References

• Alemi, Q., Stempel, C., Baek, K., Lares, L., Villa, P., Danis, D., & Montgomery, S. (2016). Impact of postmigration living difficulties on the mental health of Afghan migrants residing in Istanbul. International Journal of Population Research, 2016, 1–11.
   Google Scholar
• American Psychiatric Association. (2013). Diagnostic and statistical manual of mental disorders (5th ed.). Arlington, VA: Author.
   Google Scholar
• Beck, A. T., Steer, R. A., & Brown, G. K. (1996). Manual for the beck depression inventory-II. San Antonio, TX: Psychological Corporation.
   Google Scholar
• Bøe, T., Skogen, J. C., Sivertsen, B., Hysing, M., Petrie, K. J., Dearing, E., & Zachrisson, H. D. (2017). Economic volatility in childhood and subsequent adolescent mental health problems: A longitudinal population-based study of adolescents. BMJ open, 7, 9.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Bogic, M., Ajdukovic, D., Bremner, S., Franciskovic, T., Galeazzi, G. M., Kucukalic, A., … Priebe, S. (2012). Factors associated with mental disorders in long-settled war refugees: Refugees from the former Yugoslavia in Germany, Italy and the UK. British Journal of Psychiatry, 200(3), 216–223.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Cacioppo, J. T., Hughes, M. E., Waite, L. J., Hawkley, L. C., & Thisted, R. A. (2006). Loneliness as a specific risk factor for depressive symptoms: Cross-sectional and longitudinal analyses. Psychology and Aging, 21(1), 140–151.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Cantekin, D., & Gençöz, T. (2017). Mental health of Syrian asylum seekers in Turkey: The role of pre-migration and post-migration risk factors. Journal of Social and Clinical Psychology, 36(10), 835–859.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Carswell, K., Blackburn, P., & Barker, C. (2009). The relationship between trauma, post-migration problems and the psychological well-being of refugees and asylum seekers. International Journal of Social Psychiatry, 57(2), 107–119.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Cleveland, J., & Rousseau, C. (2013). Psychiatric symptoms associated with brief detention of adult asylum seekers in Canada. CanJPsychiatry, 58(7), 409–416.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Coley, R. L., Sims, J., Dearing, E., & Spielvogel, B. (2018). Locating economic risks for adolescent mental and behavioral health: Poverty and affluence in families, neighborhoods, and schools. Child Development, 89(2), 360–369.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Coltman, T., Devinney, T. M., Midgley, D. F., & Venaik, S. (2008). Formative versus reflective measurement models : Two applications of formative measurement. Journal of Business Research, 61(12), 1250–1262.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Diamantopoulos, A., Riefler, P., & Roth, K. P. (2008). Advancing formative measurement models. Journal of Business Research, 61(12), 1203–1218.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Fouchier, C. D., Blanchet, A., Hopkins, W., Bui, E., Ait-Aoudia, M., & Jehel, L. (2012). Validation of a French adaptation of the harvard trauma questionnaire among torture surviviors from sub - Saharan African countries. European Journal of Psychotraumatology, 3, 1–9.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Gerritsen, A. A. M., Bramsen, I., Devillé, W., van Willigen, L. H. M., Hovens, J. E., & van der Ploeg, H. M. (2006). Physical and mental health of Afghan, Iranian and Somali asylum seekers and refugees living in the Netherlands. Social Psychiatry and Psychiatric Epidemiology, 41(1), 18–26.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Giordano, F., Cipolla, A., Ragnoli, F., & Brajda Bruno, F. (2019). Transit migration and trauma: The detrimental effect of interpersonal trauma on Syrian children in transit in Italy. Psychological Injury & Law, 12(1), 76–87.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Hallas, P., Hansen, A. R., Stæhr, M. A., Munk-Andersen, E., & Jorgensen, H. L. (2007). Length of stay in asylum centres and mental health in asylum seekers: A retrospective study from Denmark. BMC Public Health, 7, 1–6.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Hebebrand, J., Anagnostopoulos, D., Eliez, S., Linse, H., Pejovic-Milovancevic, M., & Klasen, H. (2016). A first assessment of the needs of young refugees arriving in Europe: What mental health professionals need to know. European Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, 25(1), 1–6.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Hedtke, K. A., Ruggiero, K. J., Fitzgerald, M. M., Zinzow, H. M., Saunders, B. E., Resnick, H. S., & Kilpatrick, D. G. (2008). A longitudinal investigation of interpersonal violence in relation to mental health and substance use. Journal of Consulting and Clinical Psychology, 76(4), 633–647.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Kartal, D., & Kiropoulos, L. (2016). Effects of acculturative stress on PTSD, depressive, and anxiety symptoms among refugees resettled in Australia and Austria. European Journal of Psychotraumatology, 7, 1–12.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Kashyap, S., Page, A. C., & Joscelyne, A. (2019). Post-migration treatment targets associated with reductions in depression and PTSD among survivors of torture seeking asylum in the USA. Psychiatry Research, 271(April2018), 565–572.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Keller, A. S., Rosenfeld, B., Trinh-Shevrin, C., Meserve, C., Sachs, E., Leviss, J. A., … Ford, D. (2003). Mental health of detained asylum seekers. Lancet, 362, 1721–1723.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Kendler, K. S., Karkowski, L. M., & Prescott, C. A. (1998). Stressful life events and major depression: Risk period, long-term contextual threat, and diagnostic specificity. Journal of Nervous and Mental Disease, 186(11), 661–669.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Laban, C. J., Gernaat, H. B. P. E., Komproe, I. H., Schreuders, B. A., & De Jong, J. T. V. M. (2004). Impact of a long asylum procedure on the prevalence of psychiatric disorders in Iraqi asylum seekers in The Netherlands. Journal of Nervous and Mental Disease, 192(12), 843–851.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Laban, C. J., Gernaat, H. B. P. E., Komproe, I. H., Van Der Tweel, I., & De Jong, J. T. V. M. (2005). Postmigration living problems and common psychiatric disorders in Iraqi asylum seekers in the Netherlands. Journal of Nervous and Mental Disease, 193(12), 825–832.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Laban, C. J., Komproe, I. H., Gernaat, H. B. P. E., & de Jong, J. T. V. M. (2008). The impact of a long asylum procedure on quality of life, disability and physical health in Iraqi asylum seekers in the Netherlands. Social Psychiatry and Psychiatric Epidemiology, 43, 507–515.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Lhewa, D., Banu, S., Rosenfeld, B., & Keller, A. (2007). Validation of a Tibetan translation of the hopkins symptom checklist 25 and the harvard trauma questionnaire. Assessment, 14(3), 223–230.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Li, C., Yin, X., & Jiang, S. (2017). Effects of multidimensional child poverty on children’s mental health in Mainland China. Journal of Health Psychology, 135910531771837. doi:10.1177/1359105317718379
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Li, S., Liddell, B., & Nickerson, A. (2016). The relationship between post-migration stress and psychological disorders in refugees and asylum seekers. Current Psychiatry Reports, 18(9), 1–9.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Matthews, T., Danese, A., Wertz, J., Ambler, A., Kelly, M., Diver, A., … Arseneault, L. (2015). Social isolation and mental health at primary and secondary school entry: a longitudinal cohort study. Journal of the American Academy of Child & Adolescent Psychiatry, 54(3), 225–232.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Mollica, R., McDonald, L., Massagli, M., & Silove, D. (2004). Measuring trauma, measuring torture. Cambridge, UK: Harvard Program in Refugee Trauma.
   Google Scholar
• Murray, R. (1974). The influence of crowding on children’s behaviour. In D. Canter & T. Lee (Eds.), Psychology and the built environment  (pp. 112–117). London: Architectural Press.
   Google Scholar
• Pevalin, D. J., Reeves, A., Baker, E., & Bentley, R. (2017). The impact of persistent poor housing conditions on mental health: A longitudinal population-based study. Preventive Medicine, 105(April), 304–310.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Pevalin, D. J., Taylor, M. P., & Todd, J. (2008). The dynamics of unhealthy housing in the UK: A panel data analysis. Housing Studies, 23(5), 679–695.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Priebe, S., Giacco, D., & El-Nagib, R. (2016). Public health aspects of mental health among migrants and refugees: A review of the evidence on mental health care for refugees, asylum seekers and irregular migrants in the WHO European region. Health Evidence Network Synthesis Report, 47, ix–pp. Retrieved from http://www.euro.who.int/__data/assets/pdf_file/0003/317622/HEN-synthesis-report-47.pdf?ua=1
   Google Scholar
• Raghavan, S., Rasmussen, A., Rosenfeld, B., & Keller, A. S. (2012). Correlates of symptom reduction in treatment-seeking survivors of torture. Psychological Trauma: Theory, Research, Practice, and Policy. doi:10.1037/a0028118
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Rudge, J., & Nicol, F. (2000). Cutting the cost of cold: Affordable warmth for healthier homes. London and New York: E & FN Spon.
   Google Scholar
• Schock, K., Bo, M., Rosner, R., Wenk-Ansohn, M., & Knaevelsrud, C. (2016). Impact of new traumatic or stressful life events on pre-existing PTSD in traumatized refugees: Results of a longitudinal study. European Journal of Psychotraumatology, 7, 1–12.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Schock, K., Rosner, R., & Knaevelsrud, C. (2015). Impact of asylum interviews on the mental health of traumatized asylum seekers. European Journal of Psychotraumatology, 6, 1–10.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Schweitzer, R. D., Brough, M., Vromans, L., & Asic-Kobe, M. (2011). Mental health of newly arrived Burmese refugees in Australia: Contributions of pre-migration and post-migration experience. Australian and New Zealand Journal of Psychiatry, 45, 299–307.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Schweitzer, R. D., Melville, F., Steel, Z., & Lacherez, P. (2006). Trauma, post-migration living difficulties, and social support as predictors of psychological adjustment in resettled Sudanese refugees. Australian and New Zealand Journal of Psychiatry, 40, 2.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Shoeb, M., Weinstein, H., & Mollica, R. (2007). The Harvard trauma questionnaire: Adapting a cross-cultural instrument for measuring torture, trauma and posttraumatic stress disorder in Iraqi refugees. The International Journal of Social Psychiatry. doi:10.1177/0020764007078362
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Steel, Z., Chey, T., Silove, D., Marnane, C., Bryant, R. A., & Van Ommeren, M. (2009). Association of torture and other potentially traumatic events with mental health outcomes among populations exposed to mass conflict and displacement: A systematic review and meta-analysis. JAMA - Journal of the American Medical Association, 302(5), 537–549.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Steel, Z., Silove, D., Bird, K., & McGorry, P. (1999). Pathways from war trauma to posttraumatic stress symptoms among tamil asylum seekers, refugees, and immigrants. Journal of Traumatic Stress, 12, 3.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Steel, Z., Silove, D., Brooks, R., Momartin, S., Alzuhairi, B., & Susljik, I. (2006). Impact of immigration detention and temporary protection on the mental health of refugees. British Journal of Psychiatry, 188(1), 58–64.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Steel, Z., Silove, D., Phan, T., & Bauman, A. (2002). Long-term effect of psychological trauma on the mental health of Vietnamese refugees resettled in Australia: A population-based study. Lancet, 360, 1056–1063.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Su, M., Tekin, M., Tekin, A., & Karadag, H. (2016). Prevalence and gender differences in symptomatology of posttraumatic stress disorder and depression among Iraqi Yazidis displaced into Turkey. European Journal of Psychotraumatology, 7, 1–9.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Tinghög, P., Malm, A., Arwidson, C., Sigvardsdotter, E., Lundin, A., & Saboonchi, F. (2017). Prevalence of mental ill health, traumas and postmigration stress among refugees from Syria resettled in Sweden after 2011: A population-based survey. BMJ open, 7, 12.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Tracy, M., Morgenstern, H., Zivin, K., Aiello, A. E., & Galea, S. (2014). Traumatic event exposure and depression severity over time: Results from a prospective cohort study in an urban area. Social Psychiatry and Psychiatric Epidemiology, 49, 1769–1782.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Turner, R., & Brown, R. (2010, May). Social support and mental health. In T. N. Brown & L. T. Scheid (Eds.). A handbook for the study of mental health.  (pp. 200–212). New York, NY: Cambridge University Press. Retrieved from http://hmid.basijmed.ir/public/hmid/books/mentalhealth/A_Handbook_for_the_Study_of_Mental_Health__Social_Contexts__Theories__and_Systems___2nd_edition.pdf#page=222
   Google Scholar
• United Nations High Commissioner for Refugees [UNHCR]. (2017). Global trends: Forced displacement in 2016. Geneva, Switzerland. Retrieved from http://www.unhcr.org/statistics/unhcrstats/5943e8a34/global-trends-forced-displacement-2016.html.
   Google Scholar
• United Nations High Commissioner for Refugees [UNHCR]. (2018, July 26). Medditerranean situation. Retrieved from https://data2.unhcr.org/en/situations/mediterranean
   Google Scholar
• Vukčević, M., Dobrić, J., & Purić, D. (2014). Mental health of asylum seekers in Serbia. Serbia, Belgrade: UNHCR.
   Google Scholar
• Vukčević, M., Momirović, J., & Purić, D. (2016). Adaptation of harvard trauma questionnaire for working with refugees and asylum seekers in Serbia. Psihologija, 49(3), 277–299.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Vukčević Marković, M., Gašić, J., & Bjekić, J. (2017). Refugees’ mental health. Serbia, Belgrade: Psychosocial Innovation Network.
   Google Scholar