2,625
Views
29
CrossRef citations to date
0
Altmetric
Basic Research Article

A latent profile analysis of moral injury appraisals in refugees

难民中道德创伤评估的潜在剖面分析

Un análisis de perfil latente de las valoraciones del daño moral en refugiados

ORCID Icon, ORCID Icon, ORCID Icon &
Article: 1686805 | Received 06 May 2019, Accepted 03 Oct 2019, Published online: 11 Nov 2019

References

  • Barudy, J. (1989). A programme of mental health for political refugees: Dealing with the invisible pain of political exile. Social Science & Medicine, 28(7), 715–11.
  • Başoğlu, M., Livanou, M., & Crnobarić, C. (2007). Torture vs other cruel, inhuman, and degrading treatment: Is the distinction real or apparent? Archives of General Psychiatry, 64(3), 277–285.
  • Beck, J. G., McNiff, J., Clapp, J. D., Olsen, S. A., Avery, M. L., & Hagewood, J. H. (2011). Exploring negative emotion in women experiencing intimate partner violence: Shame, guilt, and PTSD. Behavior Therapy, 42(4), 740–750.
  • Bryan, A. O., Bryan, C. J., Morrow, C. E., Etienne, N., & Ray-Sannerud, B. (2014). Moral injury, suicidal ideation, and suicide attempts in a military sample. Traumatology, 20(3), 154.
  • Bryan, C. J., Bryan, A. O., Anestis, M. D., Anestis, J. C., Green, B. A., Etienne, N., … Ray-Sannerud, B. (2015). Measuring moral injury: Psychometric properties of the moral injury events scale in two military samples. Assessment, 23(5), 557–570.
  • Carlson, E. B., & Rosser-Hogan, R. (1994). Cross-cultural response to trauma: A study of traumatic experiences and posttraumatic symptoms in Cambodian refugees. Journal of Traumatic Stress, 7(1), 43–58.
  • Coffey, G. J., Kaplan, I., Sampson, R. C., & Tucci, M. M. (2010). The meaning and mental health consequences of long-term immigration detention for people seeking asylum. Social Science & Medicine, 70(12), 2070–2079.
  • Currier, J. M., Holland, J. M., Drescher, K., & Foy, D. (2015). Initial psychometric evaluation of the moral injury questionnaire—Military version. Clinical Psychology & Psychotherapy, 22(1), 54–63.
  • Drescher, K. D., Foy, D. W., Kelly, C., Leshner, A., Schutz, K., & Litz, B. (2011). An exploration of the viability and usefulness of the construct of moral injury in war veterans. Traumatology, 17(1), 8–13.
  • Ehlers, A., & Clark, D. M. (2000). A cognitive model of posttraumatic stress disorder. Behaviour Research and Therapy, 38(4), 319–345.
  • Farnsworth, J. K. (2019). Is and ought: Descriptive and prescriptive cognitions in military‐related moral injury. Journal of Traumatic Stress, 32, 373–381.
  • Fazel, M., Wheeler, J., & Danesh, J. (2005). Prevalence of serious mental disorder in 7000 refugees resettled in western countries: A systematic review. The Lancet, 365(9467), 1309–1314.
  • Ferrada‐Noli, M., Asberg, M., Ormstad, K., Lundin, T., & Sundbom, E. (1998). Suicidal behavior after severe trauma. Part 1: PTSD diagnoses, psychiatric comorbidity, and assessments of suicidal behavior. Journal of Traumatic Stress, 11(1), 103–112.
  • Feyera, F., Mihretie, G., Bedaso, A., Gedle, D., & Kumera, G. (2015). Prevalence of depression and associated factors among Somali refugee at melkadida camp, southeast Ethiopia: A cross-sectional study. BMC Psychiatry, 15(1), 171.
  • Foa, E. B., McLean, C. P., Zang, Y., Zhong, J., Powers, M. B., Kauffman, B. Y., … Knowles, K. (2016). Psychometric properties of the Posttraumatic Diagnostic Scale for DSM–5 (PDS–5). Psychological Assessment, 28(10), 1166.
  • Forbes, D., Alkemade, N., Mitchell, D., Elhai, J. D., McHugh, T., Bates, G., … Lewis, V. (2014). Utility of the Dimensions of Anger Reactions–5 (DAR‐5) scale as a brief anger measure. Depression and Anxiety, 31(2), 166–173.
  • Gray, K., Waytz, A., & Young, L. (2012). The moral dyad: A fundamental template unifying moral judgment. Psychological Inquiry, 23(2), 206–215.
  • Gray, K., Young, L., & Waytz, A. (2012). Mind perception is the essence of morality. Psychological Inquiry, 23(2), 101–124.
  • Gray, M. J., Schorr, Y., Nash, W., Lebowitz, L., Amidon, A., Lansing, A., … Litz, B. T. (2012). Adaptive disclosure: An open trial of a novel exposure-based intervention for service members with combat-related psychological stress injuries. Behavior Therapy, 43(2), 407–415.
  • Haidt, J., & Joseph, C. (2007). The moral mind: How five sets of innate intuitions guide the development of many culture-specific virtues, and perhaps even modules. The Innate Mind, 3, 367–391.
  • Held, P., Klassen, B. J., Zou, D. S., Schroedter, B. S., Karnik, N. S., Pollack, M. H., & Zalta, A. K. (2017). Negative posttrauma cognitions mediate the association between morally injurious events and trauma‐related psychopathology in treatment‐seeking veterans. Journal of Traumatic Stress, 30(6), 698–703.
  • Herman, J. L. (1992). Complex PTSD: A syndrome in survivors of prolonged and repeated trauma. Journal of Traumatic Stress, 5(3), 377–391.
  • Hinton, D. E., Rasmussen, A., Nou, L., Pollack, M. H., & Good, M. J. (2009). Anger, PTSD, and the nuclear family: A study of Cambodian refugees. Social Science & Medicine, 69(9), 1387–1394.
  • Hoffman, J., Liddell, B., Bryant, R. A., & Nickerson, A. (2018). The relationship between moral injury appraisals, trauma exposure, and mental health in refugees. Depression and Anxiety, 35(11), 1030–1039.
  • Hooberman, J. B., Rosenfeld, B., Lhewa, D., Rasmussen, A., & Keller, A. (2007). Classifying the torture experiences of refugees living in the USA. Journal of Interpersonal Violence, 22(1), 108–123.
  • Kroenke, K., Spitzer, R. L., & Williams, J. B. (2001). The PHQ‐9: Validity of a brief depression severity measure. Journal of General Internal Medicine, 16(9), 606–613.
  • Lancaster, S. L., & Erbes, C. R. (2017). Importance of moral appraisals in military veterans. Traumatology, 23(4), 317.
  • Litz, B. T., Stein, N., Delaney, E., Lebowitz, L., Nash, W. P., Silva, C., & Maguen, S. (2009). Moral injury and moral repair in war veterans: A preliminary model and intervention strategy. Clinical Psychology Review, 29(8), 695–706.
  • Miller, S. C. (2009). Moral injury and relational harm: Analyzing rape in Darfur. Journal of Social Philosophy, 40(4), 504–523.
  • Mollica, R. F., Caspi-Yavin, Y., Bollini, P., Truong, T., Tor, S., & Lavelle, J. (1992). The Harvard trauma questionnaire: Validating a cross-cultural instrument for measuring torture, trauma, and posttraumatic stress disorder in Indochinese refugees. Journal of Nervous and Mental Disease, 180, 111–116.
  • Nash, W. P., Marino Carper, T. L., Mills, M. A., Au, T., Goldsmith, A., & Litz, B. T. (2013). Psychometric evaluation of the moral injury events scale. Military Medicine, 178(6), 646–652.
  • Nickerson, A., Bryant, R. A., Rosebrock, L., & Litz, B. T. (2014). The mechanisms of psychosocial injury following human rights violations, mass trauma, and torture. Clinical Psychology: Science and Practice, 21(2), 172–191.
  • Nickerson, A., Schnyder, U., Bryant, R. A., Schick, M., Mueller, J., & Morina, N. (2015). Moral injury in traumatized refugees. Psychotherapy and Psychosomatics, 84(2), 122–123.
  • Nylund, K. L., Asparouhov, T., & Muthén, B. O. (2007). Deciding on the number of classes in latent class analysis and growth mixture modeling: A Monte Carlo simulation study. Structural Equation Modeling, 14(4), 535–569.
  • Purcell, N., Burkman, K., Keyser, J., Fucella, P., & Maguen, S. (2018). Healing from moral injury: A qualitative evaluation of the impact of killing treatment for combat veterans. Journal of Aggression, Maltreatment & Trauma, 27(6), 645–673.
  • Rubin, D. B. (1996). Multiple imputation after 18+ years. Journal of the American Statistical Association, 91(434), 473–489.
  • Rubin, D. B. (2004). Multiple imputation for nonresponse in surveys (Vol. 81). Hoboken, NJ: John Wiley & Sons.
  • Schnyder, U., Müller, J., Morina, N., Schick, M., Bryant, R. A., & Nickerson, A. (2015). A comparison of DSM‐5 and DSM‐IV diagnostic criteria for posttraumatic stress disorder in traumatized refugees. Journal of Traumatic Stress, 28(4), 267–274.
  • Schweitzer, R., Melville, F., Steel, Z., & Lacherez, P. (2006). Trauma, post-migration living difficulties, and social support as predictors of psychological adjustment in resettled Sudanese refugees. Australian and New Zealand Journal of Psychiatry, 40(2), 179–187.
  • Shweder, R., Much, N., Mahapatra, M., & Park, L. (1997). Divinity and the “big three” explanations of suffering. Morality and Health, 119, 119–169.
  • Silove, D. (1999). The psychosocial effects of torture, mass human rights violations, and refugee trauma: Toward an integrated conceptual framework. The Journal of Nervous and Mental Disease, 187(4), 200–207.
  • Silove, D., Sinnerbrink, I., Field, A., Manicavasagar, V., & Steel, Z. (1997). Anxiety, depression and PTSD in asylum-seekers: Assocations with pre-migration trauma and post-migration stressors. The British Journal of Psychiatry, 170(4), 351–357.
  • Spitzer, R. L., Kroenke, K., & Williams, J. B. & Patient Health Questionnaire Primary Care Study Group. (1999). Validation and utility of a self-report version of PRIME-MD: The PHQ primary care study. Jama, 282(18), 1737–1744.
  • Steel, Z., Chey, T., Silove, D., Marnane, C., Bryant, R. A., & Van Ommeren, M. (2009). Association of torture and other potentially traumatic events with mental health outcomes among populations exposed to mass conflict and displacement: A systematic review and meta-analysis. Jama, 302(5), 537–549.
  • Steel, Z., Silove, D., Bird, K., McGorry, P., & Mohan, P. (1999). Pathways from war trauma to posttraumatic stress symptoms among Tamil asylum seekers, refugees, and immigrants. Journal of Traumatic Stress, 12(3), 421–435.
  • Steinmetz, S. E., & Gray, M. J. (2015). Treatment for distress associated with accurate appraisals of self-blame for moral transgressions. Current Psychiatry Reviews, 11(3), 207–219.
  • Stotz, S. J., Elbert, T., Müller, V., & Schauer, M. (2015). The relationship between trauma, shame, and guilt: Findings from a community-based study of refugee minors in Germany. European Journal of Psychotraumatology, 6(1), 25863.
  • Thabet, A. A. M., Abed, Y., & Vostanis, P. (2004). Comorbidity of PTSD and depression among refugee children during war conflict. Journal of Child Psychology and Psychiatry, 45(3), 533–542.
  • Vargas, A. F., Hanson, T., Kraus, D., Drescher, K., & Foy, D. (2013). Moral injury themes in combat veterans’ narrative responses from the National Vietnam Veterans’ readjustment study. Traumatology, 19(3), 243–250.
  • Vidal, M. E., & Petrak, J. (2007). Shame and adult sexual assault: A study with a group of female survivors recruited from an East London population. Sexual and Relationship Therapy, 22(2), 159–171.
  • White, I. R., Royston, P., & Wood, A. M. (2011). Multiple imputation using chained equations: Issues and guidance for practice. Statistics in Medicine, 30(4), 377–399.
  • World Health Organization. (n.d.) Process of translation and adaptation of instruments. Retrieved from http://www.who.int/substance_abuse/research_tools/translation/en/