6,525
Views
19
CrossRef citations to date
0
Altmetric
Clinical Research Article

Complex trauma, PTSD and complex PTSD in African refugees

Trauma complejo, TEPT y TEPT complejo en refugiados africanos

非洲难民的复杂性创伤, PTSD 和复杂性 PTSD

, , , , , , , & show all
Article: 1700621 | Received 16 Jul 2019, Accepted 22 Nov 2019, Published online: 10 Dec 2019

References

  • Akaike, H. (1987). Factor analysis and AIC. Psychometrika, 52, 317–332.
  • American Psychiatric Association. (2013). Diagnostic and statistical manual of mental disorders (5th ed.). Arlington, VA: American Psychiatric Publishing.
  • Bachar, E., Hadar, H., & Shalev, A. Y. (2005). Narcissistic vulnerability and the development of PTSD: A prospective study. The Journal of Nervous and Mental Disease, 193, 762–15.
  • Ben-Ezra, M., Karatzias, T., Hyland, P., Brewin, C. R., Cloitre, M., Bisson, J. I., … Shevlin, M. (2018). Posttraumatic stress disorder (PTSD) and complex PTSD (CPTSD) as per ICD-11 proposals: A population study in Israel. Depression and Anxiety, 35(3), 264–274.
  • Böttche, M., Ehring, T., Krüger-Gottschalk, A., Rau, H., Schäfer, I., Schellong, J., … Knaevelsrud, C. (2018). Testing the ICD-11 proposal for complex PTSD in trauma-exposed adults: Factor structure and symptom profiles. European Journal of Psychotraumatology, 9(1), 1512264.
  • Brewin, C. R., Cloitre, M., Hyland, P., Shevlin, M., Maercker, A., Bryant, R. A., … Reed, G. M. (2017). A review of current evidence regarding the ICD-11 proposals for diagnosing PTSD and complex PTSD. Clinical Psychology Review, 58, 1–15.
  • Bryant, R. A. (2012). Simplifying complex PTSD: Comment on Resick et al. (2012). Journal of Traumatic Stress, 25(3), discussion on 260–3.
  • Christiansen, D. M., Hansen, M., & Elklit, A. (2014). Correlates of coping styles in an adolescent trauma sample. Journal of Child & Adolescent Trauma, 7(2), 75–85.
  • Cloitre, M. (2016). Commentary on De Jongh et al. (2016) critique of ISTSS complex PTSD guidelines: Finding the way forward. Depression and Anxiety, 33(5), 355–356.
  • Cloitre, M., Garvert, D. W., Brewin, C. R., Bryant, R. A., & Maercker, A. (2013). Evidence for proposed ICD-11 PTSD and complex PTSD: A latent profile analysis. European Journal of Psychotraumatology, 4, 20706.
  • Cloitre, M., Garvert, D. W., Weiss, B., Carlson, E. B., & Bryant, R. A. (2014). Distinguishing PTSD, complex PTSD, and borderline personality disorder: A latent class analysis. European Journal of Psychotraumatology, 5, 25097.
  • Cloitre, M., Roberts, N. P., Bisson, J. I., & Brewin, C. R. (2015). The International Trauma Questionnaire (ITQ). Unpublished Measure.
  • de Jong, J. T., Komproe, I. H., Spinazzola, J., van der Kolk, B. A., & van Ommeren, M. H. (2005). DESNOS in three postconflict settings: Assessing cross-cultural construct equivalence. Journal of Traumatic Stress, 18(1), 13–21.
  • Eidhof, M. B., Djelantik, A. A. A. M. J., Klaassens, E. R., Kantor, V., Rittmansberger, D., Sleijpen, M., … Ter Heide, F. J. J. (2019). Complex posttraumatic stress disorder in patients exposed to emotional neglect and traumatic events: Latent class analysis. Journal of Traumatic Stress, 32(1), 23–31.
  • Elklit, A., Hyland, P., & Shevlin, M. (2014). Evidence of symptom profiles consistent with posttraumatic stress disorder and complex posttraumatic stress disorder in different trauma samples. European Journal of Psychotraumatology, 5, 24221.
  • Foa, E. B. (1996). Posttraumatic diagnostic scale manual. Minneapolis, MN: National Computer Systems.
  • Foa, E. B., Cashman, L., Jaycox, L., & Perry, K. (1997). The validation of a self-report measure of posttraumatic stress disorder: The posttraumatic diagnostic scale. Psychological Assessment, 9(4), 445–451.
  • Frost, R., Hyland, P., McCarthy, A., Halpin, R., Shevlin, M., & Murphy, J. (2019). The complexity of trauma exposure and response: Profiling PTSD and CPTSD among a refugeesample. Psychological Trauma: Theory, Research, Practice, and Policy, 11(2), 165–175.
  • Glück, T. M., Knefel, M., Tran, U. S., & Lueger-Schuster, B. (2016). PTSD in ICD-10 and proposed ICD-11 in elderly with childhood trauma: Prevalence, factorstructure, and symptom profiles. European Journal of Psychotraumatology, 7, 29700.
  • Gunderson, J. G., & Sabo, A. N. (1993). The phenomenological and conceptual interface between borderline personality disorder and PTSD. American Journal of Psychiatry, 150, 19–27.
  • Hecker, T., Huber, S., Maier, T., & Maercker, A. (2018, December). Differential associations among PTSD and complex PTSD symptoms and traumatic experiences and postmigration difficulties in a culturally diverse refugee sample. Journal of Traumatic Stress, 31(6), 795–804.
  • Herman, J. L. (1992). Complex PTSD: A syndrome in survivors of prolonged and repeated trauma. Journal of Traumatic Stress, 5, 377–391.
  • Hyland, P., Ceannt, R., Daccache, F., Abou Daher, R., Sleiman, J., Gilmore, B., … Vallières, F. (2018). Are posttraumatic stress disorder (PTSD) and complex-PTSD distinguishable within a treatment-seeking sample of Syrian refugees living in Lebanon? Global Mental Health, 5(e14), 1–9.
  • Hyland, P., Murphy, J., Shevlin, M., Vallières, F., McElroy, E., Elklit, A., … Cloitre, M. (2017b). Variation in post-traumatic response: The role of trauma type in predicting ICD-11 PTSD and CPTSD symptoms. Social Psychiatry and Psychiatric Epidemiology, 52(6), 727–736.
  • Hyland, P., Shevlin, M., Elklit, A., Murphy, J., Vallières, F., Garvert, D. W., & Cloitre, M. (2017a). An assessment of the construct validity of the ICD-11 proposal for complex posttraumatic stress disorder. Psychological Trauma: Theory, Research, Practice, and Policy, 9(1), 1–9.
  • Hyland, P., Shevlin, M., McNally, S., Murphy, J., Hansen, M., & Elklit, A. (2016). Exploring differences between the ICD-11 and DSM-5 models of PTSD: Does it matter which model is used? Journal of Anxiety Disorders, 37, 48–53.
  • Karatzias, T., Shevlin, M., Fyvie, C., Hyland, P., Efthymiadou, E., Wilson, D., … Cloitre, M. (2016). An initial psychometric assessment of an ICD-11 based measure of PTSD and complex PTSD (ICD-TQ): Evidence of construct validity. Journal of Anxiety Disorders, 44, 73–79.
  • Karatzias, T., Shevlin, M., Fyvie, C., Hyland, P., Efthymiadou, E., Wilson, D., … Cloitre, M. (2017). Evidence of distinct profiles of posttraumatic stress disorder (PTSD) and complex posttraumatic stress disorder (CPTSD) based on the new ICD-11 Trauma Questionnaire (ICD-TQ). Journal of Affective Disorders, 207, 181–187.
  • Knefel, M., Garvert, D. W., Cloitre, M., & Lueger-Schuster, B. (2015). Update to an evaluation of ICD-11 PTSD and complex PTSD criteria in a sample of adult survivors of childhood institutional abuse by Knefel & Lueger-Schuster (2013): A latent profile analysis. European Journal of Psychotraumatology, 6, 25290.
  • Kolassa, I. T., Ertl, V., Eckart, C., Kolassa, S., Onyut, L. P., & Elbert, T. (2010). Spontaneous remission from PTSD depends on the number of traumatic event types experienced. Psychological Trauma: Theory, Research, Practice, and Policy, 2, 169–174.
  • Maercker, A., Brewin, C. R., Bryant, R. A., Cloitre, M., Reed, G. M., Van Ommeren, M., … Saxena, S. (2013a). Proposals for mental disorders specifically associated with stress in the international classification of diseases-11. The Lancet, 381(9878), 1683–1685.
  • Maercker, A., Brewin, C. R., Bryant, R. A., Cloitre, M., Van Ommeren, M., Jones, L. M., … Reed, G. M. (2013b). Diagnosis and classification of disorders specifically associated with stress: Proposals for ICD-11. World Psychiatry, 12(3), 198–206.
  • Marzillier, S. L., & Steel, C. (2007). Positive schizotypy and trauma-related intrusions. The Journal of Nervous and Mental Disease, 195, 60–64.
  • Medici per i Diritti Umani. (2017). Esodi web map. Retrieved from http://esodi.mediciperidirittiumani.org
  • Mollica, R. F., Caspi-Yavin, Y., Bollini, P., Truong, T., Tor, S., & Lavelle, J. (1992). The Harvard Trauma Questionnaire. Validating a cross-cultural instrument for measuring torture, trauma, and posttraumatic stress disorder in Indochinese refugees. The Journal of Nervous and Mental Disease, 180(2), 111–116.
  • Morina, N., & Ford, J. D. (2008). Complex sequelae of psychological trauma among Kosovar civilian war victims. International Journal of Social Psychiatry, 54(5), 425–436.
  • Morina, N., van Emmerik, A. A., Andrews, B., & Brewin, C. R. (2014). Comparison of DSM--IV and proposed ICD-11 formulations of PTSD among civilian survivors of war and war veterans. Journal of Traumatic Stress, 27(6), 647–54.
  • Murphy, S., Elklit, A., Dokkedahl, S., & Shevlin, M. (2016). Testing the validity of the proposed ICD-11 PTSD and complex PTSD criteria using a sample from Northern Uganda. European Journal of Psychotraumatology, 7, 32678.
  • Nante, N., Gialluca, L., De Corso, M., Troiano, G., Verzuri, A., & Messina, G. (2016). Quality of life in refugees and asylum seekers in italy: A pilot study. Ann Ist Super Sanità, 52(3), 424–427.
  • Neugebauer, R., Fisher, P. W., Turner, J. B., Yamabe, S., Sarsfield, J. A., & Stehling-Ariza, T. (2009). Posttraumatic stress reactions among Rwandan children and adolescents in the early aftermath of genocide. International Journal of Epidemiology, 38(4), 1033–1045.
  • Nickerson, A., Bryant, R. A., Rosebrock, L., & Litz, B. T. (2014). The mechanisms of psychosocial injury following human rights violations, mass trauma and torture. Clinical Psychology: Science and Practice, 21, 172–191.
  • Nickerson, A., Cloitre, M., Bryant, R. A., Schnyder, U., Morina, N., & Schick, M. (2016). The factor structure of complex posttraumatic stress disorder in traumatized refugees. European Journal of Psychotraumatology, 7, 33253.
  • Ortensi, L. E. (2015). The integration of Forced migrants into the italian labor market. Journal of Immigrant & Refugee Studies, 13(2), 179–199.
  • Palic, S., & Elklit, A. (2014). Personality dysfunction and complex posttraumatic stress disorder among chronically traumatized Bosnian refugees. The Journal of Nervous and Mental Disease, 202(2), 111–118.
  • Palic, S., Zerach, G., Shevlin, M., Zeligman, Z., Elklit, A., & Solomon, Z. (2016). Evidence of complex posttraumatic stress disorder (CPTSD) across populations with prolonged trauma of varying interpersonal intensity and ages of exposure. Psychiatry Research, 246, 692–699.
  • Perkonigg, A., Hofler, M., Cloitre, M., Wittchen, H. U., Trautmann, S., & Maercker, A. (2016). Evidence for two different ICD-11 posttraumatic stress disorders in a community sample of adolescents and young adults. European Archives of Psychiatry and Clinical Neurosciences, 266(4), 317–328.
  • Resick, P. A., Bovin, M. J., Calloway, A. L., Dick, A. M., King, M. W., Mitchell, K. S., … Wolf, E. J. (2012). A critical evaluation of the complex PTSD literature: Implications for DSM-5. Journal of Traumatic Stress, 25(3), 241–251.
  • Sachser, C., Keller, F., & Goldbeck, L. (2017). Complex PTSD as proposed for ICD-11: Validation of a new disorder in children and adolescents and their response to trauma-focused cognitive behavioral therapy. Journal of Child Psychology and Psychiatry, 58(2), 160–168.
  • Schnyder, U., Muller, J., Morina, N., Schick, M., Bryant, R. A., & Nickerson, A. (2015). A comparison of DSM-5 and DSM-IV diagnostic criteria for posttraumatic stress disorder in traumatized refugees. Journal of Traumatic Stress, 28(4), 267–274.
  • Schwarz, G. (1978). Estimating the dimension of a model. The Annals of Statistics, 6(2),461–464.
  • Silove, D., Tay, A. K., Kareth, M., & Rees, S. (2017). The relationship of complex post-traumatic stress disorder and post-traumatic stress disorder in a culturally distinct, conflict-affected population: A study among West Papuan refugees displaced to Papua New Guinea. Frontiers in Psychiatry, 8, 73.
  • Stammel, N., Abbing, E. M., Heeke, C., & Knaevelsrud, C. (2015). Applicability of the ICD-11 proposal for PTSD: A comparison of prevalence and comorbidity rates with the DSM-IV PTSD classification in two post-conflict samples. European Journal of Psychotraumatology,. doi:10.3402/ejpt.v6.27070
  • Steel, Z., Chey, T., Silove, D. M., Marnane, C., Bryant, R. A., & Van Ommeren, M. H. (2009). Association of torture and other potentially traumatic events with mental health outcomes among populations exposed to mass conflict and displacement: A systematic review and meta-analysis. JAMA, 302, 537–549.
  • Tay, A. K., Rees, S., Chen, J., Kareth, M., & Silove, D. (2015). The structure of post-traumatic stress disorder and complex posttraumatic stress disorder amongst West Papuan refugees. BMC Psychiatry, 15, 111.
  • Teegen, F., & Vogt, S. (2002). Erlebende von Folter: Eine Studie zu komplexen posttraumatischen Belastungssto¨rungen [Torture survivors: A study of complex posttraumatic stress disorder]. Verhaltenstherapie Und Verhaltensmedizin, 23(1), 91–106.
  • Teodorescu, D.-S., Heir, T., Hauff, E., Wentzel-Larsen, T., & Lien, L. (2012). Mental health problems and post-migration stress among multi-traumatized refugees attending outpatient clinics upon resettlement to Norway. Scandinavian Journal of Psychology, 53, 316–332.
  • Ter Heide, F. J. J., Mooren, T. M., & Kleber, R. J. (2016). Complex PTSD and phased treatment in refugees: A debate piece. European Journal of Psychotraumatology, 7, 28687.
  • UNHCR. (2019). Retrieved from http://data2.unhcr.org/en/situations/mediterranean
  • Vallières, F., Ceannt, R., Daccache, F., Abou Daher, R., Sleiman, J., Gilmore, B., … Hyland, P. (2018). ICD-11 PTSD and complex PTSD amongst Syrian refugees in Lebanon: The factor structure and the clinical utility of the International Trauma Questionnaire. Acta Psychiatrica Scandinavica, 138(6), 547–557.
  • Weathers, F. W., Litz, B. T., Keane, T. M., Palmieri, P. A., Marx, B. P., & Schnurr, P. P. (2013). The PTSD checklist for DSM-5 (PCL-5). Scale available from the National Center for PTSD.
  • Wolf, E. J., Miller, M. W., Kilpatrick, D., Resnick, H. S., Badour, C. L., Marx, B. P., … Friedman, M. J. (2015). ICD-11 complex PTSD in US national and veteran samples: Prevalence and structural associations with PTSD. Clinical Psychological Science, 3(2), 215–229.
  • World Health Organization. (2018). International classification of diseases for mortality and morbidity statistics. 11th revision. Draft.
  • Zerach, G., Shevlin, M., Cloitre, M., & Solomon, Z. (2019). Complex posttraumatic stress disorder (CPTSD) following captivity: A 24-year longitudinal study. European Journal of Psychotraumatology, 10(1), 1616488.