References

• American Psychiatric Association. (1994). Diagnostic and statistical manual of mental disorders (4th ed.). Washington, DC: American Psychiatric Association..
   Google Scholar
• Borsboom, D. (2017). A network theory of mental disorders. World Psychiatry: Official Journal of the World Psychiatric Association (WPA), 16, 5–11. doi:10.1002/wps.20375
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Bradley, B., Greene, J., Russ, E., Dutra, L., & Westen, D. (2005). A multidimensional metaanalysis of psychotherapy for PTSD. American Journal of Psychiatry, 162, 214–227.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Bringmann, L. F., Vissers, N., Wichers, M., Geschwind, N., Kuppens, P., Peeters, F., & Tuerlinckx, F. (2013). A network approach to psychopathology: New insights into clinical longitudinal data. PloS One, 8, e60188. doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0060188
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Edwards, J. R., & Bagozzi, R. P. (2000). On the nature and direction of relationships between constructs and measures. Psychological Methods, 5, 155–174. doi:10.1037//1082-989X.5.2.155
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Ehlers, A., & Wild, J. (2015). Cognitive therapy for PTSD: Updating memories and meanings of trauma. In U. Schnyder & M. Cloitre (Eds.), Evidence based treatments for trauma-related psychological disorders: A practical guide for clinicians (pp. 161–187). Switzerland: Springer International Publishing.
   Google Scholar
• Epskamp, S., Borsboom, D., & Fried, E. I. (2018). Estimating psychological networks and their accuracy: A tutorial paper. Behavior Research Methods, 50, 195–212. doi:10.3758/s13428-017-0862-1
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Epskamp, S., Cramer, A. O. J., Waldorp, L. J., Schmittmann, V. D., & Borsboom, D. (2012). Qgraph: Network visualizations of relationships in psychometric data. Journal of Statistical Software, 48, 1–18.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Epskamp, S., Waldorp, L. J., Mõttus, R., & Borsboom, D. (2018). Discovering psychological dynamics: The gaussian graphical model in cross-sectional and time-series data. arXiv:1609.04156v6[stat.ME] (Open Access).
   Google Scholar
• First, M. B., Reed, G. M., Hyman, S. E., & Saxena, S. (2015). The development of the ICD-11 clinical descriptions and diagnostic guidelines for mental and behavioural disorders. World Psychiatry: Official Journal of the World Psychiatric Association (WPA), 14, 82–90. doi:10.1002/wps.20189
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Foa, E. B., Hembree, E., & Rothbaum, B. O. (2007). Prolonged exposure therapy for PTSD: Emotional processing of traumatic experiences. New York, NY: Oxford University Press.
   Google Scholar
• Foa, E. B., Riggs, D. S., Dancu, C. V., & Rothbaum, B. O. (1993). Reliability and validity of a brief instrument for assessing post-traumatic stress disorder. Journal of Traumatic Stress, 6, 459–473.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Fried, E., Eidhof, M. B., Palic, S., Constantini, G., Dijk, H. M. H., Bockting, C. L. H., … Karstoft, K.-I. (2018). Replicability and generalizability of posttraumatic stress disorder networks: A cross-cultural multisite study of PTSD symptoms in four trauma patient samples. Clinical Psychological Science, 6, 335–351. doi:10.1177/2167702617745092
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Greene, T., Gelkopf, M., Epskamp, S., & Fried, E. (2018). Dynamic networks of PTSD symptoms during conflict. Psychological Medicine, 48, 2409–2417. doi:10.1017/S0033291718000351
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Horowitz, M. J. (1986). Stress-response syndromes: A review of posttraumatic and adjustment disorders. Hospital & Community Psychiatry, 37, 241–249.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Jones, P. J., Heeren, A., & McNally, R. J. (2017, August 2). Commentary: A network theory of mental disorders. Frontiers in Psychology, 8,1305. (Open Access).
   Google Scholar
• Kessler, R. C., Berglund, P., Delmer, O., Jin, R., Merikangas, K. R., & Walters, E. E. (2005). Lifetime prevalence and age-of-onset distributions of DSM-IV disorders in National Comorbidity Survey Replication. Archives of General Psychiatry, 62, 593–602.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Kwiatkowski, D., Phillips, P. C. B., Schmidt, P., & Shin, Y. (1992). Testing the null hypothesis of stationarity against the alternative of a unit root. How sure are we that economic time series have a unit root? Journal of Econometrics, 54, 159–178.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Langkaas, T. F., Hoffart, A., Øktedalen, T., Ulvenes, P. G., Hembree, E. A., & Smucker, M. (2017). Exposure and non-fear emotions: A randomized controlled study of exposure-based and rescripting-based imagery in PTSD treatment. Behaviour Research and Therapy, 97, 33–42. doi:10.1016/j.brat.2017.06.007
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• McNally, R. J. (2016). Can network analysis transform psychopathology? Behaviour Research and Therapy, 86, 95–104. doi:10.1016/j.brat.2016.06.006
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• NICE. (2005). Post-traumatic Stress Disorder (PTSD): The management of PTSD in adults and children in primary and secondary care. NICE clinical guideline 26. [NICE guideline]. Available from: http://guidance.nice.org.uk/CG26.
   Google Scholar
• Nickell, S. (1981). Biases in dynamic models with fixed effects. Econometrica, 49, 1417–1426. doi:10.2307/1911408
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Opsahl, T., Agneessens, F., & Skvoretz, F. (2010). Node centrality in weighted networks: Generating degree and shortest paths. Social Networks, 32, 245–251. doi:10.1016/j.socnet.2010.03.006
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Ramseyer, F., Kupper, Z., Caspar, F., Znoj, H., & Tschacher, W. (2014). Time-Series Panel Analysis (TSPA): Multivariate modeling of temporal associations in psychotherapy process. Journal of Consulting and Clinical Psychology, 828–838. doi:10.1037/a0037168
   Google Scholar
• R Core Team. (2017). R: A language and environment for statistical computing. Vienna, Austria: R Foundation for Statistical Computing. Available from: https://www.R-project.org/
   Google Scholar
• Short, N. A., Allan, N. P., & Schmidt, N. B. (2017). Sleep disturbance as a predictor of affective functioning and symptom severity among individuals with PTSD: An ecological momentary assessment study. Behaviour Research and Therapy, 97, 146–153. doi:10.1016/j.brat.2017.07.014
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Smucker, M. R. (2005). Imagery rescripting and reprocessing therapy (IRRT): A treatment manual for adult survivors of childhood sexual abuse experiencing PTSD. Milwaukee: International Trauma Institute.
   Google Scholar
• Wichers, M., Wigman, J. T. W., Bringmann, L. F., & de Jonge, P. (2017). Mental disorders as networks: Some cautionary reflections on a promising approach. Social Psychiatry and Psychiatric Epidemiology, 52, 143–145. doi:10.1007/s00127-016-1319-z
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Zalta, A. K., Gillihan, S. J., Fisher, A. J., Mintz, J., McLean, C. P., Yehuda, R., & Foa, E. B. (2014). Change in negative cognitions associated with PTSD predicts symptom reduction in prolonged exposure. Journal of Consulting and Clinical Psychology, 82, 171–175. doi:10.1037/a0034735
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar