References

• American Psychiatric Association. (2013). Diagnostic and statistical manual for mental disorders (5th ed.). Washington, DC: American Psychiatric Association.
   Google Scholar
• Boscarino, J. A., Galea, S., Adams, R. E., Ahern, J., Resnick, H., & Vlahov, D. (2004). Mental health service and medication use in New York City after the September 11, 2001, terrorist attack. Psychiatric Services, 55(3), 274–283.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Brewin, C. R., Andrews, B., & Valentine, J. D. (2000). Meta-analysis of risk factors for posttraumatic stress disorder in trauma-exposed adults. Journal of Consulting and Clinical Psychology, 68(5), 748–766.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Bromet, E. J. (2014). Emotional consequences of nuclear power plant disasters. Health Physics, 106(2), 206–210. doi:10.1097/HP.0000000000000012
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Bryant, R. A. (2011). Acute stress disorder as a predictor of posttraumatic stress disorder: a systematic review. Journal of Clinical Psychiatry, 72(2), 233–239.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Bryant, R. A. (2016). Chapter 3. Acute stress disorder: What it is and how to treat it, guilford publications, 2016. ProQuest Ebook Central. http://ebookcentral.proquest.com/lib/univbal-ebooks/detail.action?docID=4000682. Created from univbal-ebooks on 2020-12-05 09:15:03.
   Google Scholar
• Bryant, R. A., Creamer, M., O’Donnell, M., Silove, D., McFarlane, A. C., & Forbes, D. (2015, April). A comparison of the capacity of DSM-IV and DSM-5 acute stress disorder definitions to predict posttraumatic stress disorder and related disorders. The Journal of Clinical Psychiatry, 76(4), 391–397. doi:10.4088/jcp.13m08731
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Bryant, R. A., Moulds, M., & Guthrie, R. M. (2000). Acute stress disorder scale: A self-report measure of acute stress disorder. Psychological Assessment, 12(1), 61–68.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Bryant, R. E., Friedman, M. J., Spiegel, D., Ursano, R., & Strain, J. (2011b). A review of acute stress disorder in Dsm-5. Depression And Anxiety, 28(9), 802–817.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Cardena, E., & Carlson, E. (2011). Acute stress disorder revisited. Annual Review of Clinical Psychology, 7(1), 245–267.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• de Bocanegra, H. T., & Brickman, E. (2004). Mental health impact of the World Trade Center attacks on displaced Chinese workers. Journal of Traumatic Stress, 17(1), 55–62.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• DeLisi, L. E., Maurizio, A., Yost, M., Papparozzi, C. F., Fulchino, C., Katz, C. L., … Stevens, P. (2003). A survey of New Yorkers after the Sept. 11, 2001, terrorist attacks. American Journal of Psychiatry, 160(4), 780–783.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Fuglsang, A. K., Moergeli, H., Hepp-Beg, S., & Schnyder, U. (2002). Who develops acute stress disorder after accidental injuries? Psychotherapy and Psychosomatics, 71(4), 214–222.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Fuglsang, A. K., Moergeli, H., & Schnyder, U. (2004). Does acute stress disorder predict post-traumatic stress disorder in traffic accident victims? Analysis of a self-report inventory. Nordic Journal of Psychiatry, 58(3), 223–229.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Galea, S., Ahern, J., Resnick, H., Kilpatrick, D., Bucuvalas, M., Gold, J., & Vlahov, D. (2002). Psychological sequelae of the September 11 terrorist attacks in New York City. New England Journal of Medicine, 346(13), 982–987.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Geoffrion, S., Goncalves, J., Robichaud, I., Sader, J., Giguère, C-É, Fortin, M., … Guay, S. (2020). Systematic review and meta-analysis on Acute stress disorder: Rates following different types of traumatic events. Trauma, Violence, & Abuse, 23(1), 213–223. doi:10.1177/1524838020933844
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Gibbens, S. (2020, August 6). The deadly history of ammonium nitrate, the explosive linked to the Beirut blast. National Geographic. https://www.nationalgeographic.com/science/2020/08/deadly-history-ammonium-nitrate-explosive-linked-to-beirut-blast/.
   Google Scholar
• Goenjian, A. K., Khachadourian, V., Armenian, H., Demirchyan, A., & Steinberg, A. M. (2018). Posttraumatic stress disorder 23 years after the 1988 spitak earthquake in Armenia. Journal of Traumatic Stress, 31(1), 47–56. doi:10.1002/jts.22260
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Goldmann, E., & Galea, S. (2014). Mental health consequences of disasters. Annual Review of Public Health, 35(1), 169–183. doi:10.1146/annurev-publhealth-032013-182435
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Green, B. L., Grace, M. C., Lindy, J. D., Gleser, G. C., & Leonard, A. (1990). Risk factors for PTSD and other diagnoses in a general sample of Vietnam veterans. American Journal of Psychiatry, 147(6), 729–733.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Hansen, M., & Elklit, A. (2011). Predictors of acute stress disorder in response to bank robbery. European Journal of Psychotraumatology, 2(1). doi:10.3402/ejpt.v2i0.5864
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Harvey, A. G., & Bryant, R. A. (2015). Predictors of acute stress following motor vehicle accidents. Journal of Traumatic Stress, 12(3), 519–525. doi:10.1023/A:1024723205259
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Holeva, V., Tarrier, N., & Wells, A. (2001). Prevalence and predictors of acute stress disorder and PTSD following road traffic accidents: Thought control strategies and social support. Behavior Therapy, 32(1), 65–83.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Holman, E. A., Silver, R. C., Poulin, M., Andersen, J., Gil-Rivas, V., & McIntosh, D. N. (2008). Terrorism, Acute Stress, and Cardiovascular Health A 3-Year National Study Following the September 11th Attacks. Archives of General Psychiatry, 65(1), 73–80.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Jhangiani, R. (2010). Psychological concomitants of the 11 September 2001 terrorist attacks: A review. Behavioral Sciences of Terrorism and Political Aggression, 2(1), 38–69. doi:10.1080/19434470903319474
   Google Scholar
• Karam, E. G., Al-Atrash, R., Saliba, S., Melhem, N., & Howard, D. (1999). The war events questionnaire. Social Psychiatry and Psychiatric Epidemiology, 34(5), 265–274.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Karam, E. G., Andrews, G., Bromet, E., Petukhova, M., Ruscio, A. M., Salamoun, M., … Kessler, R. C. (2010). The role of criterion A2 in the DSM-IV diagnosis of posttraumatic stress disorder. Biological Psychiatry, 68(5), 465–473.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Maercker, A., Brewin, C. R., Bryant, R. A., Cloitre, M., van Ommeren, M., Jones, L. M., … Reed, G. M. (2013). Diagnosis and classification of disorders specifically associated with stress: Proposals for ICD-11. World psychiatry : Official Journal of the World Psychiatric Association (WPA), 12(3), 198–206. doi:10.1002/wps.20057
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Muñoz, M., Crespo, M., Pérez-Santos, E., & Vázquez, J. J. (2005). Early psychological consequences of the March 11, 2004, terrorist attacks in Madrid, Spain. Psychological Reports, 97(3), 907–920. doi:10.2466/pr0.97.3.907-920
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Olff, M. (2017). Sex and gender differences in post-traumatic stress disorder: An update. European Journal of Psychotraumatology, 88(Sup4), 1351204.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Ophuis, R. H., Olij, B. F., Polinder, S., & Haagsma, J. A. (2018). Prevalence of post-traumatic stress disorder, acute stress disorder, and depression following violence related injury treated at the emergency department: A systematic review. BMC Psychiatry, 18(1), 1–9. doi:10.1186/s12888-018-1890-9
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Rhodes, J., Chan, C., Paxson, C., Rouse, C. E., Waters, M., & Fussell, E. (2010, April). The impact of hurricane katrina on the mental and physical health of low-income parents in New Orleans. American Journal of Orthopsychiatry, 80(2), 237–247. doi:10.1111/j.1939-0025.2010.01027.x.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Saint George Hospital University Medical Center (2020). Retrieved November 2, 2020, from https://www.stgeorgehospital.org/stgeorge-donation.
   Google Scholar
• Sato, H., Techasrivichien, T., Omori, A., Ono-Kihara, M., & Kihara, M. (2019). Psychosocial consequences among nurses in the affected area of the great east Japan earthquake of 2011 and the Fukushima complex disaster: A qualitative study. Disaster Medicine and Public Health Preparedness, 13(3), 519–526. doi:10.1017/dmp.2018.100.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Suliman, S., Troemanb, Z., Stein, D. J., & Seedat, S. (2013). Predictors of acute stress disorder severity. Journal of Affective Disorders, 149(1-3), 277–281. doi:10.1016/j.jad.2013.01.041
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Wang, L., Li, Z., Shi, Z., Zhang, Y., & Shen, J. (2010). Factor structure of acute stress disorder symptoms in Chinese earthquake victims: A confirmatory factor analysis of the acute stress disorder scale. Personality and Individual Differences, 48, 798–802. doi:10.1016/j.paid.2010.01.027
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Wilker, S., Pfeiffer, A., Kolassa, S., Koslowski, D., Elbert, T., & Kolassa1, I. T. (2015). How to quantify exposure to traumatic stress? Reliability and predictive validity of measures for cumulative trauma exposure in a post-conflict population. European Journal of Psychotraumatology, 6(1), 28306. doi:10.3402/ejpt.v6.28306.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar