References
- The directorate of health in Iceland. 2015 [ cited 2015 Sep 2]. Available from: www.landlaeknir.is.
- Statistics Iceland: the centre for official statistics in Iceland. 2016 [ cited 2016 Feb 11]. Available from: www.statice.is.
- Sallam M , Esbjörnsson J , Baldvinsdóttir G , et al. Molecular epidemiology of HIV-1 in Iceland: early introductions, transmission dynamics and recent outbreaks among injection drug users. Infect Genet Evol. 2017;49:1–8.
- Indridason H , Gudmundsson S , Karlsdottir B , et al. Long term nationwide analysis of HIV and AIDS in Iceland, 1983-2012. J AIDS Clin Res. 2014;5:387.
- Palella FJ Jr. , Delaney KM , Moorman AC , et al. Declining morbidity and mortality among patients with advanced human immunodeficiency virus infection. HIV Outpatient Study Investigators. N Engl J Med. 1998;338:853–860.
- Cohen MS , Chen YQ , McCauley M , et al. Prevention of HIV-1 infection with early antiretroviral therapy. N Engl J Med. 2011;365:493–505.
- Attia S , Egger M , Müller M , et al. Sexual transmission of HIV according to viral load and antiretroviral therapy: systematic review and meta-analysis. AIDS. 2009;23:1397–1404.
- Porco TC , Martin JN , Page-Shafer KA , et al. Decline in HIV infectivity following the introduction of highly active antiretroviral therapy. AIDS. 2004;18:81–88.
- Roberts JD , Bebenek K , Kunkel TA. The accuracy of reverse transcriptase from HIV-1. Science. 1988;242:1171–1173.
- Günthard HF , Leigh-Brown AJ , D’Aquila RT , et al. Higher selection pressure from antiretroviral drugs in vivo results in increased evolutionary distance in HIV-1 pol. Virology. 1999;259:154–165.
- Gupta RK , Hill A , Sawyer AW , et al. Virological monitoring and resistance to first-line highly active antiretroviral therapy in adults infected with HIV-1 treated under WHO guidelines: a systematic review and meta-analysis. Lancet Infect Dis. 2009;9:409–417.
- Wittkop L , Günthard HF , De Wolf F , et al. Effect of transmitted drug resistance on virological and immunological response to initial combination antiretroviral therapy for HIV (EuroCoord-CHAIN joint project): a European multicohort study. Lancet Infect Dis. 2011;11:363–371.
- Bertagnolio S , Perno CF , Vella S , et al. The impact of HIV drug resistance on the selection of first- and second-line ART in resource-limited settings. J Infect Dis. 2013;207(Suppl 2):S45–S48.
- Hamers RL , Wallis CL , Kityo C , et al. HIV-1 drug resistance in antiretroviral-naive individuals in sub-Saharan Africa after rollout of antiretroviral therapy: a multicentre observational study. Lancet Infect Dis. 2011;11:750–759.
- Bennett DE , Bertagnolio S , Sutherland D , et al. The World Health Organization’s global strategy for prevention and assessment of HIV drug resistance. Antivir Ther. 2008;13(Suppl 2):1–13.
- Gifford RJ , Liu TF , Rhee SY , et al. The calibrated population resistance tool: standardized genotypic estimation of transmitted HIV-1 drug resistance. Bioinformatics. 2009;25:1197–1198.
- Bazinet AL , Zwickl DJ , Cummings MP. A gateway for phylogenetic analysis powered by grid computing featuring GARLI 2.0. Syst Biol. 2014;63:812–818.
- Guindon S , Dufayard JF , Lefort V , et al. New algorithms and methods to estimate maximum-likelihood phylogenies: assessing the performance of PhyML 3.0. Syst Biol. 2010;59:307–321.
- Anisimova M , Gil M , Dufayard JF , et al. Survey of branch support methods demonstrates accuracy, power, and robustness of fast likelihood-based approximation schemes. Syst Biol. 2011;60:685–699.
- Wensing AM , Calvez V , Günthard HF , et al. Update of the drug resistance mutations in HIV-1. Top Antivir Med. 2015;23:132–141.
- Drummond AJ , Suchard MA , Xie D , et al. Bayesian phylogenetics with BEAUti and the BEAST 1.7. Mol Biol Evol. 2012;29:1969–1973.
- Karlsson A , Björkman P , Bratt G . Low prevalence of transmitted drug resistance in patients newly diagnosed with HIV-1 infection in Sweden 2003-2010. Plos One. 2012;7:e33484.
- Audelin AM , Gerstoft J , Obel N , et al. Molecular phylogenetics of transmitted drug resistance in newly diagnosed HIV Type 1 individuals in Denmark: a nation-wide study. AIDS Res Hum Retroviruses. 2011;27:1283–1290.
- Hofstra LM , Sauvageot N , Albert J , et al. Transmission of HIV drug resistance and the predicted effect on current first-line regimens in Europe. Clin Infect Dis. 2016;62:655–663.
- Tostevin A , White E , Dunn D , et al. Recent trends and patterns in HIV-1 transmitted drug resistance in the United Kingdom. HIV Med. 2017;18(3):204–213.
- Yang WL , Kouyos R , Scherrer AU , et al. Assessing the paradox between transmitted and acquired HIV type 1 drug resistance mutations in the Swiss HIV Cohort study from 1998 to 2012. J Infect Dis. 2015;212:28–38.
- Pennings PS . HIV Drug resistance: problems and perspectives. Infect Dis Rep. 2013;5:e5.
- Vercauteren J , Wensing AM , van de Vijver DA , et al. Transmission of drug-resistant HIV-1 is stabilizing in Europe. J Infect Dis. 2009;200:1503–1508.
- Pham QD , Wilson DP , Law MG , et al. Global burden of transmitted HIV drug resistance and HIV-exposure categories: a systematic review and meta-analysis. AIDS. 2014;28:2751–2762.
- Frentz D , Boucher CA , van de Vijver DA , et al. Temporal changes in the epidemiology of transmission of drug-resistant HIV-1 across the world. AIDS Rev. 2012;14:17–27.
- Baxter JD , Dunn D , White E , et al. Global HIV-1 transmitted drug resistance in the INSIGHT Strategic Timing of AntiRetroviral Treatment (START) trial. HIV Med. 2015;16(Suppl 1):77–87.
- Gallant JE , DeJesus E , Arribas JR , et al. Tenofovir DF, emtricitabine, and efavirenz vs. zidovudine, lamivudine, and efavirenz for HIV. N Engl J Med. 2006;354:251–260.
- Miller MD . K65R, TAMs and tenofovir. AIDS Rev. 2004;6:22–33.
- Mourad R , Chevennet F , Dunn DT , et al. A phylotype-based analysis highlights the role of drug-naive HIV-positive individuals in the transmission of antiretroviral resistance in the UK. AIDS. 2015;29:1917–1925.
- Cuevas MT , Muñoz-Nieto M , Thomson MM , et al. HIV-1 transmission cluster with T215D revertant mutation among newly diagnosed patients from the Basque Country, Spain. J Acquir Immune Defic Syndr. 2009;51:99–103.
- de Ronde A , van Dooren M , van Der Hoek L , et al. Establishment of new transmissible and drug-sensitive human immunodeficiency virus type 1 wild types due to transmission of nucleoside analogue-resistant virus. J Virol. 2001;75:595–602.
- Cong ME , Heneine W , Garcia-Lerma JG . The fitness cost of mutations associated with human immunodeficiency virus type 1 drug resistance is modulated by mutational interactions. J Virol. 2007;81:3037–3041.
- Johnson JA , Li JF , Wei X , et al. Minority HIV-1 drug resistance mutations are present in antiretroviral treatment-naive populations and associate with reduced treatment efficacy. Plos Med. 2008;5:e158.