Avian influenza viruses at the wild–domestic bird interface in Egypt

References

• Abdelwhab EM, Hassan MK, Abdel-Moneim AS, et al. Introduction and enzootic of A/H5N1 in Egypt: virus evolution, pathogenicity and vaccine efficacy ten years on. Infect Genet Evol. 2016;40:1–9.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Monne I, Hussein HA, Fusaro A, et al. H9N2 influenza A virus circulates in H5N1 endemically infected poultry population in Egypt. Influenza Other Respir Viruses. 2013;7:240–243.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Selim AA, Erfan AM, Hagag N, et al. Highly pathogenic avian influenza virus (H5N8) clade 2.3.4.4 infection in migratory birds, Egypt. Emerg Infect Dis. 2017;23:1048–1051.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Pohlmann A, Starick E, Grund C, et al. Swarm incursions of reassortants of highly pathogenic avian influenza virus strains H5N8 and H5N5, clade 2.3.4.4b, Germany, winter 2016/17. Sci Rep. 2018;8(1):15.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Naguib MM, Harder T. Endemic situation of multiple avian influenza strains in poultry in Egypt: A continuing nightmare. Zoonoses and Public Health; 2018;65:908-910.
   Google Scholar
• Philippa JD. Chapter 10 - Avian influenza A2 - fowler, Murray E. In: Miller RE, editor. Zoo and wild animal medicine. 6th ed. Saint Louis: W.B. Saunders; 2008. p. 79–cp71.
   Google Scholar
• Monne I, Fusaro A, Nelson MI, et al. Emergence of a highly pathogenic avian influenza virus from a low-pathogenic progenitor. J Virol. 2014;88:4375–4388.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Ping J, Selman M, Tyler S, et al. Low-pathogenic avian influenza virus A/turkey/Ontario/6213/1966 (H5N1) is the progenitor of highly pathogenic A/turkey/Ontario/7732/1966 (H5N9). J Gen Virol. 2012;93:1649–1657.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Si Y, Skidmore AK, Wang T, et al. Spatio-temporal dynamics of global H5N1 outbreaks match bird migration patterns. Geospat Health. 2009;4:65–78.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Viruses, G.C.f.H.N.a.R.I. Role for migratory wild birds in the global spread of avian influenza H5N8. Science. 2016;354:213–217. (New York, N.Y.)
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Hill NJ, Ma EJ, Meixell BW, et al. Transmission of influenza reflects seasonality of wild birds across the annual cycle. Ecol Lett. 2016;19:915–925.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Abdelwhab E, Hafez H. An overview of the epidemic of highly pathogenic H5N1 avian influenza virus in Egypt: epidemiology and control challenges. Epidemiol Infect. 2011;139:647–657.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Taha F. The poultry sector in middle-income countries and its feed requirements. Agriculture and trade reports: USDA: WRS-03-02; 2003.
   Google Scholar
• Aly MM, Arafa A, Hassan MK. Epidemiological findings of outbreaks of disease caused by highly pathogenic H5N1 avian influenza virus in poultry in Egypt during 2006. Avian Dis. 2008a;52:269–277.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• El-Zoghby EF, Aly MM, Nasef SA, et al. Surveillance on A/H5N1 virus in domestic poultry and wild birds in Egypt. Virol J. 2013;10:203.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Afifi, M.A., El-Kady, M.F., Zoelfakar, S.A., et al. Serological surveillance reveals widespread influenza A H7 and H9 subtypes among chicken flocks in Egypt. Trop Anim Health Prod. 2013;45(2):687–690.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Verhagen JH, Lexmond P, Vuong O, et al. Discordant detection of avian influenza virus subtypes in time and space between poultry and wild birds; Towards improvement of surveillance programs. PLoS One. 2017;12:e0173470.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Kim KI, Choi JG, Kang HM, et al. Geographical distribution of low pathogenic avian influenza viruses of domestic poultry in Vietnam and their genetic relevance with Asian isolates. Poult Sci. 2013;92:2012–2023.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Negovetich NJ, Feeroz MM, Jones-Engel L, et al. Live bird markets of Bangladesh: H9N2 viruses and the near absence of highly pathogenic H5N1 influenza. PLoS One. 2011;6:e19311.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Lee HJ, Kwon JS, Lee DH, et al. Continuing evolution and interspecies transmission of influenza viruses in live bird markets in Korea. Avian Dis. 2010;54:738–748.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Samy AA, El-Enbaawy MI, El-Sanousi AA, et al. Different counteracting host immune responses to clade 2.2.1.1 and 2.2.1.2 Egyptian H5N1 highly pathogenic avian influenza viruses in naive and vaccinated chickens. Vet Microbiol. 2016;183:103–109.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Arafa AS, Naguib MM, Luttermann C, et al. Emergence of a novel cluster of influenza A(H5N1) virus clade 2.2.1.2 with putative human health impact in Egypt, 2014/15. Euro Surveill. 2015;20:2–8.
   Google Scholar
• Salaheldin AH, El-Hamid HS, Elbestawy AR, et al. Multiple introductions of influenza A(H5N8) virus into poultry, Egypt, 2017. In: Emerg infect Dis; 2018; 24(5): 943–946.
   Google Scholar
• Yehia N, Naguib MM, Li R, et al. Multiple introductions of reassorted highly pathogenic avian influenza viruses (H5N8) clade 2.3.4.4b causing outbreaks in wild birds and poultry in Egypt. Infect Genet Evol. 2018;58:56–65.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Naguib MM, Arafa AS, El-Kady MF, et al. Evolutionary trajectories and diagnostic challenges of potentially zoonotic avian influenza viruses H5N1 and H9N2 co-circulating in Egypt. Infect Genet Evol. 2015;34:278–291.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Naguib MM, Arafa AS, Parvin R, et al. Insights into genetic diversity and biological propensities of potentially zoonotic avian influenza H9N2 viruses circulating in Egypt. Virology. 2017;511:165–174.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Kandeil A, El-Shesheny R, Maatouq A, et al. Novel reassortant H9N2 viruses in pigeons and evidence for antigenic diversity of H9N2 viruses isolated from quails in Egypt. J Gen Virol. 2017a;98:548–562.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Arafa AS, Hagag NM, Yehia N, et al. Effect of cocirculation of highly pathogenic avian influenza H5N1 subtype with low pathogenic H9N2 subtype on the spread of infections. Avian Dis. 2012;56:849–857.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Salaheldin AH, Kasbohm E, El-Naggar H, et al. Potential biological and climatic factors that influence the incidence and persistence of highly pathogenic H5N1 avian influenza virus in Egypt. Front Microbiol. 2018b;9:528.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Ibrahim WAL. An overview of bird migration studies in Egypt. Ring. 2011;33:55–75.
   Google Scholar
• BirdLife, I. Migratory soaring birds project. 2018b. Available from: http://migratorysoaringbirds.undp.birdlife.org/en
   Google Scholar
• Baha EL Din SM, Important bird areas in Africa and associated islands –egypt. Birdlife. 2018 Nov 20. Available from: http://datazone.birdlife.org/userfiles/file/IBAs/AfricaCntryPDFs/Egypt.pdf.
   Google Scholar
• Convention R. Egypt (Ramsar Convention); 2018. Available from: https://www.ramsar.org/wetland/egypt.
   Google Scholar
• BirdLife, I. Egypt (BirdLife International). 2018a. Available from: http://datazone.birdlife.org/country/egypt/ibas.
   Google Scholar
• Wille M, Latorre-Margalef N, Tolf C, et al. Where do all the subtypes go? Temporal dynamics of H8-H12 influenza A viruses in waterfowl. Virus Evol. 2018;4:025.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Huang Y, Wille M, Benkaroun J, et al. Perpetuation and reassortment of gull influenza A viruses in Atlantic North America. Virology. 2014;456–457:353–363.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Arnal A, Vittecoq M, Pearce-Duvet J, et al. Laridae: a neglected reservoir that could play a major role in avian influenza virus epidemiological dynamics. Crit Rev Microbiol. 2015;41:508–519.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Wille M, Robertson GJ, Whitney H, et al. Extensive geographic mosaicism in avian influenza viruses from gulls in the northern hemisphere. PLoS One. 2011;6:e20664.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Caron A, Cappelle J, Gaidet N, et al. Challenging the conceptual framework of maintenance hosts for influenza A viruses in wild birds. J Appl Ecol. 2017;54:681–690.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Olsen B, Munster VJ, Wallensten A, et al. Global patterns of influenza a virus in wild birds. Science. 2006;312:384–388. (New York, N.Y.)
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Krauss S, Walker D, Pryor SP, et al. Influenza A viruses of migrating wild aquatic birds in North America. Vector Borne Zoonotic Dis. 2004;4:177–189.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Munster VJ, Baas C, Lexmond P, et al. Spatial, temporal, and species variation in prevalence of influenza A viruses in wild migratory birds. PLoS Pathog. 2007;3:e61.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Wallensten A, Munster VJ, Latorre-Margalef N, et al. Surveillance of influenza A virus in migratory waterfowl in northern Europe. Emerg Infect Dis. 2007;13:404–411.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• BirdLife, I. New IUCN red list for birds. 2018c. Available from: https://www.birdlife.org/news/tag/iucn-red-list.
   Google Scholar
• Census IW. Species count totals by country for the period 2013–2017. 2018. Available from: http://iwc.wetlands.org/index.php/nattotals.
   Google Scholar
• Maxted AM, Luttrell MP, Goekjian VH, et al. Avian influenza virus infection dynamics in shorebird hosts. J Wildl Dis. 2012;48:322–334.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Hosny A, Imam IZ, Sharaan N, et al. Isolation and identification of influenza virus strain A/duck/England from migrating birds to Egypt. J Egypt Public Health Assoc. 1980 [1976];55:13–22.
   Google Scholar
• Amin A, Shalaby MA, Imam IZ. Studies on influenza virus isolated from migrating birds in Egypt. Comp Immunol Microbiol Infect Dis. 1980;3:241–246.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Gerloff NA, Jones J, Simpson N, et al. A high diversity of Eurasian lineage low pathogenicity avian influenza A viruses circulate among wild birds sampled in Egypt. PLoS One. 2013;8:e68522.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Soliman A, Saad M, Elassal E, et al. Surveillance of avian influenza viruses in migratory birds in Egypt, 2003–09. J Wildl Dis. 2012;48:669–675.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Saad MD, Ahmed L’ S, Gamal-Eldein MA, et al. Possible avian influenza (H5N1) from Migratory Bird, Egypt. Emerg Infect Dis. 2007;13:1120–1121.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Sheta BM, Fuller TL, Larison B, et al. Putative human and avian risk factors for avian influenza virus infections in backyard poultry in Egypt. Vet Microbiol. 2014;168:208–213.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Njabo KY, Zanontian L, Sheta BN, et al. Living with avian FLU–persistence of the H5N1 highly pathogenic avian influenza virus in Egypt. Vet Microbiol. 2016;187:82–92.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Fadel HM, Afifi R. Investigation of avian influenza infection in wild birds in Ismailia and Damietta cities, Egypt. Vet World. 2017;10:695–701.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Kandeil A, Kayed A, Moatasim Y, et al. Genetic characterization of highly pathogenic avian influenza A H5N8 viruses isolated from wild birds in Egypt. J Gen Virol. 2017b;98:1573–1586.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Gaidet N, Caron A, Cappelle J, et al. Understanding the ecological drivers of avian influenza virus infection in wildfowl: a continental-scale study across Africa. Proc Biol Sci. 2012;279:1131–1141.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Abla-El-Said MS, Magda MA, Afaf AA, et al. Isolation and identification and carcinogenicity of an avian influenza virus from ducks in Egypt. Proceeding of the 5th Scientific Conference of the Egyptian Veterinary Poultry Association; Cairo (Egypt): The Egyptian Veterinary Poultry Association; 1998.
   Google Scholar
• FAO. Mapping influenza A (H5N1) virus transmission pathways and critical control points in Egypt. Animal Production and Health Working Paper No 11. Rome (Italy): Food and Agriculture Organisation; 2013.
   Google Scholar
• Aly MM, Arafa A, Kilany WH, et al. Isolation of a low pathogenic avian influenza virus (H7N7) from a black kite (Milvus migrans) in Egypt in 2005. Avian Dis. 2010;54:457–460.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Zhang Y, Aevermann BD, Anderson TK, et al. Influenza research database: an integrated bioinformatics resource for influenza virus research. Nucleic Acids Res. 2017;45:D466–d474.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Li R, Jiang Z, Xu B. Global spatiotemporal and genetic footprint of the H5N1 avian influenza virus. Int J Health Geogr. 2014;13:14.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Smietanka K, Minta Z, Swieton E, et al. Avian influenza H9N2 subtype in Poland–characterization of the isolates and evidence of concomitant infections. Avian Pathol. 2014;43:427–436.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Young SG, Carrel M, Kitchen A, et al. How’s the Flu getting through? Landscape genetics suggests both humans and birds spread H5N1 in Egypt. Infect Genet Evol. 2017;49:293–299.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Ismail NA, Ahmed HA. Knowledge, attitudes and practices related to avian influenza among a rural community in Egypt. J Egypt Public Health Assoc. 2010;85:73–96.
   Google Scholar
• Wikramaratna PS, Pybus OG, Gupta S. Contact between bird species of different lifespans can promote the emergence of highly pathogenic avian influenza strains. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA. 2014;111:10767–10772.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Aly MM, Arafa A, Hassan MK, et al.. Epidemiological investigation on avian influenza viruses in wild and migratory birds in Egypt. Proceeding of the 8th Scientific Conference of the Egyptian Veterinary Poultry Association; Cairo (Egypt): The Egyptian Veterinary Poultry Association; 2008b.
   Google Scholar
• Elhalawani S. Hunting and illegal killing of birds along the mediterranean coast of Egypt (Nature conservation Egypt and birdlife international); 2016. Available from: https://www.birdlife.org/sites/default/files/attachments/hunting_and_illegal_killing_in_egypt_0.pdf.
   Google Scholar
• Brochet A-L, Van Den Bossche W, Jbour S, et al. Preliminary assessment of the scope and scale of illegal killing and taking of birds in the Mediterranean. Bird Conserv Int. 2016;26:1–28.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Abdelwhab E, Abdel-Moneim AS. Epidemiology, ecology and gene pool of influenza A virus in Egypt: will Egypt be the epicentre of the next influenza pandemic? Virulence. 2015;6:6–18.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• He Y, Liu P, Tang S, et al. Live poultry market closure and control of avian influenza A(H7N9), Shanghai, China. Emerg Infect Dis. 2014;20:1565–1566.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Wilson S, Oushy M. Eco-biosociocultural H5N1 disease model in Egypt. WIT Trans Biomed Health. 2011;15:255–266.
   Google Scholar
• Ali A, Ankers P, DeHaan N, et al., Mapping Influenza A (H5N1) virus transmission pathways and critical control points in Egypt. FAO Animal Production and Health Working Paper 11; 2013. https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC3895176/.
   Google Scholar
• El Masry I, Rijks J, Peyre M, et al. Modelling influenza A H5N1 vaccination strategy scenarios in the household poultry sector in Egypt. Trop Anim Health Prod. 2014;46:57–63.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar