4,002
Views
17
CrossRef citations to date
0
Altmetric
Basic Research Article

Trauma during humanitarian work: the effects on intimacy, wellbeing and PTSD-symptoms

El trauma durante el trabajo humanitario: los efectos en la intimidad, bienestar, y los síntomas del TEPT

人道主义工作中的创伤:对亲密关系、心身健康及创伤后应激障碍症状的影响

ORCID Icon &
Article: 1679065 | Received 08 Jul 2019, Accepted 06 Sep 2019, Published online: 22 Oct 2019

References

  • American Psychiatric Association (APA) . (1994). Diagnostic and statistical manual of mental disorders (4th ed.). Washington DC: American Psychiatric Association.
  • Ariapooran, S. , & Raziani, S. (2019). Sexual satisfaction, marital intimacy, and depression in married Iranian nurses with and without symptoms of secondary traumatic stress. Psychological Reports , 122(3), 809–12.
  • Baird, S. , & Jenkins, S. R. (2003). Vicarious traumatization, secondary traumatic stress, and burnout in sexual assault and domestic violence agency staff. Violence & Victims , 18(1), 71–87.
  • Beebe, R. , & Frisch, N. (2009). Development of the Differentiation of Self and Role Inventory for Nurses (DSRI-RN): A tool to measure internal dimensions of workplace stress. Nursing Outlook , 57(5), 240–245.
  • Benight, C. C. , & Bandura, A. (2004). Social cognitive theory of posttraumatic recovery: The role of perceived self-efficacy. Behaviour Research and Therapy , 42(10), 1129–1148.
  • Ben-Porat, A. (2017). Competence of trauma social workers: The relationship between field of practice and secondary traumatization, personal and environmental variables. Journal of Interpersonal Violence , 32(8), 1291–1309.
  • Bober, T. , & Regehr, C. (2006). Strategies for reducing secondary or vicarious trauma: Do they work? Brief Treatment and Crisis Intervention , 6(1), 1–9.
  • Bowen, M. (1978). Family therapy in clinical practice . New York, NY: Jason Aronson.
  • Cabrera-Sanchez, P. , & Friedlander, M. L. (2017). Optimism, self-differentiation, and perceived posttraumatic stress disorder symptoms: Predictors of satisfaction in female military partners. Couple and Family Psychology: Research and Practice , 6(4), 235–246.
  • Chemali, Z. , Borba, C. P. C. , Johnson, K. , Hock, R. S. , Parnarouskis, L. , Henderson, D. C. , & Fricchione, G. L. (2017). Humanitarian space and well-being: Effectiveness of training on a psychosocial intervention for host community-refugee interaction. Medicine, Conflict and Survival , 33(2), 141–161.
  • Collins, L. M. , Schafer, J. L. , & Kam, C.-M. (2001). A comparison of inclusive and restrictive strategies in modern missing data procedures. Psychological Methods , 6(4), 330–351.
  • Colombo, L. , Emanuel, F. , & Zito, M. (2019, March). Secondary traumatic stress: Relationship with symptoms, exhaustion, and emotions among cemetery workers. Frontiers in Psychology , 10, 1–11.
  • Connorton, E. , Perry, M. J. , Hemenway, D. , & Miller, M. (2012). Humanitarian relief workers and trauma-related mental illness. Epidemiologic Reviews , 34(1), 145–155.
  • Costa, M. , Oberholzer-Riss, M. , Hatz, C. , Steffen, R. , Puhan, M. , & Schlagenhauf, P. (2015). Pre-travel health advice guidelines for humanitarian workers: A systematic review. Travel Medicine and Infectious Disease , 13(6), 449–465.
  • D’Andrea, W. , Sharma, R. , Zelechoski, A. D. , & Spinazzola, J. (2011). Physical health problems after single trauma exposure: When stress takes root in the body. Journal of the American Psychiatric Nurses Association , 17(6), 378–392.
  • Dekel, R. (2010). Couple forgiveness, self-differentiation and secondary traumatization among wives of former pows. Journal of Social and Personal Relationships , 27(7), 924–937.
  • Dekel, R. , & Solomon, Z. (2006). Secondary traumatization among wives of Israeli POWs: The role of POWs’ distress. Social Psychiatry and Psychiatric Epidemiology , 41(1), 27–33.
  • Erez Shtark-Benyamin, K. (2011). The relations between treatment of sexual violence victims, level of empathy and the therapist’s sexual attitudes . Israel: Tel-Aviv University.
  • Eriksen, C. , & Ditrich, T. (2015). The relevance of mindfulness practice for trauma-exposed disaster researchers. Emotion, Space and Society , 17, 63–69.
  • Figley, C. R. (1995). Compassion fatigue as secondary traumatic stress disorder: An overview. In C. R. Figley (Ed.), Compassion fatigue: Coping with secondary traumatic stress disorder in those who treat the traumatized (pp. 1–20). New York, NY: Brunner/Mazel.
  • Gärtner, A. , Behnke, A. , Conrad, D. , Kolassa, I. T. , & Rojas, R. (2019, January). Emotion regulation in rescue workers: Differential relationship with perceived work-related stress and stress-related symptoms. Frontiers in Psychology , 9, 1–12.
  • Griffiths, A. , Royse, D. , & Walker, R. (2018, May). Stress among child protective service workers: Self-reported health consequences. Children and Youth Services Review , 90, 46–53.
  • Hartfiel, N. , Burton, C. , Rycroft-Malone, J. , Clarke, G. , Havenhand, J. , Khalsa, S. B. , & Edwards, R. T. (2012). Yoga for reducing perceived stress and back pain at work. Occupational Medicine , 62(8), 606–612.
  • Henry, S. B. , Smith, D. B. , Archuleta, K. L. , Sanders-Hahs, E. , Goff, B. S. N. , Reisbig, A. M. J. , … Scheer, T. (2011). Trauma and couples: Mechanisms in dyadic functioning. Journal of Marital & Family Therapy , 37(3), 319–332.
  • Hershaleg, A. (1984). Intimacy and mutual familiarity of emotions among married couples in the city and Kibbutz . Israel: Haifa University.
  • Jachens, L. , Houdmont, J. , & Thomas, R. (2018). Work-related stress in a humanitarian context: A qualitative investigation. Disasters , 42, 619–634.
  • Jankowski, P. J. , & Sandage, S. J. (2012). Spiritual dwelling and well-being: The mediating role of differentiation of self in a sample of distressed adults. Mental Health, Religion & Culture , 15(4), 417–434.
  • Kianpoor, M. , Rahmanian, P. , Mojahed, A. , & Amouchie, R. (2017). Secondary traumatic stress, dissociative and somatization symptoms in spouses of veterans with PTSD in Zahedan, Iran. Electronic Physician , 9(4), 4202–4206.
  • Krycak, R. C. , Murdock, N. L. , & Marszalek, J. M. (2012). Differentiation of self, stress, and emotional support as predictors of psychological distress. Contemporary Family Therapy , 34(4), 495–515.
  • Lahav, Y. , Levin, Y. , Bensimon, M. , Kanat-Maymon, Y. , & Solomon, Z. (2017). Secondary traumatization and differentiation among the wives of former POWs: A reciprocal association. Journal of Traumatic Stress , 30(4), 399–408.
  • Lahav, Y. , Price, N. , Crompton, L. , Laufer, A. , & Solomon, Z. (2019). Sexual satisfaction in spouses of ex-POWs: The role of PTSD symptoms and self-differentiation. Journal of Sex & Marital Therapy , 1–12.
  • Lahav, Y. , Rodin, R. , & Solomon, Z. (2015). Somatic complaints and attachment in former prisoners of war: A longitudinal study. Psychiatry , 78(4), 354–366.
  • Lahav, Y. , Stein, J. Y. , & Solomon, Z. (2016). Keeping a healthy distance: Self-differentiation and perceived health among ex-prisoners-of-war’s wives. Journal of Psychosomatic Research , 89, 61–68.
  • Lambert, J. E. , Engh, R. , Hasbun, A. , & Holzer, J. (2012). Impact of posttraumatic stress disorder on the relationship quality and psychological distress of intimate partners: A meta-analytic review. Journal of Family Psychology , 26(5), 729–737.
  • Lee, J. J. , Gottfried, R. , & Bride, B. E. (2018). Exposure to client trauma, secondary traumatic stress, and the health of clinical social workers: A mediation analysis. Clinical Social Work Journal , 46(3), 228–235.
  • Mikulincer, M. , Florian, V. , & Solomon, Z. (1995). Marital intimacy, family support, and secondary traumatization: A study of wives of veterans with combat stress reaction. Anxiety, Stress & Coping , 8(3), 203–213.
  • Mollica, R. , Caspi-Yavin, Y. , Bollini, P. , Truong, T. , Tor, S. , & Lavelle, J. (1992). The harvard trauma questionnaire: Validating a cross-cultural instrument for measuring torture, trauma, and posttraumatic stress disorder in Indochinese refugees. The Journal of Nervous and Mental Disease , 180(2), 111–116.
  • Motta, R. W. , Kefer, J. M. , Hertz, M. D. , & Hafeez, S. (1999). Initial evaluation of the secondary trauma questionnaire. Psychological Reports , 85(3), 997–1002.
  • Patrick, S. , Sells, J. N. , Giordano, F. G. , & Tollerud, T. R. (2007). Intimacy, differentiation, and personality variables as predictors of marital satisfaction. The Family Journal , 15(4), 359–367.
  • Pérez, L. G. , Abrams, M. P. , López-Martínez, A. E. , & Asmundson, G. J. G. (2012). Trauma exposure and health: The role of depressive and hyperarousal symptoms. Journal of Traumatic Stress , 25(6), 641–648.
  • Preacher, K. J. , & Hayes, A. F. (2008). Asymptotic and resampling strategies for assessing and comparing indirect effects in multiple mediator models. Behavior Research Methods , 40(3), 879–891.
  • Riley, K. E. , Park, C. L. , Wilson, A. , Sabo, A. N. , Antoni, M. H. , Braun, T. D. , … Cope, S. (2017). Improving physical and mental health in frontline mental health care providers: Yoga-based stress management versus cognitive behavioral stress management. Journal of Workplace Behavioral Health , 32(1), 26–48.
  • Rizkalla, N. , & Rahav, G. (2016). Differentiation of the self, couples’ intimacy and marital satisfaction: A similar model for Palestinian and Jewish married couples in Israel. International Journal of the Jurisprudence of the Family , 7, 1–32.
  • Rizkalla, N. , & Segal, S. P. (2018). Well-being and posttraumatic growth among Syrian refugees in Jordan. Journal of Traumatic Stress , 31(2), 213–222.
  • Rizkalla, N. , & Segal, S. P. (2019). War can harm intimacy: Consequences for refugees who escaped Syria. Journal of Global Health , 9(2), 1–10.
  • Rizkalla, N. , Zeevi-Barkay, M. , & Segal, S. P. (2017). Rape crisis counseling: Trauma contagion and supervision. Journal of Interpersonal Violence , https://doi.org/10.1177/0886260517736877.
  • Roberts, R. M. , Ong, N. W.-Y. , & Raftery, J. (2018). Factors that inhibit and facilitate wellbeing and effectiveness in counsellors working with refugees and asylum seekers in Australia. Journal of Pacific Rim Psychology , 12(e33), 1–10.
  • Rohlof, H. G. , Knipscheer, J. W. , & Kleber, R. J. (2014). Somatization in refugees: A review. Social Psychiatry and Psychiatric Epidemiology , 49(11), 1793–1804.
  • Schaefer, M. T. , & Olson, D. H. (1981). Assessing intimacy: The PAIR inventory. Journal of Marital and Family Therapy , 7(1), 47–60.
  • Schütte, S. , Chastang, J. F. , Malard, L. , Parent-Thirion, A. , Vermeylen, G. , & Niedhammer, I. (2014). Psychosocial working conditions and psychological well-being among employees in 34 European countries. International Archives of Occupational and Environmental Health , 87(8), 897–907.
  • Selig, J. P. , & Preacher, K. J. (2008). Monte Carlo method for assessing mediation: An interactive tool for creating confidence intervals for indirect effects . [Computer software]. Retrieved from http://quantpsy.org/.
  • Skowron, E. A. , & Friedlander, M. L. (1998). The differentiation of self inventory: Development and initial validation. Journal of Counseling Psychology , 45(3), 235–246.
  • Skowron, E. A. , & Schmitt, T. A. (2003). Assessing interpersonal fusion: Reliability and validity of a new DSI fusion with other subscales. Journal of Marital & Family Therapy , 29(2), 209–222.
  • Skowron, E. A. , Wester, S. R. , & Azen, R. (2004). Differentiation of self mediates college stress and adjustment. Journal of Counseling & Development , 82(1), 69–78.
  • Taylor, A. K. , Gregory, A. , Feder, G. , & Williamson, E. (2018). ‘We’re all wounded healers’: A qualitative study to explore the well-being and needs of helpline workers supporting survivors of domestic violence and abuse. Health & Social Care in the Community , 27(1), 1–7.
  • United Nations High Commissioner for Refugees . UNHCR - Syria emergency [Online]. Retrieved from https://www.unhcr.org/en-us/syria-emergency.html
  • VanDeusen, K. M. , & Way, I. (2006). Vicarious trauma: An exploratory study of the impact of providing sexual abuse treatment on clinicians’ trust and intimacy. Journal of Child Sexual Abuse , 15(1), 69–85.
  • Zerach, G. (2015). Secondary traumatization among Ex-POWs’ adult children: The mediating role of differentiation of the self. Psychological Trauma: Theory, Research, Practice, and Policy , 7(2), 187–194.