References

• Als, L. C. , Nadel, S. , Cooper, M. , Vickers, B. , & Garralda, M. E. (2015). A supported psychoeducational intervention to improve family mental health following discharge from paediatric intensive care: Feasibility and pilot randomised controlled trial. BMJ Open , 5(suppl 12), e009581.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Andre, C. , Lelord, F. , Legeron, P. , Reignier, A. , & Delattre, A. (1997). Etude controlee sur l’efficacite a 6 mois d’une prise en charge precoce de 132 conducteurs d’autobus victims d’agression [Effectiveness of early intervention on 132 bus drivers victims of aggressions: A controlled trial]. L’Encephale , 23, 65–25.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Astill-Wright, L. , Sibrandij, M. , Sinnerton, R. , Lewis, C. , Roberts, N. P. , & Bisson, J. I. (in press). Pharmacological prevention and early treatment of post-traumatic stress disorder and acute stress disorder: a systematic review and meta-analysis. Translational Psychiatry
   Google Scholar
• Atwoli, L. , Stein, D. J. , Koenen, K. C. , & McLaughlin, K. A. (2015). Epidemiology of posttraumatic stress disorder: Prevalence, correlates and consequences. Current Opinion in Psychiatry , 28(4), 307–311.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Bastos, M. H. , Furuta, M. , Small, R. , McKenzie‐McHarg, K. , & Bick, D. (2015). Debriefing interventions for the prevention of psychological trauma in women following childbirth. Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews , 10(suppl 4), CD007194.
   Google Scholar
• Ben-Zion, Z. , Fine, N. B. , Keynan, N. J. , Admon, R. , Green, N. , Halevi, M. , & Shalev, A. Y. (2018). Cognitive flexibility predicts ptsd symptoms: Observational and interventional studies. Frontiers in Psychiatry , 9, 477.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Berger, W. , Coutinho, E. S. , Figueira, I. , Marques-Portella, C. , Luz, M. P. , Neylan, T. C. , & Mendlowicz, M. V. (2012). Rescuers at risk: A systematic review and meta-regression analysis of the worldwide current prevalence and correlates of PTSD in rescue workers. Social Psychiatry and Psychiatric Epidemiology , 47(suppl 6), 1001–1011.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Biggs, Q. M. , Fullerton, C. S. , McCarroll, J. E. , Liu, X. , Wang, L. , Dacuyan, N. M. , & Ursano, R. J. (2016). Early intervention for post-traumatic stress disorder, depression, and quality of life in mortuary affairs soldiers postdeployment. Military Medicine , 181(suppl 11), e1553–60.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Bisson, J. I. , Berliner, L. , Cloitre, M. , Forbes, D. , Jensen, T. K. , Lewis, C. , … Shapiro, F. (2019). The international society for traumatic stress studies new guidelines for the prevention and treatment of posttraumatic stress disorder: Methodology and development process. Journal of Traumatic Stress . doi:10.1002/jts.22421
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Bisson, J. I. , Roberts, N. P. , Andrew, M. , Cooper, R. , & Lewis, C. (2013). Psychological therapies for chronic post-traumatic stress disorder (PTSD) in adults (review). Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews , 12, CD003388.
   Google Scholar
• Bisson, J. I. , Shepherd, J. P. , Joy, D. , Probert, R. , & Newcombe, R. G. (2004). Early cognitive-behavioural therapy for post-traumatic stress symptoms after physical injury. British Journal of Psychiatry , 184, 63–69.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Borenstein, M. , Hedges, L. V. , Higgins, J. P. T. , & Rothstein, H. R. (2009). Introduction to meta-analysis . New York: John Wiley & Sons.
   Google Scholar
• Borghini, A. , Habersaat, S. , Forcada-Guex, M. , Nessi, J. , Pierrehumbert, B. , Ansermet, F. , & Müller-Nix, C. (2014). Effects of an early intervention on maternal post-traumatic stress symptoms and the quality of mother-infant interaction: The case of preterm birth. Infant Behavior and Development , 37(suppl 4), 624–631.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Brom, D. , Kleber, R. J. , & Hofman, M. (1993). Victims of traffic accidents: Incidence and prevention of post-traumatic stress disorder. Journal of Clinical Psychology , 49(suppl 2), 131–140.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Brunet, A. , Des Groseilliers, I. B. , Cordova, M. J. , & Ruzek, J. I. (2013). Randomized controlled trial of a brief dyadic cognitive-behavioral intervention designed to prevent PTSD. European Journal of Psychotraumatology , 26, 4.
   Google Scholar
• Brunet, A. , Monson, E. , Liu, A. , & Fikretoglu, D. (2015). Trauma exposure and posttraumatic stress disorder in the Canadian military. The Canadian Journal of Psychiatry , 60(suppl 11), 488–496.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Bryant, R. A. , Harvey, A. G. , Dang, S. T. , Sackville, S. T. , & Basten, C. (1998). Treatment of acute stress disorder: A comparison of cognitive-behavioral therapy and supportive counseling. Journal of Consulting and Clinical Psychology , 66(suppl 5), 862–866.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Bryant, R. A. , Mastrodomenico, J. , Felmingham, K. L. , Hopwood, S. , Kenny, L. , Kandris, E. , … Creamer, M. (2008). Treatment of acute stress disorder: A randomized controlled trial. Archives Of General Psychiatry , 65, 659–667.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Bryant, R. A. , Moulds, M. , Guthrie, R. , & Nixon, R. D. V. (2003). Treating acute stress disorder following mild traumatic brain injury. American Journal of Psychiatry , 160, 585–587.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Bryant, R. A. , Moulds, M. L. , Guthrie, R. M. , & Nixon, R. D. V. (2005). The additive benefit of hypnosis and cognitive-behavioral therapy in treating acute stress disorder. Journal of Consulting and Clinical Psychology , 73, 334–340.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Bryant, R. A. , Moulds, M. L. , Nixon, R. D. V. , Mastrodomenico, J. , Felmingham, K. , & Hopwood, S. (2006). Hypnotherapy and cognitive behaviour therapy of acute stress disorder: A 3 year follow-up. Behaviour Research and Therapy , 44, 1331–1335.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Bryant, R. A. , Moulds, M. L. , & Nixon, R. V. D. (2003). Cognitive behaviour therapy of acute stress disorder: A four-year follow-up. Behaviour Research and Therapy , 41, 489–494.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Bryant, R. A. , Sackville, T. , Dang, S. T. , Moulds, M. , & Guthrie, R. (1999). Treating acute stress disorder: An evaluation of cognitive behavior therapy and supportive counseling techniques. The American Journal of Psychiatry , 156(suppl 11), 1780–1786.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Bugg, A. , Turpin, G. , Mason, S. , & Scholes, C. (2009). A randomised controlled trial of the effectiveness of writing as a self-help intervention for traumatic injury patients at risk of developing post-traumatic stress disorder. Behaviour Research and Therapy , 47, 6–12.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Cernvall, M. , Carlbring, P. , Ljungman, L. , Ljungman, G. , & von Essen, L. (2015). Internet-based guided self-help for parents of children on cancer treatment: A randomized controlled trial. Psycho-oncology , 24(suppl 9), 1152–1158.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Cox, C. E. , Hough, C. L. , Carson, S. S. , White, D. B. , Kahn, J. M. , Olsen, M. K. , & Porter, L. S. (2018). Effects of a telephone- and web-based coping skills training program compared with an education program for survivors of critical illness and their family members a randomized clinical trial. American Journal of Respiratory and Critical Care Medicine , 197(suppl 1), 66–78.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Curtis, J. R. , Treece, P. D. , Nielsen, E. L. , Gold, J. , Ciechanowski, P. S. , Shannon, S. E. , & Engelberg, R. A. (2016). Randomized trial of communication facilitators to reduce family distress and intensity of end-of-life care. American Journal of Respiratory and Critical Care Medicine , 193(suppl 2), 154–162.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Dworkin, E. R. , Menon, S. V. , Bystrynski, J. , & Allen, N. E. (2017). Sexual assault victimization and psychopathology: A review and meta-analysis. Clinical Psychology Review , 56, 65–81.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Echeburua, E. , de Corral, P. , Sarasua, B. , & Zubizarreta, I. (1996). Treatment of acute posttraumatic stress disorder in rape victims: An experimental study. Journal of Anxiety Disorders , 10(suppl 3), 185–199.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Ehlers, A. , Clark, D. , Hackmann, A. , McManus, F. , Fennell, M. , Herbert, C. , & Mayou, R. (2003). A randomized controlled trial of cognitive therapy, a self-help booklet and repeated assessments as early interventions for posttraumatic stress disorder. Archives Of General Psychiatry , 60(suppl 10), 1024–1032.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Ferry, F. R. , Brady, S. E. , Bunting, B. P. , Murphy, S. D. , Bolton, D. , & O’Neill, S. M. (2015). The economic burden of PTSD in Northern Ireland. Journal of Traumatic Stress , 28(suppl 3), 191–197.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Fletcher, J. (2007). What is heterogeneity and is it important? BMJ , 334, 94–96.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Foa, E. B. , Zoellner, L. A. , & Feeny, N. C. (2006). An evaluation of three brief programs for facilitating recovery after assault. Journal of Traumatic Stress , 19(suppl 1), 29–43.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Forneris, C. A. , Gartlehner, G. , Brownley, K. A. , Gaynes, B. N. , Sonis, J. , Coker-Schwimmer, E. , … Lohr, K. N. (2013). Interventions to prevent post-traumatic stress disorder: A systematic review. American Journal of Preventive Medicine , 44(6), 635–650.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Freedman, S. (in press). Early telephone cognitive behavioral therapy (ET-CBT) for the prevention of PTSD. European Journal of Psychotraumatology.
   Google Scholar
• Freedman, S. (n.d.). Early intervention for preventing posttraumatic stress disorder: An internet based treatment . Manuscript in preparation.
   Google Scholar
• Freedman, S. A. , Dayan, E. , Kimelman, Y. B. , Weissman, H. , & Eitan, R. (2015). Early intervention for preventing posttraumatic stress disorder: An internet-based virtual reality treatment. European Journal of Psychotraumatology , 6 (1). doi:10.3402/ejpt.v6.25608
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Freyth, C. , Elsesser, K. , Lohrmann, T. , & Sartory, G. (2010). Effects of additional prolonged exposure to psychoeducation and relaxation in acute stress disorder. Journal of Anxiety Disorders , 24(suppl 8), 909–917.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Gamble, J. (2010). Do women who have experienced a traumatic birth and are provided with a midwife led counselling intervention compared with parenting support experience lower levels of postnatal distress? Australian New Zealand Trials Registry . Retrieved from https://www.anzctr.org.au/Trial/Registration/TrialReview.aspx?id=320476
   Google Scholar
• Gamble, J. , Creedy, D. , Moyle, W. , Webster, J. , McAllister, M. , & Dickson, P. (2005). Effectiveness of a counseling intervention after a traumatic childbirth: A randomized controlled trial. Birth , 32(suppl 1), 11–19.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Gidron, Y. , Gal, R. , Freedman, S. , Twiser, I. , Lauden, A. , Snir, Y. , & Benjamin, J. (2001). Translating research findings to PTSD prevention: Results of a randomized-controlled pilot study. Journal of Traumatic Stress , 14(suppl 4), 773–780.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Gidron, Y. , Gal, R. , Givati, G. , Lauden, A. , Snir, Y. , & Benjamin, J. (2007). Interactive effects of memory structuring and gender in preventing posttraumatic stress symptoms. The Journal of Nervous and Mental Disease , 195(suppl 2), 1–4.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Giummarra, M. J. , Lennox, A. , Dali, G. , Costa, B. , & Gabbe, B. J. (2018). Early psychological interventions for posttraumatic stress, depression and anxiety after traumatic injury: A systematic review and meta-analysis. Clinical Psychology Review , 62, 11–36.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Greenberg, P. E. , Sisitsky, T. , Kessler, R. C. , Finkelstein, S. N. , Berndt, E. R. , Davidson, J. R. T. , & Fyer, A. J. (1999). The economic burden of anxiety disorders in the 1990s. The Journal of Clinical Psychiatry , 60, 427–435.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Guyatt, G. H. , Oxman, A. D. , Schünemann, H. J. , Tugwell, P. , & Knottnerus, A. (2011). GRADE guidelines: A new series of articles in the Journal of Clinical Epidemiology. Journal of Clinical Epidemiology , 64(suppl 4), 380–382.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Guyatt, G. H. , Oxman, A. D. , Sultan, S. , Brozek, J. , Glasziou, P. , Alonso-Coello, P. , & Schünemann, H. J. (2013). GRADE guidelines: 11. Making an overall rating of confidence in effect estimates for a single outcome and for all outcomes. Journal of Clinical Epidemiology , 66(suppl2), 151–157.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Hewitt, C. , Hahn, S. , Torgerson, D. J. , Watson, J. , & Bland, J. M. (2005). Adequacy and reporting of allocation concealment: Review of recent trials published in four general medical journals. BMJ , 330(7499), 1057–1058.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Higgins, J. P. , Altman, D. G. , Gøtzsche, P. C. , Jüni, P. , Moher, D. , Oxman, A. D. , … Sterne, J. A. (2011). The Cochrane collaboration’s tool for assessing risk of bias in randomised trials. BMJ , 343, d5928.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Higgins, J. P. T. , & Green, S. (editors.). (2011). Cochrane handbook for systematic reviews of interventions version 5.1.0 . The Cochrane Collaboration. Retrieved from www.cochrane-handbook.org
   Google Scholar
• Holmes, A. , Hodgins, G. , Adey, S. , Menzel, S. , Danne, P. , Kossmann, T. , & Judd, F. (2007). Trial of interpersonal counselling after major physical trauma. Australian and New Zealand Journal of Psychiatry , 41(suppl 11), 926–933.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• International Society for Traumatic Stress Studies . (2018). Posttraumatic stress disorder prevention and treatment guidelines . Author. Retrieved from http://www.istss.org/treating-trauma/new-istss-guidelines.aspx
   Google Scholar
• Irvine, J. , Firestone, J. , Ong, L. , Cribbie, R. , Dorian, P. , Harris, L. , … Sears, S. (2011). A randomized controlled trial of cognitive behavior therapy tailored to psychological adaptation to an implantable cardioverter defibrillator. Psychosomatic Medicine , 73, 226–233.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Jarero, I. , Artigas, L. , & Luber, M. (2011). The EMDR protocol for recent critical incidents: Application in a disaster mental health continuum of care context. Journal of EMDR Practice and Research , 5, 82–94.
   Google Scholar
• Jarero, I. , Uribe, S. , Artigas, L. , & Givaudan, M. (2015). EMDR protocol for recent critical incidents: A randomized controlled trial in a technological disaster context. Journal of EMDR Practice and Research , 9, 166–173.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Jensen, J. F. , Egerod, I. , Bestle, M. H. , Christensen, D. F. , Elklit, A. , Hansen, R. L. , … Overgaard, D. (2016). A recovery program to improve quality of life, sense of coherence and psychological health in ICU survivors: A multicenter randomized controlled trial, the RAPIT study. Intensive Care Medicine , 42(suppl 11), 1733–1743.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Jones, C. , Bäckman, C. , Capuzzo, M. , Egerod, I. , Flaatten, H. , Granja, C. , … RACHEL Group, T. (2010). Intensive care diaries reduce new onset post traumatic stress disorder following critical illness: A randomised, controlled trial. Critical Care , 14(suppl 5), R168.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Kazak, A. E. , Simms, S. , Alderfer, M. A. , Rourke, M. T. , Crump, T. , McClure, K. , … Reilly, A. (2005). Feasibility and preliminary outcomes from a pilot study of a brief psychological intervention for families of children newly diagnosed with cancer. Journal of Pediatric Psychology , 30(suppl 8), 644–655.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Kearns, M. C. , Ressler, K. J. , Zatzick, D. , & Rothbaum, B. O. (2012). Early interventions for PTSD: A review. Depression and Anxiety , 29(suppl 10), 833–842.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Kessler, R. , Sonnega, A. , Bromet, E. , Hughes, M. , & Nelson, C. B. (1995). Posttraumatic stress disorder in the national comorbidity survey. Archives Of General Psychiatry , 52, 1048–1060.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Kessler, R. C. , Aguilar-Gaxiola, S. , Alonso, J. , Benjet, C. , Bromet, E. J. , Cardoso, G. , … Koenen, K. C. (2017). Trauma and PTSD in the WHO world mental health surveys. European Journal of Psychotraumatology , 8(sup5), 1353383.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Langendam, M. W. , Akl, E. A. , Dahm, P. , Glasziou, P. , Guyatt, G. , & Schünemann, H. J. (2013). Assessing and presenting summaries of evidence in Cochrane reviews. Systematic Reviews , 23(2), 81.
   Google Scholar
• Lindwall, J. J. , Russell, K. , Huang, Q. , Zhang, H. , Vannatta, K. , Barrera, M. , … Phipps, S. (2014). Adjustment in parents of children undergoing stem cell transplantation. Biology of Blood and Marrow Transplantation , 20(suppl 4), 543–548.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Lowe, S. R. , & Galea, S. (2017). The mental health consequences of mass shootings. Trauma, Violence, & Abuse , 18(suppl 1), 62–82.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Marchand, A. , Guay, S. , Boyer, R. , Iucci, S. , Martin, A. , & St-Hilaire, M.-H. (2006). A randomized controlled trial of an adapted form of individual critical incident stress debriefing for victims of an armed robbery. Brief Treatment and Crisis Intervention , 6(suppl 2), 122–129.
   Google Scholar
• McFarlane, A. C. (2010). The long-term costs of traumatic stress: Intertwined physical and psychological consequences. World Psychiatry : Official Journal of the World Psychiatric Association (WPA) , 9(suppl 1), 3–10.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• McNally, R. J. , Bryant, R. A. , & Ehlers, A. (2003). Does early psychological intervention promote recovery from posttraumatic stress disorder? Psychological Science in the Public Interest , 4(suppl 2), 45–79.
   Google Scholar
• Mouthaan, J. , Sijbrandij, M. , de Vries, G. J. , Reitsma, J. B. , van de Schoot, R. , Goslings, J. C. , … Olff, M. (2013). Internet-based early intervention to prevent posttraumatic stress disorder in injury patients: Randomized controlled trial. Journal of Medical Internet Research , 15(suppl 8), e165.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• National Collaborating Centre for Mental Health . (2005). Post-traumatic stress disorder: The management of PTSD in adults and children in primary and secondary care . London: Gaskell.
   Google Scholar
• National Institute for Health and Care Excellence . (2018). Evidence reviews for psychological, psychosocial and other non-pharmacological interventions for the prevention of PTSD in adults: NICE guideline NG116. Retrieved from https://www.nice.org.uk/guidance/ng116
   Google Scholar
• Neria, Y. , Nandi, A. , & Galea, S. (2008). Post-traumatic stress disorder following disasters: A systematic review. Psychological Medicine , 38(suppl 4), 467–480.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Nixon, R. D. V. (2012). Cognitive processing therapy versus supportive counseling for acute stress disorder following assault: A randomized pilot trial. Behavior Therapy , 43(suppl 4), 825–836.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Nixon, R. D. V. , Best, T. , Wilksch, S. R. , Angelakis, S. , Beatty, L. J. , & Weber, N. (2016). Cognitive processing therapy for the treatment of acute stress disorder following sexual assault: A randomised effectiveness study. Behaviour Change , 33(suppl 4), 232–250.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• O’Donnell, M. , Lau, W. , Howard, A. , Alkemade, N. , Fletcher, S, Holmes, A., … Forbes, D. (n.d.). The efficacy of telephone delivered cognitive behavioural therapy as an early intervention for high anxiety and affective symptoms after injury . Draft manuscript.
   Google Scholar
• O’Donnell, M. L. , Lau, W. , Tipping, S. , Holmes, A. C. , Ellen, S. , Judson, R. , … Forbes, D. (2012). Stepped early psychological intervention for posttraumatic stress disorder, other anxiety disorders, and depression following serious injury. Journal of Traumatic Stress , 25(suppl 2), 125–133.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Öst, L. , Paunovic, N. , & Gillow, A. (n.d.). Cognitive-behavior therapy in the prevention of chronic PTSD in crime victims . Unpublished.
   Google Scholar
• Review Manager (RevMan) [ Computer program]. (2014). Version 5.3. Copenhagen: The Nordic Cochrane Centre, The Cochrane Collaboration.
   Google Scholar
• Roberts, N. P. , Kitchiner, N. J. , Kenardy, J. , & Bisson, J. I. (2009). Systematic review and meta-analysis of multiple session early interventions following traumatic events. American Journal of Psychiatry , 166(suppl 3), 293–301.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Rose, S. C. , Bisson, J. , Churchill, R. , & Wessely, S. (2002). Psychological debriefing for preventing post traumatic stress disorder (PTSD). Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews , (2), CD000560.
   Google Scholar
• Rothbaum, B. O. , Kearns, M. C. , Price, M. , Malcoun, E. , Davis, M. , Ressler, K. J. , … Houry, D. (2012). Early intervention may prevent the development of posttraumatic stress disorder: A randomized pilot civilian study with modified prolonged exposure. Biological Psychiatry , 72(suppl 11), 957–963.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Ryding, E. , Wijma, K. , & Wijma, B. (1998). Postpartum counselling after an emergency cesarean. Clinical Psychology & Psychotherapy , 5, 231–237.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Ryding, E. , Wiren, E. , Johansson, G. , Ceder, B. , & Dahlstrom, A.-M. (2004). Group counseling for mothers after emergency cesarean section: A randomized controlled trial of intervention. Birth , 31(suppl 4), 247–253.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Santiago, P. N. , Ursano, R. J. , Gray, C. L. , Pynoos, R. S. , Spiegel, D. , Lewis-Fernandez, R. , … Coyne, J. (2013). A systematic review of PTSD prevalence and trajectories in DSM-5 defined trauma exposed populations: Intentional and non-intentional traumatic events. PLoS One , 8(4), e59236.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Shalev, A. Y. , Ankri, Y. , Gilad, M. , Israeli-Shalev, Y. , Adessky, R. , Qian, M. , & Freedman, S. (2016). Long-term outcome of early interventions to prevent posttraumatic stress disorder. Journal of Clinical Psychiatry , 77(suppl 5), e580–587.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Shalev, A. Y. , Ankri, Y. , Israeli-Shalev, Y. , Peleg, T. , Adessky, R. , & Freedman, S. (2012). Prevention of posttraumatic stress disorder by early treatment: Results from the Jerusalem trauma outreach and prevention study. Archives Of General Psychiatry , 69(suppl 2), 166–176.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Shalev, A. Y. , Gevonden, M. , Ratanatharathorn, A. , Laska, E. , van der Mei, W. F. , Qi, W. , & Koenen, K. C. (2019). Estimating the risk of PTSD in recent trauma survivors: Results of the international consortium to predict PTSD (ICPP). World Psychiatry : Official Journal of the World Psychiatric Association (WPA) , 18(1), 77–87.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Shapiro, E. , & Laub, B. (2015). Early EMDR intervention following a community critical incident: A randomized controlled trial. Journal of EMDR Practice and Research , 9, 17–27.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Shapiro, E. , Laub, B. , & Rosenblat, O. (2018). Early EMDR intervention following intense rocket attacks on a town: A randomised clinical trial. Clinical Neuropsychiatry , 15(suppl 3), 194–205.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Shaw, R. J. , St John, N. , Lilo, E. A. , Jo, B. , Benitz, W. , Stevenson, D. K. , & Horwitz, S. M. (2013). Prevention of traumatic stress in mothers with preterm infants: A randomized controlled trial. Pediatrics , 132(suppl 4), e886–894.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Sijbrandij, M. , Olff, M. , Reitsma, J. , Carlier, I. V. E. , de Vries, M. H. , & Gersons, B. P. R. (2007). Treatment of acute posttraumatic stress disorder with brief cognitive behavioral therapy: A randomized controlled trial. American Journal of Psychiatry , 164, 82–90.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Skogstad, L. , Hem, E. , Sandvik, L. , & Ekeberg, O. (2015). Nurse-led psychological intervention after physical traumas: A randomized controlled trial. Clinical Medicine & Research , 7(suppl 5), 339–347.
   Google Scholar
• Taghizadeh, Z. , Jafarbegloo, M. , Arbabi, M. , & Faghihzadeh, S. (2008). The effect of counseling on post traumatic stress disorder after a traumatic childbirth. Hayat: Faculty of Nursing & Midwifery Quarterly , 13(suppl 4), 23–31.
   Google Scholar
• van Emmerik, A. A. P. , Kamphuis, J. H. , & Emmelkamp, P. M. G. (2008). Treating acute stress disorder and posttraumatic stress disorder with cognitive behavioral therapy or structured writing therapy: A randomized controlled trial. Psychotherapy and Psychosomatics , 77(suppl 2), 93–100.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Wagner, A. W. , Zatzick, D. F. , Ghesquiere, A. , & Jurkovich, G. J. (2007). Behavioral activation as an early intervention for posttraumatic stress disorder and depression among physically injured trauma survivors. Cognitive and Behavioral Practice , 14, 341–349.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Wang, X. , Lan, C. , Chen, J. , Wang, W. , Zhang, H. , & Li, L. (2015). Creative arts program as an intervention for PTSD: A randomized clinical trial with motor vehicle accident survivors. International Journal of Clinical and Experimental Medicine , 8(suppl 8), 13585–13591.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Wijesinghe, C. A. , Williams, S. S. , Kasturiratne, A. , Dolawaththa, N. , Wimalaratne, P. , Wijewickrema, B. , … Franco-Paredes, C. (2015). A randomized controlled trial of a brief intervention for delayed psychological effects in snakebite victims. PLOS Neglected Tropical Diseases , 9(suppl 8), e0003989.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Wu, K. K. , Li, F. W. , & Cho, V. W. (2014). A randomized controlled trial of the effectiveness of brief-CBT for patients with symptoms of posttraumatic stress following a motor vehicle crash. Behavioural and Cognitive Psychotherapy , 42(suppl 1), 31–47.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Zatzick, D. , Jurkovich, G. , Rivara, F. P. , Russo, J. , Wagner, A. , Wang, J. , … Katon, W. (2013). A randomized stepped care intervention trial targeting posttraumatic stress disorder for surgically hospitalized injury survivors. Annals of Surgery , 257(suppl 3), 390–399.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Zatzick, D. , O’Connor, S. S. , Russo, J. , Wang, J. , Bush, N. , Love, J. , … Van Eaton, E. (2015). Technology-enhanced stepped collaborative care targeting posttraumatic stress disorder and comorbidity after injury: A randomized controlled trial. Journal of Traumatic Stress , 28(suppl 5), 391–400.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Zatzick, D. , Roy-Byrne, P. , Russo, J. , Rivara, F. , Droesch, R. , Wagner, A. , … Katon, W. (2004). A randomized effectiveness trial of stepped collaborative care for acutely injured trauma survivors. Archives Of General Psychiatry , 61(suppl 5), 498–506.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Zatzick, D. , Roy-Byrne, P. , Russo, J. E. , Rivara, F. P. , Koike, A. , Jurkovich, G. J. , & Katon, W. (2001). Collaborative interventions for physically injured trauma survivors: A pilot randomized effectiveness trial. General Hospital Psychiatry , 23(suppl 3), 114–123.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Zatzick, D. F. , Koepsell, T. , & Rivara, F. P. (2009). Using target population specification, effect size, and reach to estimate and compare the population impact of two PTSD preventive interventions. Psychiatry: Interpersonal and Biological Processes , 72(4), 346–359.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar