Severe hypercalcemia in a patient with extrapulmonary Mycobacterium abscessus: granuloma or immune reconstitution inflammatory syndrome? First case of Mycobacterium abscessus presenting as retroperitoneal lymphadenopathy with severe hypercalcemia: a case report and literature review

References

• Hamzeh N. Sarcoidosis. Med Clin North Am. 2011 Nov;95(6):1223–1234. PubMed PMID: 22032436.
   Google Scholar
• Zhang JT, Chan C, Kwun SY, et al. A case of severe 1,25-dihydroxyvitamin D-mediated hypercalcemia due to a granulomatous disorder. J Clin Endocrinol Metab. 2012 Aug;97(8):2579–2583. PubMed PMID: 22639294.
   Google Scholar
• Mukhopadhyay S, Gal AA. Granulomatous lung disease: an approach to the differential diagnosis. Arch Pathol Lab Med. 2010 May;134(5):667–690. PubMed PMID: 20441499.
   Google Scholar
• Khoor A, Leslie KO, Tazelaar HD, et al. Diffuse pulmonary disease caused by nontuberculous mycobacteria in immunocompetent people (hot tub lung). Am J Clin Pathol. 2001 May;115(5):755–762. PubMed PMID: 11345841.
   Google Scholar
• Gardner DG. Hypercalcemia and sarcoidosis–another piece of the puzzle falls into place. Am J Med. 2001 Jun 15;110(9):736–737. PubMed PMID: 11403760.
   Google Scholar
• Donato J, Phillips CT, Gaffney AW, et al. A case of hypercalcemia secondary to hot tub lung. Chest. 2014 Dec;146(6):e186–e189. PubMed PMID: 25451359.
   Google Scholar
• Shrayyef MZ, DePapp Z, Cave WT, et al. Hypercalcemia in two patients with sarcoidosis and Mycobacterium avium intracellulare not mediated by elevated vitamin D metabolites. Am J Med Sci. 2011 Oct;342(4):336–340. PubMed PMID: 21760475.
   Google Scholar
• Tsao YT, Wu CC, Chu P. Immune reconstitution syndrome-induced hypercalcemic crisis. Am J Emerg Med. 2011 Feb;29(2):244 e3–6. PubMed PMID: 20825906.
   Google Scholar
• Parsons CE, Singh S, Geyer HL. A case of hypercalcaemia in an immunocompetent patient with Mycobacterium avium intracellulare. JRSM Open. 2017 Jul;8(7):2054270417716614. PubMed PMID: 28748100; PubMed Central PMCID: PMCPMC5507386.
   Google Scholar
• Delahunt JW, Romeril KE. Hypercalcemia in a patient with the acquired immunodeficiency syndrome and Mycobacterium avium intracellulare infection. J Acquir Immune Defic Syndr. 1994 Aug;7(8):871–872. PubMed PMID: 8021822.
   Google Scholar
• Lin JH, Chen W, Lee JY, et al. Disseminated cutaneous Mycobacterium haemophilum infection with severe hypercalcaemia in a failed renal transplant recipient. Br J Dermatol. 2003 Jul;149(1):200–202. PubMed PMID: 12890222.
   Google Scholar
• Ryzen E, Rea TH, Singer FR. Hypercalcemia and abnormal 1,25-dihydroxyvitamin D concentrations in leprosy. Am J Med. 1988 Feb;84(2):325–329. PubMed PMID: 2841852.
   Google Scholar
• Lawn SD, Macallan DC. Hypercalcemia: a manifestation of immune reconstitution complicating tuberculosis in an HIV-infected person. Clin Infect Dis. 2004 Jan 1;38(1):154–155. PubMed PMID: 14679464.
   Google Scholar
• Jenny-Avital ER, Abadi M. Immune reconstitution cryptococcosis after initiation of successful highly active antiretroviral therapy. Clin Infect Dis. 2002 Dec 15;35(12):e128–e133. PubMed PMID: 12471589.
   Google Scholar
• Monkawa T, Yoshida T, Hayashi M, et al. Identification of 25-hydroxyvitamin D3 1alpha-hydroxylase gene expression in macrophages. Kidney Int. 2000 Aug;58(2):559–568. PubMed PMID: 10916079.
   Google Scholar
• Choudhary M, Rose F. Posterior reversible encephalopathic syndrome due to severe hypercalcemia in AIDS. Scand J Infect Dis. 2005;37(6–7):524–526. PubMed PMID: 16012020.
   Google Scholar
• Playford EG, Bansal AS, Looke DF, et al. Hypercalcaemia and elevated 1,25(OH)(2)D(3) levels associated with disseminated Mycobacterium avium infection in AIDS. J Infect. 2001 Feb;42(2):157–158. PubMed PMID: 11531324.
   Google Scholar
• Ayoubieh H, Alkhalili E. Mycobacterium avium-intracellulare and the unpredictable course of hypercalcemia in an AIDS patient. Braz J Infect Dis. 2017 Jan-Feb;21(1):116–118. PubMed PMID: 27620657.
   Google Scholar
• Nielsen CT, Andersen AB. Hypercalcemia and renal failure in a case of disseminated Mycobacterium marinum infection. Eur J Intern Med. 2009 Mar;20(2):e29–e31. PubMed PMID: 19327592.
   Google Scholar
• Griffith DE, Girard WM, Wallace RJ Jr. Clinical features of pulmonary disease caused by rapidly growing mycobacteria. An analysis of 154 patients. Am Rev Respir Dis. 1993 May;147(5):1271–1278. PubMed PMID: 8484642.
   Google Scholar
• Piersimoni C, Scarparo C. Extrapulmonary infections associated with nontuberculous mycobacteria in immunocompetent persons. Emerg Infect Dis. 2009 Sep;15(9):1351–8; quiz 1544. PubMed PMID: 19788801; PubMed Central PMCID: PMCPMC2819852.
   Google Scholar
• Kasperbauer S, Huitt G. Management of extrapulmonary nontuberculous mycobacterial infections. Semin Respir Crit Care Med. 2013 Feb;34(1):143–150. PubMed PMID: 23460014.
   Google Scholar
• Cheng A, Liu YC, Chen ML, et al. Extrapulmonary infections caused by a dominant strain of Mycobacterium massiliense (Mycobacterium abscessus subspecies bolletii). Clin Microbiol Infect. 2013 Oct;19(10):E473–E482. PubMed PMID: 23718188.
   Google Scholar
• Koh SJ, Song T, Kang YA, et al. An outbreak of skin and soft tissue infection caused by Mycobacterium abscessus following acupuncture. Clin Microbiol Infect. 2010 Jul;16(7):895–901. PubMed PMID: 19694761.
   Google Scholar
• Leao SC, Viana-Niero C, Matsumoto CK, et al. Epidemic of surgical-site infections by a single clone of rapidly growing mycobacteria in Brazil. Future Microbiol. 2010 Jun;5(6):971–980. PubMed PMID: 20521940.
   Google Scholar
• Kim HY, Yun YJ, Park CG, et al. Outbreak of Mycobacterium massiliense infection associated with intramuscular injections. J Clin Microbiol. 2007 Sep;45(9):3127–3130. PubMed PMID: 17626174; PubMed Central PMCID: PMCPMC2045247.
   Google Scholar
• Song JY, Son JB, Lee MK, et al. Case series of mycobacterium abscessus infections associated with a trigger point injection and epidural block at a rural clinic. Epidemiol Health. 2012;34:e2012001. PubMed PMID: 22323979; PubMed Central PMCID: PMCPMC3272546.
   Google Scholar
• Jung SY, Kim BG, Kwon D, et al. An outbreak of joint and cutaneous infections caused by non-tuberculous mycobacteria after corticosteroid injection. Int J Infect Dis. 2015 Jul;36:62–69. PubMed PMID: 26026822.
   Google Scholar
• Garcia DC, Sandoval-Sus J, Razzaq K, et al. Vertebral osteomyelitis caused by Mycobacterium abscessus. BMJ Case Rep. 2013 Aug 7;2013. PubMed PMID: 23925676; PubMed Central PMCID: PMCPMC3761664. DOI: 10.1136/bcr-2013-009597
   Google Scholar
• Kheir WJ, Sheheitli H, Abdul Fattah M, et al. Nontuberculous mycobacterial ocular infections: a systematic review of the literature. Biomed Res Int. 2015;2015:164989. PubMed PMID: 26106601; PubMed Central PMCID: PMCPMC4461732.
   Google Scholar
• Chen CH, Lin J, Js L, et al. Mycobacterium abscessus complex bacteremia due to prostatitis after prostate biopsy. Indian J Tuberc. 2016 Oct;63(4):273–275. PubMed PMID: 27998503.
   Google Scholar
• Mooren V, Bleeker MWP, van Ingen J, et al. Disseminated Mycobacterium abscessus infection in a peritoneal dialysis patient. IDCases. 2017;9:6–7. PubMed PMID: 28529886; PubMed Central PMCID: PMCPMC5430147.
   Google Scholar
• Ko JH, Kang CI, Cho SY, et al. Mycobacterium abscessus glossitis. Lancet Infect Dis. 2017 Oct;17(10):1098. PubMed PMID: 28948933.
   Google Scholar
• Rodge G, Nagvekar V, Jhala D, et al. Mycobacterium abscessus causing native valve endocarditis due to peripherally inserted central catheter line. J Clin Tuberculosis Other Mycobacterial Dis. 2017;9:19–20. .
   Google Scholar
• Jeon K, Kwon OJ, Lee NY, et al. Antibiotic treatment of Mycobacterium abscessus lung disease: a retrospective analysis of 65 patients. Am J Respir Crit Care Med. 2009 Nov 1;180(9):896–902. PubMed PMID: 19661243.
   Google Scholar
• Griffith DE, Aksamit T, Brown-Elliott BA, et al. An official ATS/IDSA statement: diagnosis, treatment, and prevention of nontuberculous mycobacterial diseases. Am J Respir Crit Care Med. 2007 Feb 15;175(4):367–416. PubMed PMID: 17277290.
   Google Scholar
• Aly ES, Baig M, Khanna D, et al. Hypercalcaemia: a clue to Mycobacterium avium intracellulare infection in a patient with AIDS. Int J Clin Pract. 1999 Apr-May;53(3):227–228. PubMed PMID: 10665139.
   Google Scholar
• Newell A, Nelson MR. Hypercalcaemia in a patient with AIDS and Mycobacterium avium intracellulare infection. Int J STD AIDS. 1997 Jun;8(6):405. PubMed PMID: 9179654.
   Google Scholar