References

• American Psychiatric Association. (2000). Diagnostic and statistical manual of mental disorders (4th ed., Text Revision). Washington, DC: Author.
   Google Scholar
• Arq Psychotrauma Expert Group. (2015). Casuïstiekoverleg Ongedocumenteerden met Psychiatrische Problematiek in Amsterdam COPPA Pilot februari 2014 – Juni 2015 (Internal report. Unpublished).
   Google Scholar
• Arredondo, M., & Mampaey, S. (2012). Toekomstoriëntering aan mensen zonder wettig verblijf. Borgerhoit: Antwerps Integratiecentrum de8.
   Google Scholar
• Becker, C. B., Zayfert, C., & Anderson, E. (2004). A survey of psychologists’ attitudes towards and utilization of exposure therapy for PTSD. Behaviour Research and Therapy, 42(3), 277–10.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Beldman, G., & Kessels, H. (2017). The effect of a short-term group stabilisation training in patients with complex posttraumatic stress disorder. Tijdschrift voor psychiatrie, 59(11), 672–679.
   Google Scholar
• Bicanic, I., De Jongh, A., & Ten Broeke, E. (2015). Stabilisation in trauma treatment: Necessity or myth? Tijdschrift voor psychiatrie, 57(5), 332–339.
   Google Scholar
• Bichescu, D., Neuner, F., Schauer, M., & Elbert, T. (2007). Narrative exposure therapy for political imprisonment-related chronic posttraumatic stress disorder and depression. Behaviour Research and Therapy, 45(9), 2212–2220.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Biswas, D., Toebes, B., Hjern, A., Ascher, H., & Norredam, M. (2012). Access to health care for undocumented migrants from a human rights perspective: A comparative study of Denmark, Sweden, and The Netherlands. Health and Human Rights, 14(2), 49–60.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Briggs, L. (2013). Is the degree of demoralization found among refugee and migrant populations a social-political problem or a psychological one? The European Journal of Psychiatry, 27(1), 27–35.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Catani, C., Kohiladevy, M., Ruf, M., Schauer, E., Elbert, T., & Neuner, F. (2009). Treating children traumatized by war and Tsunami: A comparison between exposure therapy and meditation-relaxation in North-East Sri Lanka. BMC Psychiatry, 9(1), 22.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Cienfuegos, A. J., & Monelli, C. (1983). The testimony of political repression as a therapeutic instrument. American Journal of Orthopsychiatry, 53(1), 43.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Clarke, D. M., & Kissane, D. W. (2002). Demoralization: Its phenomenology and importance. Australian and New Zealand Journal of Psychiatry, 36(6), 733–742.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Clarke, D. M., Kissane, D. W., Trauer, T., & Smith, G. C. (2005). Demoralization, anhedonia and grief in patients with severe physical illness. World psychiatry: Official journal of the World Psychiatric Association (WPA), 4(2), 96.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Cloitre, M., Courtois, C. A., Charuvastra, A., Carapezza, R., Stolbach, B. C., & Green, B. L. (2011). Treatment of complex PTSD: Results of the ISTSS expert clinician survey on best practices. Journal of Traumatic Stress, 24(6), 615–627.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Cuadra, C. B. (2012). Right of access to health care for undocumented migrants in EU: A comparative study of national policies. European Journal of Public Health, 22(2), 267–271.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• De Jongh, A., Resick, P. A., Zoellner, L. A., Van Minnen, A., Lee, C. W., Monson, C. M., … Feeny, N. (2016). Critical analysis of the current treatment guidelines for complex PTSD in adults. Depression and Anxiety, 33(5), 359–369.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Dorrepaal, E., Thomaes, K., & Draaier, N. (2009). Vroeger en verder. Amsterdam: Pearson.
   Google Scholar
• Fazel, M., Wheeler, J., & Danesh, J. (2005). Prevalence of serious mental disorder in 7000 refugees resettled in western countries: A systematic review. The Lancet, 365(9467), 1309–1314.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Fernando, G. A. (2014). Do we really have enough evidence on Narrative Exposure Therapy to scale it up? Intervention, 12(2), 283–286.
   Google Scholar
• Foa, E. B., Gillihan, S. J., & Bryant, R. A. (2013). Challenges and successes in dissemination of evidence-based treatments for posttraumatic stress: Lessons learned from prolonged exposure therapy for PTSD. Psychological Science in the Public Interest, 14(2), 65–111.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Geraci, D. (2011). Bewogen terugkeer: methodiek voor psychosociale begeleiding van (ex)asielzoekers en ongedocumenteerden. Utrecht: Pharos.
   Google Scholar
• Gerritsen, A. A., Bramsen, I., Devillé, W., Van Willigen, L. H., Hovens, J. E., & Van Der Ploeg, H. M. (2006). Physical and mental health of Afghan, Iranian and Somali asylum seekers and refugees living in the Netherlands. Social Psychiatry and Psychiatric Epidemiology, 41(1), 18–26.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Gwozdziewycz, N., & Mehl-Madrona, L. (2013). Meta-Analysis of the Use of Narrative Exposure Therapy for the Effects of Trauma Among Refugee Populations. The Permanente Journal, 17(1), 70–76.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Harris, R. (2010). Acceptatie en commitment therapie in de praktijk. Amsterdam: Hogrefe Uitgevers.
   Google Scholar
• Heeren, M., Wittmann, L., Ehlert, U., Schnyder, U., Maier, T., & Muller, J. (2014). Psychopathology and resident status - comparing asylum seekers, refugees, illegal migrants, labor migrants, and residents. Comprehensive Psychiatry, 55(4), 818–825.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Herman, J. L. (1992). Complex PTSD: A syndrome in survivors of prolonged and repeated trauma. Journal of Traumatic Stress, 5(3), 377–391.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Hinton, D. E., & Lewis-Fernández, R. (2010). Idioms of Distress Among Trauma Survivors: Subtypes and Clinical Utility. Culture, Medicine, and Psychiatry, 34(2), 209–218.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Hocking, D., & Sundram, S. (2015). Demoralisation syndrome does not explain the psychological profile of community-based asylum-seekers. Comprehensive Psychiatry, 63, 55–64.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Jongedijk, R. A. (2014a). Levensverhalen en psychotrauma. Narratieve Exposure Therapie in theorie en praktijk [Life stories and psychotrauma. Narrative exposure therapy in theory and practice]. Amsterdam: Boom.
   Google Scholar
• Jongedijk, R. A. (2014b). Narrative exposure therapy: An evidence-based treatment for multiple and complex trauma. European Journal of Psychotraumatology, 5(1), 26522.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Kirmayer, L. J., Narasiah, L., Munoz, M., Rashid, M., Ryder, A. G., Guzder, J., … Pottie, K. (2011). Common mental health problems in immigrants and refugees: General approach in primary care. Canadian Medical Association journal, 183(12), E959–E967.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Laban, C. J., Komproe, I. H., Schreuder, B. A., & De Jong, J. T. V. M. (2004). Impact of a long asylum procedure on the Prevalence of psychiatric disorders. Journal of Nervous and Mental Dizease, 192. doi:10.1097/01.nmd.0000146739.26187.15
   Google Scholar
• Lund, C., Breen, A., Flisher, A. J., Kakuma, R., Corrigall, J., Joska, J. A., … Patel, V. (2010). Poverty and common mental disorders in low and middle income countries: A systematic review. Social Science & Medicine, 71(3), 517–528.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Mooren, T., & Stöfsel, M. (2014). Diagnosing and treating complex trauma. London: Routledge.
   Google Scholar
• Mundt, A. P., Wünsche, P., Heinz, A., & Pross, C. (2014). Evaluating interventions for posttraumatic stress disorder in low and middle income countries: Narrative Exposure Therapy. Intervention, 12(2), 250–266.
   Google Scholar
• Myhrvold, T., & Smastuen, M. C. (2017). The mental healthcare needs of undocumented migrants: An exploratory analysis of psychological distress and living conditions among undocumented migrants in Norway. Journal of Clinical Nursing, 26(5–6), 825–839.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Neuner, F., Onyut, P. L., Ertl, V., Odenwald, M., Schauer, E., & Elbert, T. (2008). Treatment of posttraumatic stress disorder by trained lay counselors in an African refugee settlement: A randomized controlled trial. Journal of Consulting and Clinical Psychology, 76(4), 686–694.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Neuner, F., Schauer, M., Klaschik, C., Karunakara, U., & Elbert, T. (2004). A comparison of narrative exposure therapy, supportive counseling, and psychoeducation for treating posttraumatic stress disorder in an african refugee settlement. Journal of Consulting and Clinical Psychology, 72(4), 579–587.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Neuner, F., Schauer, M., Roth, W., & Elbert, T. (2002). Testimony therapy as an acute intervention in a macedonian refugee camp: Two case reports. Behavioural and Cognitive Psychotherapy, 30, 205–209.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Palic, S., & Elklit, A. (2011). Psychosocial treatment of posttraumatic stress disorder in adult refugees: A systematic review of prospective treatment outcome studies and a critique. Journal of Affective Disorders, 131(1–3), 8–23.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Raphael, S., & Winter-Ebmer, R. (2001). Identifying the effect of unemployment on crime. The Journal of Law and Economics, 44(1), 259–283.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Robjant, K., & Fazel, M. (2010). The emerging evidence for Narrative Exposure Therapy: A review. Clinical Psychology Review, 30(8), 1030–1039.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Schaal, S., Elbert, T., & Neuner, F. (2009). Narrative exposure therapy versus interpersonal psychotherapy. Psychotherapy and Psychosomatics, 78(5), 298–306.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Schock, K., Bottche, M., Rosner, R., Wenk-Ansohn, M., & Knaevelsrud, C. (2016). Impact of new traumatic or stressful life events on pre-existing PTSD in traumatized refugees: Results of a longitudinal study. European Journal of Psychotraumatology, 7, 32106.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Steel, Z., Chey, T., Silove, D., Marnane, C., Bryant, R. A., & van Ommeren, M. (2009). Association of torture and other potentially traumatic events with mental health outcomes among populations exposed to mass conflict and displacement: A systematic review and meta-analysis. Journal of the American Medical Association, 302(5), 537–549.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Sterk, P. (2015). Mind-spring. Methodiek handboek voor trainers. Version March 2015. Retrieved from www.mind-spring.org
   Google Scholar
• Tecuta, L., Tomba, E., Grandi, S., & Fava, G. (2015). Demoralization: A systematic review on its clinical characterization. Psychological Medicine, 45(4), 673–691.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• ter Heide, F. J. J., Mooren, T. M., & Kleber, R. J. (2016). Complex PTSD and phased treatment in refugees: A debate piece. European Journal of Psychotraumatology, 7, 28687.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Teunissen, E., Van Bavel, E., Van Den Driessen Mareeuw, F., Macfarlane, A., Van Weel-Baumgarten, E., Van Den Muijsenbergh, M., & Van Weel, C. (2015). Mental health problems of undocumented migrants in the Netherlands: A qualitative exploration of recognition, recording, and treatment by general practitioners. Scandinavian Journal of Primary Health Care, 33(2), 82–90.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• van Grondelle, N. J. (2008). Tip Methodiek Methodiekbeschrijving ‘Coachen in toekomstgesprekken‘. Utrecht: Pharos.
   Google Scholar
• van Loenen, T., van Den Muijsenbergh, M., Hofmeester, M., Dowrick, C., van Ginneken, N., Mechili, E. A., … Pavlic, D. R. (2017). Primary care for refugees and newly arrived migrants in Europe: A qualitative study on health needs, barriers and wishes. The European Journal of Public Health, 28(1), 82–87.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• van Minnen, A., Hendriks, L., & Olff, M. (2010). When do trauma experts choose exposure therapy for PTSD patients? A controlled study of therapist and patient factors. Behaviour Research and Therapy, 48(4), 312–320.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Winters, M., Rechel, B., de Jong, L., & Pavlova, M. (2018). A systematic review on the use of healthcare services by undocumented migrants in Europe. BMC Health Services Research, 18(1), 30.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar