3,478
Views
2
CrossRef citations to date
0
Altmetric
Clinical Research Article

Moral injury related to immigration detention on Nauru: a qualitative study

Daño moral relacionado con la detención migratoria en Nauru: Un estudio cualitativo

瑙鲁移民拘留相关的道德伤害:一项定性研究

ORCID Icon, ORCID Icon, ORCID Icon, ORCID Icon & ORCID Icon
Article: 2029042 | Received 26 Apr 2021, Accepted 04 Jan 2022, Published online: 24 Feb 2022

References

  • Amnesty International. (2016). Island of Despair: Australia's “processing“ of Refugees on Naruru. Retrieved from https://www.amnesty.org.au/island-of-despair-nauru-refugee-report-2016/
  • Bastian, B., & Haslam, N. (2011). Experiencing dehumanization: Cognitive and emotional effects of everyday dehumanization. Basic and Applied Social Psychology, 33(4), 295–13. doi:10.1080/01973533.2011.614132
  • Becker, T. K., Gausche-Hill, M., Aswegan, A. L. et al. (2013). Ethical challenges in Emergency Medical Services: Controversies and recommendations. Prehosp Disaster Med, 28(5), 488–497. doi:10.1017/S1049023X13008728
  • Beek, J., & Göpfert, M. (2012). Police violence in West Africa: Perpetrators’ and ethnographers’ dilemmas. Ethnography, 14(4), 477–500. doi:10.1177/1466138112463653
  • Blackmore, R., Boyle, J. A., Fazel, M. et al. (2020). The prevalence of mental illness in refugees and asylum seekers: A systematic review and meta-analysis. PLoS Med, 17(9), e1003337. doi:10.1371/journal.pmed.1003337
  • Braun, V., & Clarke, V. (2006). Using thematic analysis in psychology. Qualitative Research in Psychology, 3(2), 77–101. doi:10.1191/1478088706qp063oa
  • Braun, V., & Clarke, V. (2019). Reflecting on reflexive thematic analysis. Qualitative Research in Sport, Exercise and Health, 11(4), 589–597. doi:10.1080/2159676X.2019.1628806
  • Braun, V., & Clarke, V. (2020). One size fits all? What counts as quality practice in (reflexive) thematic analysis? Qualitative Research in Psychology, 1–25. doi:10.1080/14780887.2020.1769238
  • Bryan, A. O., Bryan, C. J., Morrow, C. E., Etienne, N., & Ray-Sannerud, B. (2014). Moral injury, suicidal ideation, and suicide attempts in a military sample. Traumatology, 20(3), 154–160. doi:10.1037/h0099852
  • Cleveland, J., Kronick, R., Gros, H., & Rousseau, C. (2018). Symbolic violence and disempowerment as factors in the adverse impact of immigration detention on adult asylum seekers' mental health. Int J Public Health, 63(8), 1001–1008. doi:10.1007/s00038-018-1121-7
  • Coffey, G. J., Kaplan, I., Sampson, R. C., & Tucci, M. M. (2010). The meaning and mental health consequences of long-term immigration detention for people seeking asylum. Soc Sci Med, 70(12), 2070–2079. doi:10.1016/j.socscimed.2010.02.042
  • Dehm, S. (2019). Outsourcing, responsibility and refugee claim-making in Australia’s offshore detention regime. In S. McGuirk & A. Pine (Eds.), Profit and Protest in the Asylum Industry PM Press, 2019. Available at https://ssrn.com/abstract=3392128
  • Freyd, J. J., DePrince, A. P., & Dhjm, G. (2007). The state of betrayal trauma theory: Reply to McNally—Conceptual issues, and future directions. Memory, 15(3), 295–311. doi:10.1080/09658210701256514.
  • Freyer, B., & McKay, F. H. (2021). An investigation of incident reports from the detention center Nauru: Has Australia breached the Universal Declaration of Human Rights? Journal of Human Rights, 20(4), 449–467. https://doi.org/10.1080/14754835.2021.1915118
  • Gert, B., & Gert, J. (2020) The definition of morality. The Stanford Encyclopedia of Philosophy (Fall 2020 Edition). Accessed May 2019. Available at: https://plato.stanford.edu/archives/fall2020/entries/morality-definition/.
  • Gleeson, C., Frost, R., Sherwood, L., Shevlin, M., Hyland, P., Halpin, R., Murphy, J., & Silove, D. (2020). Post-migration factors and mental health outcomes in asylum-seeking and refugee populations: a systematic review. Eur J Psychotraumatol, 11(1), 1793567. 10.1080/20008198.2020.1793567
  • Gleeson, M., & Yacoub, N. (2021). POLICY BRIEF 11: Cruel, costly and ineffective: The failure of offshore processing in Australia. UNSW, Sydney, Australia: Kaldor Centre for International Refugee Law.
  • Griffin, B. J., Purcell, N., Burkman, K., Litz, B. T., Bryan, C. J., Schmitz, M., Villierme, C., Walsh, J., & Maguen, S. (2019). Moral Injury: An Integrative Review. J Trauma Stress. doi:10.1002/jts.22362
  • Griffin, B. J., Worthington, E. L., Danish, S. J., Donovan, J., Lavelock, C. R., Shaler, L., Dees, R. F., Maguen, S., & Davis, D. E. (2017). Self-forgiveness and military service: Equipping warriors to combat moral injury. In L. Woodyatt, E. L. Worthington, M. Wenzel, and B. J. Griffin (Eds.), Handbook of the psychology of self-forgiveness (pp. 221–233). Springer.
  • Grove, N. J., & Zwi, A. B. (2006). Our health and theirs: Forced migration, othering, and public health. Soc Sci Med, 62(8), 1931–1942. doi:10.1016/j.socscimed.2005.08.061
  • Hedrick, K., Armstrong, G., Coffey, G., & Borschmann, R. (2019). Self-harm in the Australian asylum seeker population: A national records-based study. SSM Popul Health, 8, 100452. doi:10.1016/j.ssmph.2019.100452
  • Hocking, D. C. (2020). To strive, to seek, to find, and not to yield: Narratives on the road to asylum. Transcult Psychiatry, 58(2), 200–214. Epub ahead of print 2020/02/13. DOI: 10.1177/1363461520901639.
  • Hoffman, J., Liddell, B., Bryant, R. A., & Nickerson, A. (2018). The relationship between moral injury appraisals, trauma exposure, and mental health in refugees. Depress Anxiety, 35(11), 1030–1039. doi:10.1002/da.22787
  • Hoffman, J., Liddell, B., Bryant, R. A., & Nickerson, A. (2019). A latent profile analysis of moral injury appraisals in refugees. Eur J Psychotraumatol, 10(1), 1686805. doi:10.1080/20008198.2019.1686805
  • Jafari, M., Hosseini, M., and Bagher Maddah, S. et al. (2019). Factors behind moral distress among Iranian emergency medical services staff: A qualitative study into their experiences. Nursing and Midwifery Studies, 8(4), 195–202 doi:10.4103/nms.nms_69_18.
  • Li, S. S., Liddell, B. J., & Nickerson, A. (2016). The relationship between post-migration stress and psychological disorders in refugees and asylum seekers. Curr Psychiatry Rep, 18(9), 82. doi:10.1007/s11920-016-0723-0
  • Litz, B. T., & Kerig, P. K. (2019). Introduction to the special issue on moral injury: Conceptual challenges, methodological issues, and clinical applications. J Trauma Stress, 32(3), 341–349. doi:10.1002/jts.22405
  • Litz, B. T., Stein, N., Delaney, E., Lebowitz, L., Nash, W. P., Silva, C., & Maguen, S. (2009). Moral injury and moral repair in war veterans: A preliminary model and intervention strategy. Clinical Psychology Review, 29(8), 695–706. doi:10.1016/j.cpr.2009.07.003
  • Mares, S. (2016). Fifteen years of detaining children who seek asylum in Australia - evidence and consequences. Australas Psychiatry, 24(1), 11–14. doi:10.1177/1039856215620029
  • McEwen, C., Alisic, E., & Jobson, L. (2020). Moral injury and mental health: A systematic review and meta-analysis. Traumatology, 27(3), 303–315. doi:10.1037/trm0000287.
  • Miller SC. (2009). Moral injury and relational harm: Analyzing rape in Darfur. Journal of Social Philosophy, 40(4), 504–523. doi:10.1111/j.1467-9833.2009.01468.x
  • Molendijk, T. (2018). Toward an interdisciplinary conceptualization of moral injury: From unequivocal guilt and anger to moral conflict and disorientation. New Ideas in Psychology, 51, 1–8. doi:10.1016/j.newideapsych.2018.04.006
  • Molendijk, T. (2019). The role of political practices in moral injury: A study of Afghanistan veterans. Political Psychology, 40(2), 261–275. doi:10.1111/pops.12503
  • Nash, W. P., Marino Carper, T. L., Mills, M. A., Au, T., Goldsmith, A., & Litz, B. T. (2013). Psychometric evaluation of the Moral Injury Events Scale. Mil Med, 178(6), 646–652. 10.7205/milmed-d-13-00017
  • Newman, L., Proctor, N., & Dudley, M. (2013). Seeking asylum in Australia: Immigration detention, human rights and mental health care. Australas Psychiatry, 21(4), 315–320. doi:10.1177/1039856213491991
  • Nickerson, A., Hoffman, J., Schick, M., Schnyder, U., Bryant, R. A., & Morina, N. (2018). A Longitudinal Investigation of Moral Injury Appraisals Amongst Treatment-Seeking Refugees. Front Psychiatry, 9, 667. doi:10.3389/fpsyt.2018.00667
  • Nickerson, A., Schnyder, U., Bryant, R. A., Schick, M., Mueller, J., & Morina, N. (2015). Moral Injury in Traumatized Refugees. Psychother Psychosom, 84(2), 122–123. doi:10.1159/000369353
  • OHCHR (1966) International Covenant on Civil and Political Rights. Available at: https://www.ohchr.org/EN/AboutUs/Pages/WhoWeAre.aspx ( accessed 09.06.2020).
  • Opotow, S. (1990). Moral exclusion and injustice: An introduction. Journal of Social Issues, 46(1), 1–20. doi:10.1111/j.1540-4560.1990.tb00268.x
  • Pickens, C., & Braun, V. (2018). “Stroppy bitches who just need to learn how to settle”? Young single women and norms of femininity and heterosexuality. Sex Roles, 79(7), 431–448. doi:10.1007/s11199-017-0881-5
  • Porter, M., & Haslam, N. (2005). Predisplacement and postdisplacement factors associated with mental health of refugees and internally displaced persons: A meta-analysis. JAMA, 294(5), 602–612. doi:10.1001/jama.294.5.602
  • Robjant, K., Hassan, R., & Katona, C. (2009). Mental health implications of detaining asylum seekers: Systematic review. Br J Psychiatry, 194(4), 306–312. doi:10.1192/bjp.bp.108.053223
  • Schick, M., Morina, N., Mistridis, P., Schnyder, U., Bryant, R. A., & Nickerson, A. (2018). Changes in Post-migration Living Difficulties Predict Treatment Outcome in Traumatized Refugees. 9, 476. doi:10.3389/fpsyt.2018.00476
  • Schick, M., Zumwald, A., Knöpfli, B., Nickerson, A., Bryant, R. A., Schnyder, U., Müller, J., & Morina, N. (2016). Challenging future, challenging past: the relationship of social integration and psychological impairment in traumatized refugees. Eur J Psychotraumatol, 7, 28057. doi:10.3402/ejpt.v7.28057
  • Sharples, R. (2021). Disrupting state spaces: Asylum seekers in australia’s offshore detention centres. Social Sciences, 10(3), 82. doi:10.3390/socsci10030082
  • Shay, J. (1991). Learning about combat stress from Homer’s Iliad. Journal of Traumatic Stress, 4(4), 561–579. doi:10.1002/jts.2490040409
  • Shay, J. (2014). Moral injury. Psychoanalytic Psychology, 31(2), 182–191. doi:10.1037/a0036090
  • Sheehan, D. V., Janavs, J., Baker, R., Sheehan, K. H., Knapp, E., & Sheehan, M. (2014). The Mini-International Neuropsychiatric Interview (M.I.N.I.): English Version 7.0.0 for DSM-5. With permission from Sheehan, D. V.
  • Silove, D., Sinnerbrink, I., Field, A., Manicavasagar, V., & Steel, Z. (1997). Anxiety, depression and PTSD in asylum-seekers: Associations with pre-migration trauma and post-migration stressors. Br J Psychiatry, 170, 351–357. doi:10.1192/bjp.170.4.351
  • Smith, C. P., & Freyd, J. J. (2014). Institutional betrayal. Am Psychol, 69(6), 575–587 doi:10.1037/a0037564.
  • Steel, Z., Silove, D., Bird, K. et al. (1999). Pathways from war trauma to posttraumatic stress symptoms among Tamil asylum seekers, refugees, and immigrants. J Trauma Stress, 12(3), 421–435. doi:10.1023/A:1024710902534
  • Steel, Z., Silove, D., Brooks, R., Momartin, S., Alzuhairi, B., & Susljik, I. (2006). Impact of immigration detention and temporary protection on the mental health of refugees. Br J Psychiatry, 188, 58–64. doi:10.1192/bjp.bp.104.007864
  • Stuart, J., & Nowosad, J. (2020). The Influence of Premigration Trauma Exposure and early postmigration stressors on changes in mental health over time among refugees in Australia. J Trauma Stress, 33(6), 917–927. doi:10.1002/jts.22586
  • Sundram, S., & Ventevogel, P. (2017). The mental health of refugees and asylum seekers on Manus Island. Lancet, 390(10112), 2534–2536. doi:10.1016/S0140-6736(17)33051-9
  • Terry, G., Hayfield, N., Clarke, V., & Braun, V. (2017). Thematic analysis. In C. Willig, and W. Stainton Rogers (Eds.), The SAGE Handbook of Qualitative Research in Psychology (pp.17–37). London: SAGE Publications.
  • Torabi, M., Borhani, F., Abbaszadeh, A., & Atashzadeh-Shoorideh, F. (2018). Experiences of pre-hospital emergency medical personnel in ethical decision-making: A qualitative study. BMC Med Ethics, 19(1), 95. doi:10.1186/s12910-018-0334-x
  • UNHCR (1951) Convention and protocol relating to the status of refugees. Accessed 09 June 2020. Available at: https://www.unhcr.org/3b66c2aa10.
  • UNHCR. (2016). Submission by the Office of the United Nations High Commissioner for Refugees on the Inquiry into the Serious Allegations of Abuse. Self-harm and Neglect of Asylum-seekers in Relation to the Nauru Regional Processing Centre, and Any like Allegations in Relation to the Manus Regional Processing Centre Referred to the Senate Legal and Constitutional Affairs Committee https://www.refworld.org/docid/591597934.html.
  • UNHCR. (2021). Global Trends Forced Displacement in 2020. Geneva: Author.
  • United Nations General Assembly. (1948). The Universal Declaration of Human Rights. Paris.
  • Von Werthern, M., Robjant, K., Chui, Z., Schon, R, Ottisova, L, Mason, C, Katona, C . (2018). The impact of immigration detention on mental health: A systematic review. BMC Psychiatry, 18(1), 382. doi:10.1186/s12888-018-1945-y
  • Wicki, B., Spiller, T. R., Schick, M., Schnyder, U., Bryant, R.A., Nickerson, A., Morina, N . (2021). A network analysis of postmigration living difficulties in refugees and asylum seekers. Eur J Psychotraumatol, 12(1), 1975941. doi:10.1080/20008198.2021.1975941
  • Yeterian, J. D., Berke, D. S., Carney, J. R., McIntyre-Smith, A., St Cyr, K., King, L., Kline, N. K., Phelps, A., & Litz, B. T. (2019). Defining and measuring moral injury: rationale, design, and preliminary findings from the moral injury outcome scale consortium. J Trauma Stress, 32(3), 363–372. doi:10.1002/jts.22380
  • Young, P., & Gordon, M. S. (2016). Mental health screening in immigration detention: A fresh look at Australian government data. Australas Psychiatry, 24(1), 19–22. doi:10.1177/1039856215624247