References

• Aaltonen, K. I. , Rosenström, T. , Baryshnikov, I. , Karpov, B. , Melartin, T. , Suominen, K. , … Isometsä, E. (2017). Mediating role of borderline personality disorder traits in the effects of childhood maltreatment on suicidal behaviour among mood disorder patients. European Psychiatry , 44, 53–12.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Aas, M. , Henry, C. , Bellivier, F. , Lajnef, M. , Gard, S. , Kahn, J.-P. , … Etain, B. (2017). Affective lability mediates the association between childhood trauma and suicide attempts, mixed episodes and co-morbid anxiety disorders in bipolar disorders. Psychological Medicine , 47(5), 902–912.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Aguilera, M. , Arias, B. , Wichers, M. , Barrantes-Vidal, N. , Moya, J. , Villa, H. , … Fañańs, L. (2009). Early adversity and 5-HTT/BDNF genes: New evidence of gene-environment interactions on depressive symptoms in a general population. Psychological Medicine , 39(9), 1425–1432.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Arias, I. (2004). Report from the CDC. The legacy of child maltreatment: Long-term health consequences for women. Journal of Women’s Health , 13(5), 468–473.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Bao, A.-M. , & Swaab, D. F. (2014). The stress systems in depression: A postmortem study. European Journal of Psychotraumatology , 5(1), 26521.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Barth, J. , Bermetz, L. , Heim, E. , Trelle, S. , & Tonia, T. (2013). The current prevalence of child sexual abuse worldwide: A systematic review and meta-analysis. International Journal of Public Health , 58(3), 469–483.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Belsky, J. , & Pluess, M. (2009). Beyond diathesis stress: Differential susceptibility to environmental influences. Psychological Bulletin , 135(6), 885–908. pii:2009-19763-005.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Bender, R. A. , Zhou, L. , Vierk, R. , Brandt, N. , Keller, A. , Gee, C. E. , … Rune, G. M. (2017). Sex-dependent regulation of aromatase-mediated synaptic plasticity in the Basolateral Amygdala. The Journal of Neuroscience: the Official Journal of the Society for Neuroscience , 37(6), 1532–1545.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Bernstein, D. , & Fink, L. (1998). Manual for the childhood trauma questionnaire. New York: The Psychological Corporation .
   Google Scholar
• Bernstein, D. , Stein, J. , Newcomb, M. , Walker, E. , Pogge, D. , Ahluvalia, T. , … Zule, W. (2003). Development and validation of a brief screening version of the Childhood Trauma Questionnaire. Child Abuse & Neglect , 27(2), 169–190.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Brezo, J. , Paris, J. , Vitaro, F. , Hébert, M. , Tremblay, R. E. , & Turecki, G. (2008). Predicting suicide attempts in young adults with histories of childhood abuse. British Journal of Psychiatry , 193(2), 134–139.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Catalan, A. , Angosto, V. , Díaz, A. , Valverde, C. , de Artaza, M. G. , Sesma, E. , … Gonzalez-Torres, M. A. (2017). Relation between psychotic symptoms, parental care and childhood trauma in severe mental disorders. Psychiatry Research , 251, 78–84.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Courtet, P. (2010). Suicidal risk in recurrent depression. L’Encephale , 36(Suppl 5), S127–S131.
   Google Scholar
• Danese, A. , & McEwen, B. S. (2012). Adverse childhood experiences, allostasis, allostatic load, and age-related disease. Physiology & Behavior , 106, 29–39.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Daskalakis, N. P. , Bagot, R. C. , Parker, K. J. , Vinkers, C. H. , & de Kloet, E. R. (2013). The three-hit concept of vulnerability and resilience: Toward understanding adaptation to early-life adversity outcome. Psychoneuroendocrinology , 38(9), 1858–1873.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Davis, J. , Eyre, H. , Jacka, F. N. , Dodd, S. , Dean, O. , McEwen, S. , & Berk, M. (2016). A review of vulnerability and risks for schizophrenia: Beyond the two hit hypothesis. Neuroscience & Biobehavioral Reviews , 65, 185–194.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• De Bellis, M. D. , & Zisk, A. (2014). The biological effects of childhood trauma. Child and Adolescent Psychiatric Clinics of North America , 23, 185–222.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• De Sanctis, V. A. , Nomura, Y. , Newcorn, J. H. , & Halperin, J. M. (2012). Childhood maltreatment and conduct disorder: Independent predictors of criminal outcomes in ADHD youth. Child Abuse & Neglect , 36(11–12), 782–789.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Desai, S. , Arias, I. , Thompson, M. P. , & Basile, K. C. (2002). Childhood victimization and subsequent adult revictimization assessed in a nationally representative sample of women and men. Violence and Victims , 17(6), 639–653.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Devries, K. M. , Mak, J. Y. , Bacchus, L. J. , Child, J. C. , Falder, G. , Petzold, M. , … Watts, C. H. (2013). Intimate partner violence and incident depressive symptoms and suicide attempts: A systematic review of longitudinal studies. PLoS Medicine , 10(5), e1001439.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Dias de Mattos Souza, L. , Lopez Molina, M. , Azevedo Da Silva, R. , & Jansen, K. (2016). History of childhood trauma as risk factors to suicide risk in major depression. Psychiatry Research , 246, 612–616.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Dube, S. R. , Anda, R. F. , Felitti, V. J. , Chapman, D. P. , Williamson, D. F. , & Giles, W. H. (2001). Childhood abuse, household dysfunction, and the risk of attempted suicide throughout the life span: Findings from the adverse childhood experiences study. Journal of the American Medical Association , 286(24), 3089–3096.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Duke, N. N. , Pettingell, S. L. , McMorris, B. J. , & Borowsky, I. W. (2010). Adolescent violence perpetration: Associations with multiple types of adverse childhood experiences. Pediatrics , 125(4), e778–e786.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Elton, A. , Tripathi, S. P. , Mletzko, T. , Young, J. , Cisler, J. M. , James, G. A. , & Kilts, C. D. (2014). Childhood maltreatment is associated with a sex-dependent functional reorganization of a brain inhibitory control network. Human Brain Mapping , 35(4), 1654–1667.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Engman, J. , Linnman, C. , Van Dijk, K. R. A. , & Milad, M. R. (2016). Amygdala subnuclei resting-state functional connectivity sex and estrogen differences. Psychoneuroendocrinology , 63, 34–42.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Evans, S. E. , Steel, A. L. , & DiLillo, D. (2013). Child maltreatment severity and adult trauma symptoms: Does perceived social support play a buffering role? Child Abuse & Neglect , 37(11), 934–943.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Fekadu, A. , Wooderson, S. , Donaldson, C. , Markopoulou, K. , Masterson, B. , Poon, L. , & Cleare, A. J. (2009). A multidimensional tool to quantify treatment resistance in depression: The Maudsley staging method. Journal of Clinical Psychiatry , 70(2), 177–184.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Fiori, L. M. , & Turecki, G. (2016). Investigating epigenetic consequences of early-life adversity: Some methodological considerations. European Journal of Psychotraumatology , 7(1), 31593.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Fiorillo, D. , Papa, A. , & Follette, V. (2013). The relationship between child physical abuse and victimization in dating relationships: The role of experiential avoidance. Psychological Trauma: Theory, Research, Practice, and Policy , 5(6), 562–569.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• First, M. B. , Spitzer, R. L. , Gibbon, M. , & Williams, J. B. W. (1997). Structured clinical interview for DSM-IV-TR axis I disorders (Patient Ed) . New York: Biometrics Research, New York State Psychiatric Institute.
   Google Scholar
• Friborg, O. , Martinsen, E. W. , Martinussen, M. , Kaiser, S. , Overgård, K. T. , & Rosenvinge, J. H. (2014). Comorbidity of personality disorders in mood disorders: A meta-analytic review of 122 studies from 1988 to 2010. Journal of Affective Disorders , 152–154(1), 1–11.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Goldberg, X. , Soriano-Mas, C. , Alonso, P. , Segalàs, C. , Real, E. , López-Solà, C. , … Cardoner, N. (2015). Predictive value of familiality, stressful life events and gender on the course of obsessive-compulsive disorder. Journal of Affective Disorders , 185, 129–134.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Green, J. G. , McLaughlin, K. A. , Berglund, P. A. , Gruber, M. J. , Sampson, N. A. , Zaslavsky, A. M. , & Kessler, R. C. (2010). Childhood adversities and adult psychopathology in the National Comorbidity Survey Replication (NCS-R) I: Associations with first onset of DSM-IV disorders. Archives of General Psychiatry , 67(2), 113.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Hamilton, M. C. (1960). Hamilton Depression Rating Scale (HAM-D). Redloc , 23, 56–62.
   Google Scholar
• Hawton, K. , Casañas I Comabella, C. , Haw, C. , & Saunders, K. (2013). Risk factors for suicide in individuals with depression: A systematic review. Journal of Affective Disorders , 147, 17–28.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Hernandez, A. , Gallardo-Pujol, D. , Pereda, N. , Arntz, A. , Bernstein, D. P. , Gaviria, A. M. , … Gutiérrez-Zotes, J. A. (2013). Initial validation of the Spanish childhood trauma questionnaire-short form: Factor structure, reliability and association with parenting. Journal of Interpersonal Violence , 28(7), 1498–1518.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Hoertel, N. , Franco, S. , Wall, M. M. , Oquendo, M. A. , Wang, S. , Limosin, F. , & Blanco, C. (2015). Childhood maltreatment and risk of suicide attempt: A nationally representative study. The Journal of Clinical Psychiatry , 76(7), 916–923.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Janak, P. H. , & Tye, K. M. (2015). From circuits to behaviour in the amygdala. Nature , 517(7534), 284–292.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Janiri, D. , De Rossi, P. , Kotzalidis, G. D. , Girardi, P. , Koukopoulos, A. E. , Reginaldi, D. , … Sani, G. (2018). Psychopathological characteristics and adverse childhood events are differentially associated with suicidal ideation and suicidal acts in mood disorders. European Psychiatry: the Journal of the Association of European Psychiatrists , 53, 31–36.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Johnson, J. G. , Cohen, P. , Gould, M. S. , Kasen, S. , Brown, J. , & Brook, J. S. (2002). Childhood adversities, interpersonal difficulties, and risk for suicide attempts during late adolescence and early adulthood. Archives of General Psychiatry , 59(8), 741–749.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Keyes, K. M. , Eaton, N. R. , Krueger, R. F. , McLaughlin, K. A. , Wall, M. M. , Grant, B. F. , & Hasin, D. S. (2012). Childhood maltreatment and the structure of common psychiatric disorders. British Journal of Psychiatry , 200(2), 107–115.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Kingston, J. , Clarke, S. , & Remington, B. (2010). Experiential avoidance and problem behavior: A mediational analysis. Behavior Modification , 34(2), 145–163.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Kornstein, S. G. , & Schneider, R. K. (2001). Clinical features of treatment-resistant depression. The Journal of Clinical Psychiatry , 62 Suppl 1, 18–25. Retrieved from http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/11480880
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Kuehner, C. (2003). Gender differences in unipolar depression: An update of epidemiological findings and possible explanations. Acta Psychiatrica Scandinavica , 108(3), 163–174.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Lang, C. M. , & Sharma-Patel, K. (2011). The relation between childhood maltreatment and self-injury: A review of the literature on conceptualization and intervention. Trauma, Violence, & Abuse , 12(1), 23–37.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Lavretsky, H. , Lesser, I. M. , Wohl, M. , & Miller, B. L. (1998). Relationship of age, age at onset, and sex to depression in older adults. American Journal of Geriatric Psychiatry , 6(3), 248–256.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Lopez-Castroman, J. , Melhem, N. , Birmaher, B. , Greenhill, L. , Kolko, D. , Stanley, B. , … Oquendo, M. A. (2013). Early childhood sexual abuse increases suicidal intent. World Psychiatry , 12(2), 149–154.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Ludwig, B. , Roy, B. , Wang, Q. , Birur, B. , & Dwivedi, Y. (2017). The life span model of suicide and its neurobiological foundation. Frontiers in Neuroscience , 11, 74.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Lutz, P. E. , Tanti, A. , Gasecka, A. , Barnett-Burns, S. , Kim, J. J. , Zhou, Y. , … Turecki, G. (2017). Association of a history of child abuse with impaired myelination in the anterior cingulate cortex: Convergent epigenetic, transcriptional, and morphological evidence. American Journal of Psychiatry , 174(12), 1185–1194.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• MacDonald, K. , Thomas, M. L. , MacDonald, T. M. , & Sciolla, A. F. (2015). A perfect childhood? Clinical correlates of minimization and denial on the childhood trauma questionnaire. Journal of Interpersonal Violence , 30(6), 988–1009.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• MacDonald, K. , Thomas, M. L. , Sciolla, A. F. , Schneider, B. , Pappas, K. , Bleijenberg, G. , … Wingenfeld, K. (2016). Minimization of childhood maltreatment is common and consequential: Results from a large, multinational sample using the Childhood Trauma Questionnaire. PLoS ONE , 11(1), e0146058.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Mann, J. J. (2003). Neurobiology of suicidal behaviour. Nature Reviews. Neuroscience , 4(10), 819–828.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Mann, J. J. , & Currier, D. M. (2010). Stress, genetics and epigenetic effects on the neurobiology of suicidal behavior and depression. European Psychiatry: the Journal of the Association of European Psychiatrists , 25(5), 268–271.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Martin, G. , Bergen, H. A. , Richardson, A. S. , Roeger, L. , & Allison, S. (2004). Sexual abuse and suicidality: Gender differences in a large community sample of adolescents. Child Abuse & Neglect , 28(5), 491–503.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Marx, B. P. , & Sloan, D. M. (2002). The role of emotion in the psychological functioning of adult survivors of childhood sexual abuse. Behavior Therapy , 33(4), 563–577.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• McEwen, B. S. (2017). Integrative medicine: Breaking down silos of knowledge and practice an epigenetic approach. Metabolism: Clinical and Experimental , 69, S21–S29.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• McGowan, P. O. , Sasaki, A. , D’Alessio, A. C. A. C. , Dymov, S. , Labonte, B. , Szyf, M. , … Labonté, B. (2009). Epigenetic regulation of the glucocorticoid receptor in human brain associates with childhood abuse. Nature Neuroscience , 12(3), 342–348.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Meadows, L. A. , & Kaslow, N. J. (2002). Hopelessness as mediator of the link between reports of a history of child maltreatment and suicidality in African American women. Cognitive Therapy and Research , 26(5), 657–674.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Monroe, S. M. , & Simons, A. D. (1991). Diathesis-stress theories in the context of life stress research: Implications for the depressive disorders. Psychological Bulletin , 110(3), 406–425.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Nelson, J. , Klumparendt, A. , Doebler, P. , & Ehring, T. (2017). Childhood maltreatment and characteristics of adult depression: Meta-analysis. The British Journal of Psychiatry: the Journal of Mental Science , 210(2), 96–104.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• O’Leary, P. J. , & Barber, J. (2008). Gender differences in silencing following childhood sexual abuse. Journal of Child Sexual Abuse , 17(2), 133–143.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Pompili, M. , Innamorati, M. , Lamis, D. A. , Erbuto, D. , Venturini, P. , Ricci, F. , … Girardi, P. (2014). The associations among childhood maltreatment, “male depression” and suicide risk in psychiatric patients. Psychiatry Research , 220(1–2), 571–578.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Ressler, K. J. , & Mayberg, H. S. (2007). Targeting abnormal neural circuits in mood and anxiety disorders: From the laboratory to the clinic. Nature Neuroscience , 10(9), 1116–1124.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Rhodes, A. E. , Boyle, M. H. , Bridge, J. A. , Sinyor, M. , Links, P. S. , Tonmyr, L. , … Szatmari, P. (2014). Antecedents and sex/gender differences in youth suicidal behavior. World Journal of Psychiatry , 4(4), 120–132.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Rihmer, Z. (2007, January). Suicide risk in mood disorders. Current Opinion in Psychiatry , 20, 17–22.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Rothman, K. J. , Greenland, S. , & Lash, T. L. (2008). Modern Epidemiology (3rd ed.). Lippincott Williams & Wilkins. doi:10.1002/hast.292
   Google Scholar
• Schwarz, J. M. , Nugent, B. M. , & McCarthy, M. M. (2010). Developmental and hormone-induced epigenetic changes to estrogen and progesterone receptor genes in brain are dynamic across the life span. Endocrinology , 151(10), 4871–4881.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Spinhoven, P. , & Penninx, B. (2014). Childhood trauma questionnaire: Factor structure, measurement invariance, and validity across emotional disorders. Psychological Assessment , 26(3), 717–729.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Tafet, G. E. , & Nemeroff, C. B. (2016). The links between stress and depression: Psychoneuroendocrinological, genetic, and environmental interactions. The Journal of Neuropsychiatry and Clinical Neurosciences , 28(2), 77–88.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Teicher, M. H. , & Samson, J. A. (2013, October 1). Childhood maltreatment and psychopathology: A case for ecophenotypic variants as clinically and neurobiologically distinct subtypes. American Journal of Psychiatry , 170, 1114–1133. American Psychiatric AssociationArlington, VA.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Tunnard, C. , Rane, L. J. , Wooderson, S. C. , Markopoulou, K. , Poon, L. , Fekadu, A. , … Cleare, A. J. (2014). The impact of childhood adversity on suicidality and clinical course in treatment-resistant depression. Journal of Affective Disorders , 152–154(1), 122–130.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Wilson, M. E. , Dunn, G. A. , Auger, A. P. , Nugent, B. M. , De Vries, G. J. , McCarthy, M. M. , … Forger, N. G. (2009). The epigenetics of sex differences in the brain. Journal of Neuroscience , 29(41), 12815–12823.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• World Health Organization . (2017). Depression and other common mental disorders: Global health estimates . World Health Organization.
   Google Scholar
• Wulsin, L. R. , Vaillant, G. E. , & Wells, V. E. (1999). A systematic review of the mortality of depression. Psychosomatic Medicine , 61(1), 6–17.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Zeng, R. , Cohen, L. J. , Tanis, T. , Qizilbash, A. , Lopatyuk, Y. , Yaseen, Z. S. , & Galynker, I. (2015). Assessing the contribution of borderline personality disorder and features to suicide risk in psychiatric inpatients with bipolar disorder, major depression and schizoaffective disorder. Psychiatry Research , 226(1), 361–367.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Zoltan, R. (2007). Suicide risk in mood disorders. Current Opinion in Psychiatry , 20(1), 17–22.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar