References
- Addis, M. E., & Krasnow, A. D. (2000). A national survey of practicing psychologists’ attitudes toward psychotherapy treatment manuals. Journal of Consulting and Clinical Psychology, 68(2), 331–14. doi:10.1037/0022-006X.68.2.331
- Back, S. E., Foa, E. B., Killeen, T. K., Mills, K. L., Teesson, M., Cotton, B. D., Carroll, K. M., & Brady, K.T. (2014). Concurrent treatment of PTSD and substance use disorders using prolonged exposure (COPE). New York: Oxford University Press.
- Back, S. E., Killeen, T., Foa, E. B., Santa Ana, E. J., Gros, D. F., & Brady, K. T. (2012, July). Use of an integrated therapy with prolonged exposure to treat PTSD and comorbid alcohol dependence in an Iraq veteran. American Journal of Psychiatry, 169(7), 688–691. doi:10.1176/appi.ajp.2011.11091433
- Back, S. E., Sonne, S. C., Killeen, T., Dansky, B. S., & Brady, K. T. (2003). Comparative profiles of women with PTSD and comorbid cocaine or alcohol dependence. The American Journal of Drug and Alcohol Abuse, 29(1), 169–189. doi:10.1081/ADA-120018845
- Becker, C. B., Zayfert, C., & Anderson, E. (2004, March). A survey of psychologists’ attitudes towards and utilization of exposure therapy for PTSD. Behaviour Research and Therapy, 42(3), 277–292. doi:10.1016/S0005-7967(03)00138-4
- Bisson, J. I., Roberts, N. P., Andrew, M., Cooper, R., & Lewis, C. (2013, December 13). Psychological therapies for chronic post-traumatic stress disorder (PTSD) in adults. Cochrane Database systematic reviews, 12, CD003388. doi:10.1002/14651858.CD003388.pub4
- Brady, K. T., Back, S. E., & Coffey, S. F. (2004). Substance abuse and posttraumatic stress disorder. Current Directions in Psychological Science, 13(5), 206–209. doi:10.1111/j.0963-7214.2004.00309.x
- Breslau, N., Reboussin, B. A., Anthony, J. C., & Storr, C. L. (2005, December). The structure of posttraumatic stress disorder: Latent class analysis in 2 community samples. Archives of General Psychiatry, 62(12), 1343–1351. doi:10.1001/archpsyc.62.12.1343
- Courtois, F., Hien, D. A., Litt, L., Lopez-Castro, T., & Ruglass, L. (2020). Complex Trauma and Addiction Treatment. In J. D. Ford & C. A. Curtois, and (Eds.), Treating of Complex Traumatic Stress Disorders in Adults, Second Edition: Scientific Foundations and Therapeutic Models. New York: Guilford Press.
- Donovan, B., Padin-Rivera, E., & Kowaliw, S. (2001, October). “Transcend”: Initial outcomes from a posttraumatic stress disorder/substance abuse treatment programme. Journal of Traumatic Stress, 14(4), 757–772. doi:10.1023/A:1013094206154
- Driessen, M., Schulte, S., Luedecke, C., Schaefer, I., Sutmann, F., Ohlmeier, M., … Havemann-Reinicke, U. (2008, March). Trauma and PTSD in patients with alcohol, drug, or dual dependence: A multi-center study. Alcoholism: Clinical and Experimental Research, 32(3), 481–488. doi:10.1111/j.1530-0277.2007.00591.x
- Epstein, E. E., & McCrady, B. S. (2009). A cognitive-behavioral treatment programme for overcoming alcohol problems: Therapist guide [Internet]. London, England: Oxford University Press. [Internet] https://play.google.com/store/books/details?id=bidcoAkw0n8C
- Foa, E. B., Zandberg, L. J., McLean, C. P., Rosenfield, D., Fitzgerald, H., Tuerk, P. W., & Peterson, A. L. (2019). The efficacy of 90-minute versus 60-minute sessions of prolonged exposure for posttraumatic stress disorder: Design of a randomized controlled trial in active duty military personnel. Psychological Trauma: Theory, Research, Practice, and Policy, 11(3), 307–313. doi:10.1037/tra0000351
- Foa, E., Hembree, E. A., Rothbaum, B. O., & Rauch, S. (2019). Prolonged exposure therapy for PTSD: Emotional processing of traumatic experiences - therapist guide (2nd ed.). New York: Oxford University Press.
- Forman-Hoffman, V., Middleton, J. C., Feltner, C., Gaynes, B. N., Weber, R. P., Bann, C., Viswanathan, M., Lohr, K. N., Baker, C., Green, J. (2018). Psychological and pharmacological treatments for adults with posttraumatic stress disorder: A systematic review update [Internet]. Rockville, MD: Agency for Healthcare Research and Quality (US). ( [Internet]). Retrieved June 17, 2021, from http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK525132/
- Gerger, H., Munder, T., & Barth, J. (2014, July). Specific and nonspecific psychological interventions for PTSD symptoms: A meta-analysis with problem complexity as a moderator. Journal of Clinical Psychology, 70(7), 601–615. doi:10.1002/jclp.22059
- Gold, P. B., & Brady, K. T. (2003, April). Evidence-based treatments for substance use disorders. FOC, 1(2), 115–122. doi:10.1176/foc.1.2.115
- Hamblen, J. L., Norman, S. B., Sonis, J. H., Phelps, A. J., Bisson, J. I., Nunes, V. D., & Schnurr, P. P. (2019). A guide to guidelines for the treatment of posttraumatic stress disorder in adults: An update. Psychotherapy (Chic), 56(3), 359–373. doi:10.1037/pst0000231
- Herman, J. L. (1997). Trauma and recovery: The aftermath of violence – From domestic abuse to political terror. Chapter, 1, 7–32.
- Hien, D. A., Cohen, L. R., Miele, G. M., Litt, L. C., & Capstick, C. (2004, August). Promising treatments for women with comorbid PTSD and substance use disorders. American Journal of Psychiatry, 161(8), 1426–1432. doi:10.1176/appi.ajp.161.8.1426
- Hien, D. A., Jiang, H., Campbell, A. N. C., Hu, M.-C., Miele, G. M., Cohen, L. R., & Nunes, E. V. (2010, January). Do treatment improvements in PTSD severity affect substance use outcomes? A secondary analysis from a randomized clinical trial in NIDA’s clinical trials network. American Journal of Psychiatry, 167(1), 95–101. doi:10.1176/appi.ajp.2009.09091261
- Hien, D., Cohen, L., & Campbell, A. (2005, September). Is traumatic stress a vulnerability factor for women with substance use disorders? Clinical Psychology Review, 25(6), 813–823. doi:10.1016/j.cpr.2005.05.006
- Hien, D., & Hien, N. M. (1998, January). Women, violence with intimates, and substance abuse: Relevant theory, empirical findings, and recommendations for future research. The American Journal of Drug and Alcohol Abuse, 24(3), 419–438. doi:10.3109/00952999809016907
- Hien, D., Morgan-Lopez, A. A., Ruglass, L. M., Saavedra, L. M., Fitzpatrick, S., Back, S., … Norman, S. (2019). Project Harmony: A systematic review and meta-analysis of individual patient data of behavioral and pharmacologic trials for comorbid posttraumatic stress, alcohol and other drug use disorders. PROSPERO. CRD42019146678. Retrieved from https://www.crd.york.ac.uk/prospero/display_record.php?ID=CRD42019146678
- Jacobsen, L. K., Southwick, S. M., & Kosten, T. R. (2001, August). Substance use disorders in patients with posttraumatic stress disorder: A review of the literature. American Journal of Psychiatry, 158(8), 1184–1190. doi:10.1176/appi.ajp.158.8.1184
- Kaysen, D., Schumm, J., Pedersen, E. R., Seim, R. W., Bedard-Gilligan, M., & Chard, K. (2014, February). Cognitive processing therapy for veterans with comorbid PTSD and alcohol use disorders. Addictive Behaviors, 39(2), 420–427. doi:10.1016/j.addbeh.2013.08.016
- Khantzian, E. J. (1985, November). The self-medication hypothesis of addictive disorders: Focus on heroin and cocaine dependence. The American Journal of Psychiatry, 142(11), 1259–1264. doi:10.1176/ajp.142.11.1259
- Leeman, R. F., Hefner, K., Frohe, T., Murray, A., Rosenheck, R. A., Watts, B. V., & Sofuoglu, M. (2017). Exclusion of participants based on substance use status: Findings from randomized controlled trials of treatments for PTSD. Behaviour Research and Therapy, 89, 33–40. doi:10.1016/j.brat.2016.10.006
- Lenz, A. S., Henesy, R., & Callender, K. (2016). Effectiveness of seeking safety for co-occurring posttraumatic stress disorder and substance use. Journal of Counseling & Development, 94(1), 51–61. doi:10.1002/jcad.12061
- McCauley, J. L., Killeen, T., Gros, D. F., Brady, K. T., & Back, S. E. (2012). Posttraumatic stress disorder and co-occurring substance use disorders: Advances in assessment and treatment. Clinical Psychology psychology: A publication of the Division of Clinical Psychology of the American Psychological Association, 19(3). doi:10.1111/cpsp.12006
- McGovern, M. P., Lambert-Harris, C., Acquilano, S., Xie, H., Alterman, A. I., & Weiss, R. D. (2009, October). A cognitive behavioral therapy for co-occurring substance use and posttraumatic stress disorders. Addictive Behaviors, 34(10), 892–897. doi:10.1016/j.addbeh.2009.03.009
- Mills, K. L., Teesson, M., Back, S. E., Brady, K. T., Baker, A. L., Hopwood, S., & Ewer, P. L. (2012, August). Integrated exposure-based therapy for co-occurring posttraumatic stress disorder and substance dependence: A randomized controlled trial. JAMA, 308(7), 690–699. doi:10.1001/jama.2012.9071
- Najavits, L. M., Clark, H. W., DiClemente, C. C., Potenza, M. N., Shaffer, H. J., Sorensen, J. L., & Zweben, J. E. (2020, December). PTSD/substance use disorder comorbidity: Treatment options and public health needs. Current Treatment Options in Psychiatry, 7(4), 544–558. doi:10.1007/s40501-020-00234-8
- Najavits, L. M., & Hien, D. (2013, May). Helping vulnerable populations: A comprehensive review of the treatment outcome literature on substance use disorder and PTSD. Journal of Clinical Psychology, 69(5), 433–479. doi:10.1002/jclp.21980
- Najavits, L. M. (2002). Seeking safety: A treatment manual for PTSD and substance abuse. New York: Guilford Press.
- Najavits, L. M. (2014). Creating change: A new past-focused model for trauma and substance abuse. In Trauma and substance abuse: Causes, consequences, and treatment of comorbid disorders (2nd ed., pp. 281–303). Washington, DC: American Psychological Association.
- Norman, S. B., Haller, M., Hamblen, J. L., Southwick, S. M., & Pietrzak, R. H. (2018, March). The burden of co-occurring alcohol use disorder and PTSD in U.S. Military veterans: Comorbidities, functioning, and suicidality. Psychology of Addictive Behaviors, 32(2), 224–229. doi:10.1037/adb0000348
- Norman, S. B., Tate, S. R., Anderson, K. G., & Brown, S. A. (2007, September). Do trauma history and PTSD symptoms influence addiction relapse context? Drug and Alcohol Dependence, 90(1), 89–96. doi:10.1016/j.drugalcdep.2007.03.002
- Norman, S. B., Trim, R., Haller, M., Davis, B. C., Myers, U. S., Colvonen, P. J., et al. (2019, August 1). Efficacy of integrated exposure therapy vs integrated coping skills therapy for comorbid posttraumatic stress disorder and alcohol use disorder: A randomized clinical trial. JAMA Psychiatry, 76(8), 791–799. doi:10.1001/jamapsychiatry.2019.0638
- Petrakis, I. L., & Simpson, T. L. (2017). Posttraumatic stress disorder and alcohol use disorder: A critical review of pharmacologic treatments. Alcoholism: Clinical and Experimental Research, 41(2), 226–237. doi:10.1111/acer.13297
- Pitman, R. K., Altman, B., Greenwald, E., Longpre, R. E., Macklin, M. L., Poiré, R. E., & Steketee, G. S. (1991, January). Psychiatric complications during flooding therapy for posttraumatic stress disorder. The Journal of Clinical Psychiatry, 52(1), 17–20. https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/1988412/
- Qualtrics. (2005). Qualtrics. Provo, UT, USA. https://www.qualtrics.com
- Resick, P. A., Monson, C. M., & Chard, K. M. (2017). Cognitive processing therapy for PTSD: A comprehensive manual. New York: Guilford Press.
- Resick, P. A., Wachen, J. S., Dondanville, K. A., Pruiksma, K. E., Yarvis, J. S., Peterson, A. L., … Young-mccaughan, S. (2017, January). Effect of group vs individual cognitive processing therapy in active-duty military seeking treatment for posttraumatic stress disorder: A randomized clinical trial. JAMA Psychiatry, 74(1), 28. doi:10.1001/jamapsychiatry.2016.2729
- Roberts, N. P., Roberts, P. A., Jones, N., & Bisson, J. I. (2015, June). Psychological interventions for post-traumatic stress disorder and comorbid substance use disorder: A systematic review and meta-analysis. Clinical Psychology Review, 38, 25–38. doi:10.1016/j.cpr.2015.02.007
- Ronconi, J. M., Shiner, B., & Watts, B. V. (2014). Inclusion and exclusion criteria in randomized controlled trials of psychotherapy for PTSD. Journal of Psychiatric Practice, 20(1), 25–37. doi:10.1097/01.pra.0000442936.23457.5b
- Ruglass, L. M., Lopez-Castro, T., Papini, S., Killeen, T., Back, S. E., & Hien, D. A. (2017). Concurrent treatment with prolonged exposure for co-occurring full or subthreshold posttraumatic stress disorder and substance use disorders: A randomized clinical trial. PPS, 86(3), 150–161. doi:10.1159/00046297
- Simpson, T. L., Lehavot, K., & Petrakis, I. L. (2017, April). No wrong doors: Findings from a critical review of behavioral randomized clinical trials for individuals with co-occurring alcohol/drug problems and posttraumatic stress disorder. Alcoholism: Clinical and Experimental Research, 41(4), 681–702. doi:10.1111/acer.13325
- Stewart, S. H., & Conrod, P. J., (Eds.). (2008). Anxiety disorder and substance use disorder co-morbidity: Common themes and future directions. In Anxiety and substance use disorders: The vicious cycle of comorbidity (pp. 239–257). New York: Springer Science + Business Media. ( Series in anxiety and related disorders).
- Triffleman, E. (2003). Issues in implementing posttraumatic stress disorder treatment outcome research in community-based treatment programs. In J. L. Sorensen, R. A. Rawson, J. Guydish, & J. E. Zweben, (Eds.). Drug abuse treatment through collaboration: Practice and research partnerships that work (pp. 227–247). Washington, DC: American Psychological Association.
- VA/DoD clinical practice guidelines [Internet]. (2021, June 2). Healthquality.va.gov. Retrieved from https://www.healthquality.va.gov/guidelines/mh/ptsd/
- van Dam, D., Vedel, E., Ehring, T., & Emmelkamp, P. M. G. (2012, April). Psychological treatments for concurrent posttraumatic stress disorder and substance use disorder: A systematic review. Clinical Psychology Review, 32(3), 202–214. doi:10.1016/j.cpr.2012.01.004
- Vujanovic, A. A., & Back, S. E. (2019). Posttraumatic stress and substance use disorders: A comprehensive clinical handbook. A. A. Vujanovic & S. E. Back, (Eds.). New York: Routledge.
- Watts, B. V., Schnurr, P. P., Mayo, L., Young-Xu, Y., Weeks, W. B., & Friedman, M. J. (2013, June). Meta-analysis of the efficacy of treatments for posttraumatic stress disorder. The Journal of Clinical Psychiatry, 74(6), e541–50. doi:10.4088/JCP.12r08225