Developmental implications of maternal antenatal anxiety mechanisms and approaches to intervention

References

• Austin, M.-P., Frilingos, M., Lumley, J., Hadzi-Pavlovic, D., Roncolato, W., Acland, S., … Parker, G. (2008). Brief antenatal cognitive behaviour therapy group intervention for the prevention of postnatal depression and anxiety: A randomised controlled trial. Journal of Affective Disorders, 105, 1–8. doi:10.1016/j.jad.2007.04.001
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Australian Health Ministers’ Advisory Council. (2014). Clinical practice guidelines: Antenatal care – module II. Canberra: Australian Government Department of Health and Ageing. Retrieved Mar 12, 2016, from http://www.health.gov.au/internet/main/publishing.nsf/Content/phd-antenatal-care-index
   Google Scholar
• Aylward, G. P. (2002). Cognitive and neuropsychological outcomes: More than IQ scores. Mental Retardation and Developmental Disabilities Research Reviews, 8, 234–240. doi:10.1002/mrdd.10043
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Babenko, O., Kovalchuk, I., & Metz, G. A. (2015). Stress-induced perinatal and transgenerational epigenetic programming of brain development and mental health. Neuroscience and Biobehavioral Reviews, 48, 70–91. doi:10.1016/j.neubiorev.2014.11.013
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Barker, E. D., Jaffee, S. R., Uher, R., & Maughan, B. (2011). The contribution of prenatal and postnatal maternal anxiety and depression to child maladjustment. Depression and Anxiety, 28, 696–702. doi:10.1002/da.20856
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Bergman, K., Sarkar, P., O’Connor, T. G., Modi, N., & Glover, V. (2007). Maternal stress during pregnancy predicts cognitive ability and fearfulness in infancy. Journal of the American Academy of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, 46, 1454–1463.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Betts, K. S., Williams, G. M., Najman, J. M., & Alati, R. (2014). Maternal depressive, anxious, and stress symptoms during pregnancy predict internalizing problems in adolescence. Depression and Anxiety, 31, 9–18. doi:10.1002/da.22210
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Blencowe, H., Cousens, S., Oestergaard, M. Z., Chou, D., Moller, A.-B., Narwal, R., … Lawn, J. E. (2012). National, regional, and worldwide estimates of preterm birth rates in the year 2010 with time trends since 1990 for selected countries: A systematic analysis and implications. Lancet, 379, 2162–2172. doi:10.1016/S0140-6736(12)60820-4
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Brouwers, E. P., Van Baar, A. L., & Pop, V. J. (2001). Maternal anxiety during pregnancy and subsequent infant development. Infant Behavior and Development, 24, 95–106. doi:10.1016/S0163-6383(01)00062-5
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Buitelaar, J. K., Huizink, A. C., Mulder, E. J., de Medina, P. G. R., & Visser, G. H. A. (2003). Prenatal stress and cognitive development and temperament in infants. Neurobiology of Aging, 24, S53–S60. doi:10.1016/S0197-4580(03)00050-2
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Buss, C., Davis, E. P., Hobel, C. J., & Sandman, C. A. (2011). Maternal pregnancy-specific anxiety is associated with child executive function at 6-9 years age. Stress, 14, 665–676. doi:10.3109/10253890.2011.623250
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Buss, C., Davis, E. P., Muftuler, L. T., Head, K., & Sandman, C. A. (2010). High pregnancy anxiety during mid-gestation is associated with decreased gray matter density in 6-9-year-old children. Psychoneuroendocrinology, 35, 141–153. doi:10.1016/j.psyneuen.2009.07.010
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Chan, K. P. (2014). Prenatal meditation influences infant behaviors. Infant Behavior & Development, 37, 556–561. doi:10.1016/j.infbeh.2014.06.011
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Cohen, L. S., Altshuler, L. L., Harlow, B. L., Nonacs, R., Newport, D. J., Viguera, A. C., … Stowe, Z. N. (2006). Relapse of major depression during pregnancy in women who maintain or discontinue antidepressant treatment. JAMA, 295, 499–507. doi:10.1001/jama.295.5.499
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Conradt, E., & Ablow, J. (2010). Infant physiological response to the still-face paradigm: Contributions of maternal sensitivity and infants’ early regulatory behavior. Infant Behavior & Development, 33, 251–265. doi:10.1016/j.infbeh.2010.01.001
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Conradt, E., Lester, B. M., Appleton, A. A., Armstrong, D. A., & Marsit, C. J. (2013). The roles of DNA methylation of NR3C1 and 11β-HSD2 and exposure to maternal mood disorder in utero on newborn neurobehavior. Epigenetics, 8, 1321–1329. doi:10.4161/epi.26634
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Dancause, K. N., Laplante, D. P., Oremus, C., Fraser, S., Brunet, A., & King, S. (2011). Disaster-related prenatal maternal stress influences birth outcomes: Project Ice Storm. Early Human Development, 87, 813–820. doi:10.1016/j.earlhumdev.2011.06.007
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Davis, E. P., & Sandman, C. A. (2012). Prenatal psychobiological predictors of anxiety risk in preadolescent children. Psychoneuroendocrinology, 37, 1224–1233. doi:10.1016/j.psyneuen.2011.12.016
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• DiPietro, J. A., Bornstein, M. H., Costigan, K. A., Pressman, E. K., Hahn, C.-S., Painter, K., … Yi, L. J. (2002). What does fetal movement predict about behavior during the first two years of life? Developmental Psychobiology, 40, 358–371. doi:10.1002/dev.10025
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• DiPietro, J. A., Hodgson, D. M., Costigan, K. A., Hilton, S. C., & Johnson, T. R. (1996). Development of fetal movement-fetal heart rate coupling from 20 weeks through term. Early Human Development, 23, 139–151. doi:10.1016/0378-3782(95)01704-6
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• DiPietro, J. A., Kivlighan, K. T., Costigan, K. A., Rubin, S. E., Shiffler, D. E., Henderson, J. L., & Pillion, J. P. (2010). Prenatal antecedents of newborn neurological maturation. Child Development, 81, 115–130. doi:10.1111/j.1467-8624.2009.01384.x
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• DiPietro, J. A., Novak, M. F., Costigan, K. A., Atella, L. D., & Reusing, S. P. (2006). Maternal psychological distress during pregnancy in relation to child development at age two. Child Development, 77, 573–587. doi:10.1111/j.1467-8624.2006.00891.x
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Engel, S. M., Berkowitz, G. S., Wolff, M. S., & Yehuda, R. (2005). Psychological trauma associated with the World Trade Center attacks and its effect on pregnancy outcome. Paediatric and Perinatal Epidemiology, 19, 334–341. doi:10.1111/j.1365-3016.2005.00676.x
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Favaro, A., Tenconi, E., Degortes, D., Manara, R., & Santonastaso, P. (2015). Neural correlates of prenatal stress in young women. Psychological Medicine, 45, 2533–2543. doi:10.1017/S003329171500046X
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Fonagy, P., Gergely, G., Jurist, E. L., & Target, M. (2002). Affect regulation, mentalization and the development of the self. New York, NY: Other Press.
   Google Scholar
• Glover, V. (2011). Annual Research Review: Prenatal stress and the origins of psychopathology: An evolutionary perspective. Journal of Child Psychology and Psychiatry, and Allied Disciplines, 52, 356–367. doi:10.1111/j.1469-7610.2011.02371.x
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Glover, V. (2015). Prenatal stress and its effects on the fetus and the child: Possible underlying biological mechanisms. Advances in Neurobiology, 10, 269–283. doi:10.1007/978-1-4939-1372-5_13
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Gluckman, P. D., Hanson, M. A., & Mitchell, M. D. (2010). Developmental origins of health and disease: Reducing the burden of chronic disease in the next generation. Genome Medicine, 2, 14.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Glynn, L. M., Wadhwa, P. D., Dunkel-Schetter, C., Chicz-Demet, A., & Sandman, C. A. (2001). When stress happens matters: Effects of earthquake timing on stress responsivity in pregnancy. American Journal of Obstetrics and Gynecology, 184, 637–642. doi:10.1067/mob.2001.111066
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Grant, K.-A., McMahon, C., Reilly, N., & Austin, M.-P. (2010a). Maternal sensitivity moderates the impact of prenatal anxiety disorder on infant mental development. Early Human Development, 86, 551–556. doi:10.1016/j.earlhumdev.2010.07.004
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Grant, K.-A., McMahon, C., Reilly, N., & Austin, M.-P. (2010b). Maternal sensitivity moderates the impact of prenatal anxiety disorder on infant responses to the still-face procedure. Infant Behavior & Development, 33, 453–462. doi:10.1016/j.infbeh.2010.05.001
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Gutteling, B. M., de Weerth, C., Willemsen-Swinkels, S. H., Huizink, A. C., Mulder, E. J., Visser, G. H., & Buitelaar, J. K. (2005). The effects of prenatal stress on temperament and problem behavior of 27-month-old toddlers. European Child & Adolescent Psychiatry, 14, 41–51. doi:10.1007/s00787-005-0435-1
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Hompes, T., Izzi, B., Gellens, E., Morreels, M., Fieuws, S., Pexsters, A., … Claes, S. (2013). al. e. Investigating the influence of maternal cortisol and emotional state during pregnancy on the DNA methylation status of the glucocorticoid receptor gene (NR3C1) promoter region in cord blood. Journal of Psychiatric Research, 47, 880–891. doi:10.1016/j.jpsychires.2013.03.009
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Huizink, A. C., de Medina, P. G. R., Mulder, E. J., Visser, G. H., & Buitelaar, J. K. (2002). Psychological measures of perceived stress as predictors of infant temperament. Journal of the American Academy of Child & Adolescent Psychiatry, 41, 1078–1085. doi:10.1097/00004583-200209000-00008
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Huizink, A. C., Dick, D. M., Sihvola, E., Pulkkinen, L., Rose, R. J., & Kaprio, J. (2007). Chernobyl exposure as stressor during pregnancy and behaviour in adolescent offspring. Acta Psychiatrica Scandinavica, 116, 438–446. doi:10.1111/j.1600-0447.2007.01050.x
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Inslicht, S. S., Metzler, T. J., Garcia, N. M., Pineles, S. L., Milad, M. R., Orr, S. P., … Neylan, T. C. (2013). Sex differences in fear conditioning in posttraumatic stress disorder. Journal of Psychiatric Research, 47, 64–71. doi:10.1016/j.jpsychires.2012.08.027
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Institute of Medicine (US). (2007). Committee on understanding premature birth and assuring healthy outcomes (ed). Washington, DC: Preterm Birth: Causes, Consequences, and Prevention.
   Google Scholar
• Kaplan, L. A., Evans, L., & Monk, C. (2008). Effects of mothers’ prenatal psychiatric status and postnatal caregiving on infant biobehavioral regulation: Can prenatal programming be modified? Early Human Development, 84, 249–256. doi:10.1016/j.earlhumdev.2007.06.004
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Kim, P., Strathearn, L., & Swain, J. E. (2016). The maternal brain and its plasticity in humans. Hormones and Behavior, 77, 113–123. doi:10.1016/j.yhbeh.2015.08.001
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Kupfer, D. J., Frank, E., Perel, J. M., Cornes, C., Mallinger, A. G., Thase, M. E., … Grochocinski, V. J. (1992). Five-year outcome for maintenance therapies in recurrent depression. Archives of General Psychiatry, 49, 769–773.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Laplante, D. P., Barr, R. G., Brunet, A., Galbaud Du Fort, G. G., Meaney, M. L., Saucier, J.-F., … King, S. (2004). Stress during pregnancy affects general intellectual and language functioning in human toddlers. Pediatric Research, 56, 400–410. doi:10.1203/01.PDR.0000136281.34035.44
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Laplante, D. P., Brunet, A., Schmitz, N., Ciampi, A., & King, S. (2008). Project Ice Storm: Prenatal maternal stress affects cognitive and linguistic functioning in 5½-year-old children. Journal of the American Academy of Child & Adolescent Psychiatry, 47, 1063–1072. doi:10.1097/CHI.0b013e31817eec80
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Loomans, E. M., Van Der Stelt, O., Van Eijsden, M., Gemke, R. J. B. J., & Vrijkotte, T. G. M. (2012). Van den Bergh BRH. High levels of antenatal maternal anxiety are associated with altered cognitive control in five‐year‐old children. Developmental Psychobiology, 54, 441–450. doi:10.1002/dev.20606
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Lou, H. C., Hansen, D., Nordentoft, M., Pryds, O., Jensen, F., Nim, J., & Hetnmingsen, R. (2008). Prenatal stressors of human life affect fetal brain development. Developmental Medicine & Child Neurology, 36, 826–832. doi:10.1111/dmcn.1994.36.issue-9
   Google Scholar
• Mathews, T. J., & MacDoman, F. M. (2002). Infant mortality statistics from the 2000 period linked birth/infant death data sets. 12. Vol. 50. National Vital Statistics Reports. Hyattsville, MD: National Center for Health Statistics. doi:10.1044/1059-0889(2002/er01)
   Google Scholar
• Mennes, M., Stiers, P., & Lagae, L. (2006). Van den Bergh B. Long-term cognitive sequelae of antenatal maternal anxiety: Involvement of the orbitofrontal cortex. Neuroscience and Biobehavioral Reviews, 30, 1078–1086. doi:10.1016/j.neubiorev.2006.04.003
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Mennes, M., Van den Bergh, B., Lagae, L., & Stiers, P. (2009). Developmental brain alterations in 17 year old boys are related to antenatal maternal anxiety. Clinical Neurophysiology: Official Journal of the International Federation of Clinical Neurophysiology, 120, 1116–1122. doi:10.1016/j.clinph.2009.04.003
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Monk, C., Feng, T., Lee, S., Krupska, I., Champagne, F. A., & Tycko, B. (2016). Distress during pregnancy: Epigenetic regulation of placenta glucocorticoid-related genes and fetal neurobehavior. The American Journal of Psychiatry, 173, 705–713. doi:10.1176/appi.ajp.2015.15091171
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Moses-Kolko, E. L., Horner, M. S., Phillips, M. L., Hipwell, A. E., & Swain, J. E. (2014). In search of neural endophenotypes of postpartum psychopathology and disrupted maternal caregiving. Journal of Neuroendocrinology, 26, 665–684. doi:10.1111/jne.12183
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• National Institute for Health and Care Excellence (NICE). (2014). Antenatal and postnatal mental health: Clinical management and service guidance: Guideline CG192 London. Retrieved Mar 12, 2016, from http://guidance.nice.org.uk/cg192
   Google Scholar
• Newman, L. K., Harris, M., & Allen, J. (2011). Neurobiological basis of parenting disturbance. The Australian and New Zealand Journal of Psychiatry, 45, 109–122. doi:10.3109/00048674.2010.527821
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• O’Connor, T. G., Heron, J., Golding, J., Beveridge, M., & Glover, V. (2002). Maternal antenatal anxiety and children’s behavioural/emotional problems at 4 years Report from the Avon Longitudinal Study of Parents and Children. The British Journal of Psychiatry, 180:502–508.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• O’Connor, T. G., Heron, J., Golding, J., & Glover, V. (2003). Maternal antenatal anxiety and behavioural/emotional problems in children: A test of a programming hypothesis. Journal of Child Psychology and Psychiatry, and Allied Disciplines, 44, 1025–1036.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• O’Donnell, K. J., Bugge, J. A., Freeman, L., Khalife, N., O’Connor, T. G., & Glover, V. (2012). Maternal prenatal anxiety and downregulation of placental 11β-HSD2. Psychoneuroendocrinology, 37, 818–826. doi:10.1016/j.psyneuen.2011.09.014
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Oberlander, T. F., Weinberg, J., Papsdorf, M., Grunau, R., Misri, S., & Devlin, A. M. (2008). Prenatal exposure to maternal depression, neonatal methylation of human glucocorticoid receptor gene (NR3C1) and infant cortisol stress responses. Epigenetics, 3, 97–106.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Pavlov, M., Steiner, N., Kessous, R., Weintraub, A. Y., & Sheiner, E. (2014). Obstetric and neonatal outcome in patients with anxiety disorders. The Journal of Maternal-Fetal & Neonatal Medicine, 27, 1339–1342. doi:10.3109/14767058.2013.858242
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Qiu, A., Rifkin-Graboi, A., Chen, H., Chong, Y.-S., Kwek, K., Gluckman, P. D., … Meaney, M. J. (2013). Maternal anxiety and infants’ hippocampal development: Timing matters. Translational Psychiatry, 3, e306. doi:10.1038/tp.2013.79
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Radtke, K. M., Ruf, M., Gunter, H. M., Dohrmann, K., Schauer, M., Meyer, A., & Elbert, T. (2011). Transgenerational impact of intimate partner violence on methylation in the promoter of the glucocorticoid receptor. Translational Psychiatry, 1, e21. doi:10.1038/tp.2011.21
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Seebach, J. D., Stussi, G., Passweg, J. R., Loberiza, F. R., Jr., Gajewski, J. L., Keating, A., … Barrett, A. J. (2005). Blood GWCoCfI, Marrow Transplant R. ABO blood group barrier in allogeneic bone marrow transplantation revisited. Biology of Blood and Marrow Transplantation: Journal of the American Society for Blood and Marrow Transplantation, 11, 1006–1013. doi:10.1016/j.bbmt.2005.07.015
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Swain, J. E., Dayton, C. J., Kim, P., Tolman, R. M., & Volling, B. L. (2014). Progress on the paternal brain: Theory, animal models, human brain research, and mental health implications. Infant Mental Health Journal, 35, 394–408. doi:10.1002/imhj.21471
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Talge, N. M., Neal, C., & Glover, V. (2007). Antenatal maternal stress and long-term effects on child neurodevelopment: How and why? Journal of Child Psychology and Psychiatry, and Allied Disciplines, 48, 245–261.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Van Den Bergh, B. R., & Marcoen, A. (2004). High antenatal maternal anxiety is related to ADHD symptoms, externalizing problems, and anxiety in 8- and 9-year-olds. Child Development, 75, 1085–1097. doi:10.1111/j.1467-8624.2004.00727.x
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Van Den Bergh, B. R., Mulder, E. J., Mennes, M., & Glover, V. (2005). Antenatal maternal anxiety and stress and the neurobehavioural development of the fetus and child: Links and possible mechanisms. A Review. Neuroscience and Biobehavioral Reviews, 29, 237–258. doi:10.1016/j.neubiorev.2004.10.007
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Wilkinson, E. L., O’Mahen, H. A., Fearon, P., Halligan, S., King, D. X., Greenfield, G., … Ramchandani, P. G. (2016). Adapting and testing a brief intervention to reduce maternal anxiety during pregnancy (ACORN): Study protocol for a randomised controlled trial. Trials, 17, 1–9. doi:10.1186/s13063-015-1128-9
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Woolhouse, H., Mercuri, K., Judd, F., & Brown, S. J. (2014). Antenatal mindfulness intervention to reduce depression, anxiety and stress: A pilot randomised controlled trial of the MindBabyBody program in an Australian tertiary maternity hospital. BMC Pregnancy and Childbirth, 14, 369.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Zhu, P., Sun, M.-S., Hao, J.-H., Chen, Y.-J., Jiang, X.-M., Tao, R.-X., … Tao, F.-B. (2014). Does prenatal maternal stress impair cognitive development and alter temperament characteristics in toddlers with healthy birth outcomes? Developmental Medicine & Child Neurology, 56, 283–289. doi:10.1111/dmcn.12378
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar