15,237
Views
12
CrossRef citations to date
0
Altmetric
Research Article

Sleep, trauma, fantasy and cognition in dissociative identity disorder, post-traumatic stress disorder and healthy controls: a replication and extension study

Sueño, trauma, fantasía y cognición en el trastorno de identidad disociativo, trastorno de estrés postraumático y controles sanos. Un estudio de replicación y extensión.

分离性身份障碍,创伤后应激障碍和健康对照者的睡眠、创伤、幻想和认知:一项重复和拓展研究

ORCID Icon, ORCID Icon, , ORCID Icon, &
Article: 1705599 | Received 15 Aug 2019, Accepted 13 Nov 2019, Published online: 13 Jan 2020

References

  • Agargun, M. Y., Kara, H., Özer, Ö. A., Selvi, Y., Kiran, Ü., & Kiran, S. (2003). Nightmares and dissociative experiences: The key role of childhood traumatic events. Psychiatry and Clinical Neurosciences, 57, 139–11.
  • American Psychiatric Association. (2013). Diagnostic and statistical manual of mental disorders, 5th edition (DSM-5). The Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders 4th Ed TR, 280. doi:10.1176/appi.books.9780890425596.744053
  • Anderson, K. N., & Bradley, A. J. (2013). Sleep disturbance in mental health problems and neurodegenerative disease. Nature and Science of Sleep, 5, 61–75.
  • Arntz, A., & Wessel, I. (1996). Jeugd trauma vragenlijst [Dutch version of the childhood trauma questionnaire]. Maastricht, the Netherlands: Arntz & Wessel.
  • Bernstein, D. P., Fink, L., Handelsman, L., Foote, J., Lovejoy, M., Wenzel, K., … Ruggiero, J. (1994). Initial reliability and validity of a new retrospective measure of child abuse and neglect. The American Journal of Psychiatry, 151.
  • Bernstein, D. P., Stein, J. A., Newcomb, M. D., Walker, E., Pogge, D., Ahluvalia, T., … Zule, W. (2003). Development and validation of a brief screening version of the childhood trauma questionnaire. Child Abuse & Neglect, 27, 169–190.
  • Bernstein, E. M., & Putnam, F. W. (1986). Development, reliability, and validity of a dissociation Scale. The Journal of Nervous and Mental Disease, 174, 115–167.
  • Boon, S., & Draijer, N. (1993). Multiple personality disorder in The Netherlands: A clinical investigation of 71 patients. The American Journal of Psychiatry, 150, 489–494.
  • Brand, B., Dalenberg, C., Frewen, P., Loewenstein, R., Schielke, H., Brams, J., & Spiegel, D. (2018). Trauma-Related dissociation is no fantasy: Addressing the errors of omission and commission in Merckelbach and Patihis. Psychological Injury and Law, 11, 377–393.
  • Brand, B. L., Classen, C. C., Lanins, R., Loewenstein, R. J., McNary, S. W., Pain, C., & Putnam, F. (2009). A naturalistic study of dissociative identity disorder and dissociative disorder not otherwise specified patients treated by community clinicians. Psychological Trauma: Theory, Research, Practice, and Policy, 1, 153–171.
  • Brand, B. L., Sar, V., Stavropoulos, P., Krüger, C., Korzekwa, M., Martínez-Taboas, A., & Middleton, W. (2016). Separating fact from fiction. Harvard Review of Psychiatry, 24, 257–270.
  • Brand, B. L., Vissia, E. M., Chalavi, S., Nijenhuis, E. R. S., Webermann, A. R., Draijer, N., & Reinders, A. A. T. S. (2016). DID is trauma based: Further evidence supporting the trauma model of DID. Acta Psychiatrica Scandinavica, 134, 560–563.
  • Brewin, C. R., Ma, B. Y. T., & Colson, J. (2013). Effects of experimentally induced dissociation on attention and memory. Consciousness and Cognition, 22, 315–323.
  • Buysse, D. J., Reynolds, C. F., 3rd, Monk, T. H., Berman, S. R., & Kupfer, D. J. (1989). The Pittsburgh sleep quality index: A new instrument for psychiatric practice and research. Psychiatry Research, 28, 193–213.
  • Bernstein, E. M., & Putnam, F. W. (1986). Development, reliability and validity of a dissociation scale. The Journal of Nervous and Mental Disease, 174(12), 727–735.
  • Chalavi, S., Vissia, E. M., Giesen, M. E., Nijenhuis, E. R. S., Draijer, N., Barker, G. J., & Reinders, A. A. T. S. (2015a). Similar cortical but not subcortical gray matter abnormalities in women with posttraumatic stress disorder with versus without dissociative identity disorder. Psychiatry Research: Neuroimaging, 231, 308–319.
  • Chalavi, S., Vissia, E. M., Giesen, M. E., Nijenhuis, E. R. S., Draijer, N., Cole, J. H., … Reinders, A. A. T. S. (2015b). Abnormal hippocampal morphology in dissociative identity disorder and post-traumatic stress disorder correlates with childhood trauma and dissociative symptoms. Human Brain Mapping, 36, 1692–1704.
  • Dalenberg, C. J., Brand, B. L., Gleaves, D. H., Dorahy, M. J., Loewenstein, R. J., Cardeña, E., & Spiegel, D. (2012). Evaluation of the evidence for the trauma and fantasy models of dissociation. Psychological Bulletin, 138, 550–588.
  • Dalenberg, C. J., Brand, B. L., Loewenstein, R. J., Gleaves, D. H., Dorahy, M. J., Cardeña, E., & Spiegel, D. (2014). Reality versus fantasy: Reply to Lynn et al. (2014). Psychological Bulletin, 140, 911–920.
  • Dorahy, M. J. (2001). Dissociative identity disorder and memory dysfunction: The current state of experimental research and its future directions. Clinical Psychology Review, 21, 771–795.
  • Dorahy, M. J., Irwin, H. J., & Middleton, W. (2004). Assessing markers of working memory function in dissociative identity disorder using neutral stimuli: A comparison with clinical and general population samples. Australian & New Zealand Journal of Psychiatry, 38, 47–55.
  • Draijer, N., & Boon, S. (1999). The imitation of dissociative identity disorder: Patients at risk, therapists at risk. The Journal of Psychiatry & Law, 27, 423–458.
  • Elzinga, B. M., Ardon, A. M., Heijnis, M. K., De Ruiter, M. B., Van Dyck, R., & Veltman, D. J. (2007). Neural correlates of enhanced working-memory performance in dissociative disorder: A functional MRI study. Psychological Medicine, 37, 235–245.
  • Frewen, P. A., Brown, M. F. D., & Lanius, R. A. (2017). Trauma-related altered states of consciousness (TRASC) in an online community sample: Further support for the 4-D model of trauma-related dissociation. Psychology of Consciousness: Theory, Research, and Practice, 4, 92–114.
  • Hornstein, N. L., & Putnam, F. W. (1992). Clinical phenomenology of child and adolescent dissociative disorders. Journal of the American Academy of Child & Adolescent Psychiatry, 31, 1077–1085.
  • Kirchner, W. K. (1958). Age differences in short-term retention of rapidly changing information. Journal of Experimental Psychology, 55, 352–358.
  • Kluft, R. P. (1996). Treating the traumatic memories of patients with dissociative identity disorder. The American Journal of Psychiatry, 153, 103–110.
  • Koffel, E., & Watson, D. (2009). Unusual sleep experiences, dissociation, and schizotypy: Evidence for a common domain. Clinical Psychology Review, 29, 548–559.
  • Koutstaal, W., Schacter, D. L., Johnson, M. K., Angell, K. E., & Gross, M. S. (1998). Post-event review in older and younger adults: Improving memory accessibility of complex everyday events. Psychology and Aging, 13, 277–296.
  • Loftus, E., & Ketcham, K. (1994). The myth of repressed memory: False memories and allegations of sexual abuse. New York: St. Martin’s Press.
  • Lynn, S. J., Lilienfeld, S. O., Mcnally, R. J., Loftus, E. F., Bruck, M., Garry, M., … Malaktaris, A. (2014). The trauma model of dissociation: Inconvenient truths and stubborn fictions. Comment on Dalenberg Et Al. (2012), 140, 896–910.
  • McNally, R. J. (2003). Remembering trauma. Cambridge, MA: The Belknap Press of Harvard University Press.
  • McNutt, M. (2014). Reproducibility. Science (80-), 343, 229.
  • Merckelbach, H., Horselenberg, R., & Muris, P. (2001). The Creative Experiences Questionnaire (CEQ): A brief self-report measure of fantasy proneness. Personality and Individual Differences, 31, 987–995.
  • Merckelbach, H., Lynn, S. J., & Lilienfeld, S. O. (n.d.). Vissia and co-workers claim that DID is trauma- based. But how strong is their evidence? DID is trauma based : Further evidence supporting the trauma model of DID. Acta Psychiatrica Scandinavica, 559–560. doi:10.1111/acps.12642
  • Merckelbach, H., Muris, P., & Rassin, E. (1999). Fantasy proneness and cognitive failures as correlates of dissociative experiences. Personality and Individual Differences, 26, 961–967.
  • Myrick, A., Brand, B., McNary, S., Classen, C., Lanius, R., Loewenstein, R., & Putnam, F. W. (2012). An exploration of young adults’ progress in treatment for dissociative disorder. Journal of Trauma & Dissociation, 13, 582–595.
  • Nijenhuis, E. R. S. (2015). The trinity of trauma: Ignorance, fragility, and control: The evolving concept of trauma/The concept and facts of dissociation in trauma. Göttingen: Vandenhoeck & Ruprecht.
  • Ohayon, M. M., Shapiro, C. M., Ohayon, M. M., & Shapiro, C. M. (2000). Sleep disturbances and psychiatric disorders associated with posttraumatic stress disorder in the general population. Comprehensive Psychiatry, 41, 469–478.
  • Reinders, A. A. T. S., Marquand, A. F., Schlumpf, Y. R., Chalavi, S., Vissia, E. M., Nijenhuis, E. R. S., & Veltman, D. J. (2019). Aiding the diagnosis of dissociative identity disorder: Pattern recognition study of brain biomarkers. The British Journal of Psychiatry: The Journal of Mental Science, 215, 536–544.
  • Reinders, A. A. T. S., Willemsen, A. T. M., Vos, H. P. J., den Boer, J. A., & Nijenhuis, E. R. S. (2012). Fact or factitious? a psychobiological study of authentic and simulated dissociative identity States. PLoS One, 7, e39279.
  • Rossini, E., Schwartz, D., & Braun, B. (1996). Intellectual functioning of inpatients with dissociative identity disorder and dissociative disorder not otherwise specified. Cognitive and neuropsychological aspects. The Journal of Nervous and Mental Disease, 184, 289–294.
  • Sar, V. (2011). Epidemiology of dissociative disorders: An overview. Epidemiology Research International, 1, 1–8.
  • Sar, V., Koyuncu, A., Ozturk, E., Yargic, L. I., Kundakci, T., Yazici, A., & Aksüt, D. (2007). Dissociative disorders in the psychiatric emergency ward. General Hospital Psychiatry, 29, 45–50.
  • Schlumpf, Y. R., Nijenhuis, E. R. S., Chalavi, S., Weder, E. V., Zimmermann, E., Luechinger, R., … Jäncke, L. (2013). Dissociative part-dependent biopsychosocial reactions to backward masked angry and neutral faces: An fMRI study of dissociative identity disorder. NeuroImage: Clinical, 3, 54–64.
  • Schlumpf, Y. R., Reinders, A. A. T. S., Nijenhuis, E. R. S., Luechinger, R., Van Osch, M. J. P., & Jäncke, L. (2014). Dissociative part-dependent resting-state activity in dissociative identity disorder: A controlled fMRI perfusion study. PLoS One, 9, 1–15.
  • Simeon, D., Guralnik, O., Hazlett, E. A., Spiegel-Cohen, J., Hollander, E., & Buchsbaum, M. S. (2009). Feeling unreal: A PET study of depersonalization disorder. American Journal of Psychiatry, 157, 1782–1788.
  • Spanos, N. (1994). Multiple identity enactments and multiple personality disorder: A sociocognitive perspective. Psychological Bulletin, 116, 143–165.
  • Swick, D., Cayton, J., Ashley, V., & Turken, A. U. (2017). Dissociation between working memory performance and proactive interference control in post-traumatic stress disorder. Neuropsychologia, 96, 111–121.
  • van Der Hart, O., Nijenhuis, E. R. S., & Steele, K. (2006). The haunted self : Structural dissociation and the treatment of chronic traumatization. New York: W.W. Norton.
  • Van Der Kloet, D., Giesbrecht, T., Franck, E., Van Gastel, A., De Volder, I., Van Den Eede, F., & Merckelbach, H. (2013). Dissociative symptoms and sleep parameters - An all-night polysomnography study in patients with insomnia. Comprehensive Psychiatry, 54, 658–664.
  • Van Der Kloet, D., Merckelbach, H., Giesbrecht, T., & Lynn, S. J. (2012). Fragmented sleep, fragmented mind: The role of sleep in dissociative symptoms. Perspectives on Psychological Science, 7, 159–175.
  • van Heugten – van der Kloet, D., Huntjens, R., Giesbrecht, T., & Merckelbach, H. (2014). Self-reported sleep disturbances in patients with dissociative identity disorder and post-traumatic stress disorder and how they relate to cognitive failures and fantasy proneness. Frontiers In Psychiatry / Frontiers Research Foundation, 5, 19.
  • Veltman, D. J., de Ruiter, M. B., Rombouts, S. A. R. B., Lazeron, R. H. C., Barkhof, F., Van Dyck, R., … Hans Phaf, R. (2005). Neurophysiological correlates of increased verbal working memory in high-dissociative participants: A functional MRI study. Psychological Medicine, 35, 175–185.
  • Vissia, E. M., Giesen, M. E., Chalavi, S., Nijenhuis, E. R. S., Draijer, N., Brand, B. L., & Reinders, A. A. T. S. (2016). Is it trauma- or fantasy-based? Comparing dissociative identity disorder, post-traumatic stress disorder, simulators, and controls. Acta Psychiatrica Scandinavica, 134, 111–128.
  • Watson, D. (2001). Dissociations of the night: Individual differences in sleep-related experiences and their relation to dissociation and schizotypy. Journal of Abnormal Psychology, 110, 526–535.