, 34, 486–496.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Onoye, J. M., Shafer, L. A., Goebert, D. A., Morland, L. A., Matsu, C. R., & Hamagami, F. (2013). Changes in PTSD symptomatology and mental health during pregnancy and postpartum. Archives of Women‘S Mental Health, 16, 453–463.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Pearlstein, T., Howard, M., Salisbury, A., & Zlotnick, C. (2009). Postpartum depression. American Journal of Obstetrics and Gynecology, 200, 357–364.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Poehlmann, J., Schwichtenberg, A. J., Bolt, D., & Dilworth-Bart, J. (2009). Predictors of depressive symptom trajectories in mothers of preterm or low birth weight infants. Journal of Family Psychology, 23, 690–704.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Räisänen, S., Lehto, S. M., Nielsen, H. S., Gissler, M., Kramer, M. R., & Heinonen, S. (2014). Fear of childbirth in nulliparous and multiparous women: A population‐based analysis of all singleton births in Finland in 1997–2010. BJOG: an International Journal of Obstetrics & Gynaecology, 121(8), 965–970.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Smith, S. M., & Vale, W. W. (2006). The role of the hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal axis in neuroendocrine responses to stress. Dialogues in Clinical Neuroscience, 8, 383–395.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Spielberger, C. D., Gorsuch, R. L., Lushene, R., Vagg, P. R., & Jacobs, G. A. (1983). Manual for the state-trait anxiety scale. Palo Alto: Consulting Psychologists Press.
   Google Scholar
• Thoma, M. V., Joksimovic, L., Kirschbaum, C., Wolf, J. M., & Rohleder, N. (2012a). Altered salivary alpha-amylase awakening response in Bosnian War refugees with posttraumatic stress disorder. Psychoneuroendocrinology, 37, 810–817.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Thoma, M. V., Kirschbaum, C., Wolf, J. M., & Rohleder, N. (2012b). Acute stress responses in salivary alpha-amylase predict increases of plasma norepinephrine. Biological Psychology, 91, 342–348.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Tuovinen, S., Lahti-Pulkkinen, M., Girchenko, P., Lipsanen, J., Lahti, J., Heinonen, K., … Räikkönen, K. (2018). Maternal depressive symptoms during and after pregnancy and child developmental milestones. Depression and Anxiety, 35, 732–741.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Underwood, L., Waldie, K. E., D’Souza, S., Peterson, E. R., & Morton, S. M. (2017). A longitudinal study of pre-pregnancy and pregnancy risk factors associated with antenatal and postnatal symptoms of depression: Evidence from growing up in New Zealand. Maternal and Child Health Journal, 21, 915–931.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Vreeburg, S. A., Hartman, C. A., Hoogendijk, W. J., van Dyck, R., Zitman, F. G., Ormel, J., & Penninx, B. W. (2010). Parental history of depression or anxiety and the cortisol awakening response. The British Journal of Psychiatry, 197, 180–185.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Whisman, M. A., Davila, J., & Goodman, S. H. (2011). Relationship adjustment, depression, and anxiety during pregnancy and the postpartum period. Journal of Family Psychology, 25, 375–383.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Zijlmans, M. A., Riksen-Walraven, J. M., & de Weerth, C. (2015). Associations between maternal prenatal cortisol concentrations and child outcomes: A systematic review. Neuroscience & Biobehavioral Reviews, 53, 1–24.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar