References

• American Psychiatric Association. (2013). Diagnostic and statistical manual of mental disorders (5th ed.). Washington, DC: American Psychiatric Association.
   Google Scholar
• Arata, C. M. (2002). Child sexual abuse and sexual revictimization. Clinical Psychology: Science and Practice, 9(2), 135–10.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Blevins, C. A., Weathers, F. W., Davis, M. T., Witte, T. K., & Domino, J. L. (2015). The posttraumatic stress disorder checklist for DSM‐5 (PCL‐5): Development and initial psychometric evaluation. Journal of Traumatic Stress, 28(6), 489–498.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Bowlby, J. (1980). Attachment and loss: Loss, sadness and depression (Vol. 3). New York, NY: Basic Books.
   Google Scholar
• Bremner, J. D., Southwick, S. M., Johnson, D. R., Yehuda, R., & Charney, D. S. (1993). Childhood physical abuse and combat-related posttraumatic stress disorder in vietnam veterans. American Journal of Psychiatry, 150(2), 235–239.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Brewin, C. R., Cloitre, M., Hyland, P., Shevlin, M., Maercker, A., & Bryant, R. A., ... Reed, G. M. (2017). A review of current evidence regarding the ICD-11 proposals for diagnosing PTSD and complex PTSD. Clinical Psychology Review, 58, 1–15
   Google Scholar
• Brewin, C. R., Lanius, R. A., Novac, A., Schnyder, U., & Galea, S. (2009). Reformulating PTSD for DSM‐V: Life after criterion A. Journal of Traumatic Stress, 22(5), 366–373.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Chandler, J., & Shapiro, D. (2016). Conducting clinical research using crowdsourced convenience samples. Annual Review of Clinical Psychology, 12, 53–81.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Cloitre, M., Roberts, N. P., Bisson, J. I., & Brewin, C. R. (2015). The International Trauma Questionnaire (ITQ). Unpublished Measure.
   Google Scholar
• Cloitre, M., Shevlin, M., Brewin, C. R., Bisson, J. I., Roberts, N. P., & Maercker, A., Karatzias, T & Hyland, P. (2018). The international trauma questionnaire: Development of a self-report measure of ICD-11 PTSD and complex PTSD. Acta Psychiatrica Scandinavica, 138(6), 536–546
   Google Scholar
• Cloitre, M., Stolbach, B. C., Herman, J. L., Kolk, B., Pynoos, R., Wang, J., & Petkova, E. (2009). A developmental approach to complex ptsd: Childhood and adult cumulative trauma as predictors of symptom complexity. Journal of Traumatic Stress, 22(5), 399–408.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Cloitre, M., Tardiff, K., Marzuk, P. M., Leon, A. C., & Portera, L. (1996). Childhood abuse and subsequent sexual assault among female inpatients. Journal of Traumatic Stress, 9(3), 473–482.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Danby, M. C., Brubacher, S. P., Sharman, S. J., Powell, M. B., & Roberts, K. P. (2017). Children‘s reasoning about which episode of a repeated event is best remembered. Applied Cognitive Psychology, 31(1), 99–108.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Ehring, T., & Quack, D. (2010). Emotion regulation difficulties in trauma survivors: The role of trauma type and PTSD symptom severity. Behavior Therapy, 41(4), 587–598.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Felitti, V. J., Anda, R. F., Nordenberg, D., Williamson, D. F., Spitz, A. M., Edwards, V., … Marks, J. S. (1998). Relationship of childhood abuse and household dysfunction to many of the leading causes of death in adults. The Adverse Childhood Experience (ACE) study. American Journal of Preventive Medicine, 14, 245–258.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Frewen, P. A., Brown, M. F. D., Steuwe, C., & Lanius, R. A. (2015). Latent profile analysis and principal axis factoring of the DSM-5 dissociative subtype. European Journal of Psychotraumatology, 6(1), 26406–26416.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Gray, M. J., Litz, B. T., Hsu, J. L., & Lombardo, T. W. (2004). Psychometric properties of the life events checklist. Assessment, 11(4), 330–341.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Harkness, K. L., & Monroe, S. M. (2016). The assessment and measurement of adult life stress: Basic premises, operational principles, and design requirements. Journal of Abnormal Psychology, 125(5,7), 727–745.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Hyland, P., Murphy, J., Shevlin, M., Vallières, F., McElroy, E., Elklit, A., … Cloitre, M. (2017). Variation in post-traumatic response: The role of trauma type in predicting ICD-11 PTSD and CPTSD symptoms. Social Psychiatry and Psychiatric Epidemiology, 52(6), 727.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Irwin, H. J. (1999). Violent and nonviolent revictimization of women abused in childhood. Journal of Interpersonal Violence, 14(10), 1095–1110.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Kessler, R. C., Aguilar-Gaxiola, S., Alonso, J., Benjet, C., Bromet, E. J., Cardoso, G., … Koenen, K. C. (2017). Trauma and PTSD in the WHO world mental health surveys. European Journal of Psychotraumatology, 8(sup5), 1353383.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Lanius, R. A., Brand, B., Vermetten, E., Frewen, P. A., & Spiegel, D. (2012). The dissociative subtype of posttraumatic stress disorder: Rationale, clinical and neurobiological evidence, and implications. Depression and Anxiety, 29(8), 701–708.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Larsen, S. E., & Pacella, M. L. (2016). Comparing the effect of DSM -congruent traumas vs. DSM -incongruent stressors on PTSD symptoms: A meta-analytic review. Journal of Anxiety Disorders, 38, 37–46.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Maercker, A., Brewin, C. R., Bryant, R. A., Cloitre, M., van Ommeren, M., Reed, G. M., … Reed, G. M. (2013). Diagnosis and classification of disorders specifically associated with stress: Proposals for ICD-11. World Psychiatry: Official Journal of the World Psychiatric Association (WPA), 12, 198–206
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• McCutcheon, V. V., Sartor, C. E., Pommer, N. E., Bucholz, K. K., Nelson, E. C., Madden, P. A. F., & Heath, A. C. (2010). Age at trauma exposure and PTSD risk in young adult women. Journal of Traumatic Stress, 23(6), 811–814.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Meng, X.-L., Rosenthal, R., & Rubin, D. B. (1992). Comparing correlated correlation coefficients. Psychological Bulletin, 111(1), 172–175.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Mol, S. S. L., Arntz, A., Metsemakers, J. F. M., Dinant, G., Vilters-Van Montfort, P. A. P., & Knottnerus, J. A. (2005). Symptoms of post-traumatic stress disorder after non-traumatic events: Evidence from an open population study. The British Journal of Psychiatry, 186(6), 494–499.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Murphy, A., Steele, M., Dube, S. R., Bate, J., Bonuck, K., Meissner, P., … Steele, H. (2013). Adverse childhood experiences (ACEs) questionnaire and adult attachment interview (AAI): Implications for parent child relationships. Child Abuse & Neglect, 38(2), 224–233.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Nilsson, D., Holmqvist, R., & Jonson, M.; Närsjukvården i centrala Östergötland, Linköpings universitet, Filosofiska fakulteten.. Barn- och ungdomspsykiatriska kliniken. (2011). Self-reported attachment style, trauma exposure and dissociative symptoms among adolescents. Attachment & Human Development, 13(6), 579–595.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• O’Brien, R. M. (2007). A caution regarding rules of thumb for variance inflation factors. Quality & Quantity, 41, 673–690.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Ogle, C. M., Rubin, D. C., & Siegler, I. C. (2013). The impact of the developmental timing of trauma exposure on PTSD symptoms and psychosocial functioning among older adults. Developmental Psychology, 49(11), 2191–2200.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Rosen, G. M., & Lilienfeld, S. O. (2008). Posttraumatic stress disorder: An empirical investigation of core assumptions. Clinical Psychology Review, 28, 837–868.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Sarason, I. G., Johnson, J. H., & Siegel, J. M. (1978). Assessing the impact of life changes: Development of the life experiences survey. Journal of Consulting and Clinical Psychology, 46(5), 932–946.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Schalinski, I., Teicher, M. H., Nischk, D., Hinderer, E., Müller, O., & Rockstroh, B. (2016). Type and timing of adverse childhood experiences differentially affect severity of PTSD, dissociative and depressive symptoms in adult inpatients. BMC Psychiatry, 16, 295.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Shevlin, M., Hyland, P., Roberts, N. P., Bisson, J. I., Brewin, C. R., & Cloitre, M. (2018). A psychometric assessment of disturbances in self-organization symptom indicators for ICD-11 complex PTSD using the international trauma questionnaire. European Journal of Psychotraumatology, 9(1), 1419749.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Shevlin, M., Hyland, P., Vallières, F., Bisson, J., Makhashvili, N., Javakhishvili, J., … Roberts, B. (2018). A comparison of DSM‐5 and ICD‐11 PTSD prevalence, comorbidity and disability: An analysis of the ukrainian internally displaced person‘s mental health survey. Acta Psychiatrica Scandinavica, 137(2), 138–147.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Teicher, M. H., Andersen, S. L., Polcari, A., Anderson, C. M., Navalta, C. P., & Kim, D. M. (2003). The neurobiological consequences of early stress and childhood maltreatment. Neuroscience and Biobehavioral Reviews, 27(1), 33–44.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Van Hooff, M., McFarlane, A. C., Baur, J., Abraham, M., & Barnes, D. J. (2008). The stressor criterion-A1 and PTSD: A matter of opinion? Journal of Anxiety Disorders, 23(1), 77–86.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Weathers, F. W., Blake, D. D., Schnurr, P. P., Kaloupek, D. G., Marx, B. P., & Keane, T. M. (2013). The life events checklist for DSM-5 (LEC-5). Instrument available from the National Center for PTSD. Retrieved from www.ptsd.va.gov
   Google Scholar
• Weathers, F. W., & Keane, T. M. (2007). The criterion A problem revisited: Controversies and challenges in defining and measuring psychological trauma. Journal of Traumatic Stress, 20, 107–121.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Widom, C. S., Czaja, S. J., & Dutton, M. A. (2008). Childhood victimization and lifetime revictimization. Child Abuse & Neglect, 32(8), 785–796.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Wolf, E. J., Mitchell, K. S., Sadeh, N., Hein, C., Fuhrman, I., Pietrzak, R. H., & Miller, M. W. (2017). The dissociative subtype of PTSD scale: Initial evaluation in a national sample of trauma-exposed veterans. Assessment, 24(4), 503–516.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar