Ethical issues associated with medical tourism in Africa

References

• Widdows H. Localized past, globalized future: towards an effective bioethical framework using examples from population genetics and medical tourism. Bioethics. 2011;25(2):1–13.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Alsharif MJ, Labonté R, Lu Z. Patients beyond borders: a study of medical tourists in four countries. Glob Soc Policy. 2010;10(3):315–335.
   Google Scholar
• Reddy SG. Medical tourism in India: an exploratory study. Manhattan (KS): Kansas State University; 2013.
   Google Scholar
• Crush J, Chikanda A. South–South medical tourism and the quest for health in Southern Africa. Soc Sci Med. 2015;124:313–320.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Crush J, Chikanda A, Maswikwa B, et al. South-South and North-South medical tourism: the case of South Africa. In: Travelling well: essays in medical tourism. Ottawa: Institute of Population Health, University of Ottawa; 2013. p. 43–61.
   Google Scholar
• Crooks VA, Cohen IG, Adams K, et al. Inbound medical tourism to Barbados: a qualitative examination of local lawyers’ prospective legal and regulatory concerns. BMC Health Serv Res. 2015;15(1):1–8.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Ahwireng‐Obeng F, van Loggerenberg C. Africa’s middle class women bring entrepreneurial opportunities in breast care medical tourism to South Africa. Int J Health Plann Manage. 2011;26(1):39–55.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Jagyasi P. South Africa: the rising star on medical tourism horizon. Med Tourism Industry’s Latest Nip/Tuck. 2009;8:14.
   Google Scholar
• Iordache C, Ciochină I, Roxana P. Medical tourism–between the content and socio-economic development goals. Development strategies. Rom J Marketing. 2013;1;31–42.
   Google Scholar
• Lautier M. Export of health services from developing countries: the case of Tunisia. Soc Sci Med. 2008;67(1):101–110.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Carmen I, Iuliana C. Medical tourism industry challenges in the context of globalization. Manag Strateg J. 2014;24(2):62–70.
   Google Scholar
• Connell J. Medical tourism in the caribbean islands: a cure for economies in crisis? Isl Stud J. 2013;8(1):115–130.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Helmy EM, Travers R. Towards the development of Egyptian medical tourism sector. Anatolia Int J Tourism Hospitality Res. 2009;20(2):419–439.
   Google Scholar
• Abdullah B, Ng K. The sky is falling. Biomed Imaging Intervention J. 2006;2:e29.
   Google Scholar
• Eiser AR, Goold SD, Suchman AL. The role of bioethics and business ethics. J Gen Intern Med. 1999;14(S1):58–62.
   Google Scholar
• Adams K, Snyder J, Crooks VA, et al. Promoting social responsibility amongst health care users: medical tourists’ perspectives on an information sheet regarding ethical concerns in medical tourism. Philosophy Ethics Humanities Medicine. 2013;8:19.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Cohen IG. Medical tourism, access to health care, and global justice. VA J Int Law. 2011;52(1):1–56.
   Google Scholar
• Cohen IG. How to regulate medical tourism (and why it matters for bioethics). Dev World Bioeth. 2012;12(1):9–20.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Cohen IG. Transplant tourism: the ethics and regulation of international markets for organs. J Law Med Ethics. 2013;41(1):269–285.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Johnston R, Crooks VA, Snyder J, et al. What is known about the effects of medical tourism in destination and departure countries? A scoping review. Int J Equity Health. 2010;9:24–36.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Pocock NS, Phua KH. Medical tourism and policy implications for health systems: a conceptual framework from a comparative study of Thailand, Singapore and Malaysia. Global Health. 2011;7(1):1.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Smith K. Medical tourism: for richer or poorer. A paper presented at the Ownership and Appropriation sponsored by the ASA, ASAANZ and AAS held on; 2008 Dec 8-12.
   Google Scholar
• Snyder J, Crooks V, Johnston R, et al. Beyond sun, sand, and stitches: assigning responsibility for the harms of medical tourism. Bioethics. 2013;27(5):233–242.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Snyder J, Crooks V, Turner L. Issues and challenges in research on the ethics of medical tourism: reflections from a conference. J Bioeth Inq. 2011;8(1):3–6.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Turner L. ‘First world health care at third world prices’: globalization, bioethics and medical tourism. BioSocieties. 2007;2(3):303–325.
   Google Scholar
• Ulasi II, Ijoma CK. Organ transplantation in Nigeria. Transplantation. 2016;100(4):695–697.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Umeora OUJ, Umeora M, Chukwuneke F, et al. Surrogacy in Nigeria: legal, ethical, socio cultural, psychological and religious musings. Afr J Med Health Sci. 2014;13(2):105.
   Google Scholar
• Uppiah MV, Gunputh RP, Nunkoo R, et al. The legal implications for Mauritius to develop the medical tourism sector. In: 4th advances in hospitality & tourism marketing & management conference; 2014 Jun 25–27; Mauritius: University of Mauritius.
   Google Scholar
• Arksey H, OMalley L. Scoping studies: towards a methodological framework. Int J Soc Res Methodol. 2005;8(1):19–32.
   Google Scholar
• Levac D, Colquhoun H, O’Brien KK. Scoping studies: advancing the methodology. Implement Sci. 2010;5(1):1–9.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Pham MT, Rajić A, Greig JD, et al. A scoping review of scoping reviews: advancing the approach and enhancing the consistency. Res Synth Methods. 2014;5(4):371–385.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Makanga PT, Schuurman N, von Dadelszen P, et al. A scoping review of geographic information systems in maternal health. Int J Gynecol Obstetrics. 2016;134(1):13–17.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Pluye P, Robert E, Cargo M, et al., Proposal: a mixed methods appraisal tool for systematic mixed studies reviews. 2011, http://www.webcitation.org/5tTRTc9yJ; http://mixedmethodsappraisaltoolpublic.pbworks.com
   Google Scholar
• Moher D, Liberati A, Tetzlaff J, et al. Reprint—preferred reporting items for systematic reviews and meta-analyses: the PRISMA statement. Phys Ther. 2009;89(9):873–880.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• McHugh ML. Interrater reliability: the kappa statistic. Biochemia Medica. 2012;22(3):276–282.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Agwa-Ejon J, Pradhan A. The impact of technology on the health care services in Gauteng Province, South Africa. Johannesburg: University of Johannesburg; 2014.
   Google Scholar
• Bezabih B, Wamisho B. Referrals of ethiopian orthopedic patients for treatment abroad. East Cent Afr J Surg. 2013;18(1):3–9.
   Google Scholar
• Boekstein MS. Revitalising the healing tradition-health tourism potential of thermal springs in the Western Cape. Cape Town: Cape Peninsula University of Technology; 2012.
   Google Scholar
• Boekstein MS. Healing waters: balneological classification of thermal springs in South Africa: tourism. Afr J Phys Health Educ Recr Dance. 2014;20:557–568.
   Google Scholar
• Crush J, Chikanda A, Maswikwa B. Patients without borders: medical tourism and medical migration in Southern Africa. Cape Town: Megadigital; 2012. p. 1–51.
   Google Scholar
• Dangor F, Hoogendoorn G, Moolla R. Medical tourism by Indian-South Africans to India: an exploratory investigation. Bull Geography Socio-Economic Ser. 2015;29(29):19–30.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• El Taguri A. Medical tourism and the Libyan national health services. Libyan J Med. 2007;2:109–110.
   Google Scholar
• Goldberg AM. Medical tourism? A case study of African patients in India. Berkeley (CA): University of California;  2013.
   Google Scholar
• Idowu EO, Adewole OA. Spectrum of neurosurgical complications following medical tourism: challenges of patients without borders. Afr Health Sci. 2015;15(1):240–245.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Maaka TP. The role of medical tourism in 21st century Africa health system. Afr Rennaissance. 2006;3(4):99–110.
   Google Scholar
• Meissner-Roloff M, Pepper MS. Curbing stem cell tourism in South Africa. Appl Transl Genomics. 2013;2:22–27.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Nicolaides A, Zigiriadis E, Fc CS. Medical tourism as an important niche of tourism development in South Africa. African J Hospitality Tourism Leisure. 2011;1(3):11.
   Google Scholar
• Nwafor O. Niche tourism and the challenges of developing medical tourism in the Western Cape Province of South Africa. J Emerg Trends Educ Res Policy Stud. 2012;3:600–604.
   Google Scholar
• Colquhoun HL, Levac D, O’Brien KK, et al. Scoping reviews: time for clarity in definition, methods, and reporting. J Clin Epidemiol. 2014;67(12):1291–1294.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Dijkers M. What is a Scoping review? Knowledge Translator Disabil Rehabil Res. 2015;4:1–5.
   Google Scholar
• Grimshaw J. A guide to knowledge synthesis: a knowledge synthesis chapter. Ottawa: Canadian Institutes of Health Research; 2010.
   Google Scholar
• Bourke B. Positionality: reflecting on the research process. Qual Rep. 2014;19(33):1–9.
   Google Scholar
• England KV. Getting personal: reflexivity, positionality, and feminist research. Critical Geographies Collection Readings. 2008;46(1):241–256.
   Google Scholar
• Cortez N. Patients without borders: the emerging global market for patients and the evolution of modern health care. Indiana Law J. 2008;83(1):71–132.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Hopkins L, Labonté R, Runnels V, et al. Medical tourism today: what is the state of existing knowledge? J Public Health Policy. 2010;31(2):185–198.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Lunt N, Horsfall D, Hanefeld J. Medical tourism: a snapshot of evidence on treatment abroad. Maturitas. 2016;88:37–44.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Mutalib NSA, Ming LC, Yee SM, et al. Medical tourism: ethics, risks and benefits. Ind J Pharm Educ Res. 2016. doi:10.5530/ijper.50.2.6
   Google Scholar
• Smith K. The problematization of medical tourism: a critique of neoliberalism. Dev World Bioeth. 2012;12(1):1–8.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Pfeffer N. Eggs-ploiting women: a critical feminist analysis of the different principles in transplant and fertility tourism. Reprod Biomed Online (Reproductive Healthcare Limited). 2011;23(5):634–641.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Voigt C, Laing JH. Journey into parenthood: commodification of reproduction as a new tourism niche market. J Travel Tourism Marketing. 2010;27(3):252–268.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Meghani Z. A robust, particularist ethical assessment of medical tourism. Dev World Bioeth. 2011;11(1):16–29.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Snyder J, Crooks VA. Medical tourism and bariatric surgery: more moral challenges. Am J Bioeth. 2010;10(12):28–30.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar