122
Views
46
CrossRef citations to date
0
Altmetric
Research Article

The Retinoid Signaling System — A Target in Dioxin Toxicity

&
Pages 211-232 | Published online: 29 Sep 2008

References

  • Abbott, B.D. and Birnbaum, L.S. 1990. TCDD- induced altered expression of growth factors may have a role in producing cleft palate and enhancing the incidence of clefts after coadministration of retinoic acid and TCDD. Toxicol Appl Pharmacol, 106, 418–432.
  • Ahlborg, U.G., Brouwer, A., Fingerhut, M.A., Jacobson, J.L., Jacobson, S.W., Kennedy, S.W., Kettrup, A.A.F., Koeman, J.H., Poiger,
  • H., Rappe, C., Safe, S.H., Seegal, R.F., Tuomisto, J., and van den Berg, M. 1992. Impact of polychlorinated dibenzo-p-dioxins, dibenzofurans, and biphenyls on human and environmental health, with special emphasis on application of the toxic equivalency factor concept. Eur J Pharmacol, 228, 179–199.
  • Ahmad, M., Ahmadi, M., Nicholls, P.J., and Smith, H.J. 2000. In-vitro metabolism of retinoic acid by different tissues from male rats. J Phar- macy Pharmacol, 52, 511–515.
  • Allen, J.R., Barsotti, D.A., van Miller, J.P., Abrahamson, L.J., and Lalich, J.J. 1977. Morphological changes in monkeys consum- ing a diet containing low levels of 2,3,7,8– tetrachlorodibenzo-p-dioxin. Food Cosmet Toxicol, 15, 401–410.
  • Andreola, F., Fernandez-Salguero, P.M., Chiantore, M.V., Petkovich, M., Gonzalez, F.J., and De Luca, L.M. 1997. Aryl hydrocarbon receptor knockout mice (AHR–/–) exhibit liver retinoid accumulation and reduced retinoic acid me- tabolism. Cancer Res, 57, 2835–2838.
  • Aoki, Y. 2001. Polychlorinated biphenyls, poly- chlorinated dibenzo-p-dioxins, and polychlo- rinated dibenzofurans as endocrine disrupters — what we have learned from the Yusho disease. Environ Res, 86, 2–11.
  • Azais, V., Arand, M., Rauch, P., Schramm, H., Bellenand, P., Narbonne, J.F., Oesch, F., Pas- cal, G., and Robertson, L.W. 1987. A time- course investigation of vitamin A levels and drug metabolizing enzyme activities in rats following a single treatment with prototypic polychlorinated biphenyls and DDT. Toxicol- ogy, 44, 341–354.
  • Azais-Braesco, V., Hautekeete, M.L., Dodeman, I., and Geerts, A. 1997. Morphology of liver stellate cells and liver vitamin A content in 3,4,3’,4’-tetrachlorobiphenyl-treated rats. J Hepatol, 27, 545–553.
  • Bank, P.A., Salyers, K.L., and Zile, M.H. 1989. Effect of tetrachlorodibenzo-p-dioxin (TCDD) on the glucuronidation of retinoic acid in the rat. Biochem Biophys Acta, 993, 1–6.
  • Blaner, W.S. and Olson, J.A. 1994. Retinol and retinoic acid metabolism. In: M.B. Sporn, A.B. Roberts, and D.S. Goodman (Eds.), The Retinoids: Biology, Chemistry and Medicine, 2nd ed (pp. 229–255). New York: Raven Press.
  • Blomhoff, R. and Wake, K. 1991. Perisinusiodal stellate cells of the liver: important roles in retinol metabolism and fibrosis. FASEB J, 5, 271–277.
  • Blomhoff, R., Green, M.H., and Norum, K.R. 1992. Vitamin A: physiological and biochemical processing. Ann Rev Nutr, 12, 37–57.
  • Boerman, M.H.E.M. and Napoli, J.L. 1991. Cho- late-independent retinyl ester hydrolysis — stimulation by apo-cellular retinol-binding protein. J.Cell Biol, 266, 22273–22278.
  • Boerman, M.H.E.M. and Napoli, J.L. 1996. Cellu- lar retinol-binding protein-supported retinoic acid synthesis — relative roles of microsomes and cytosol. J Biol Chem, 271, 5610–5616.
  • Brouwer, A. 1991. Role of biotransformation in PCB-induced alterations in vitamin A and thyroid hormone metabolism in laboratory and wildlife species. Biochem Soc Transactions, 19, 731–737.
  • Brouwer, A., Blaner, W.S., Kukler, A., and van den Berg, K.J. 1988. Study on the mechanism of interference of 3,4,3’,4’-tetrachlorobiphenyl with the plasma retinol-binding proteins in rodents. Chem Biol Interact, 68, 203–219.
  • Brouwer, A., Håkansson, H., Kukler, A., van den Berg, K.J., and Ahlborg, U.G. 1989. Marked alterations in retinoid homeostasis of Sprague- Dawley rats induced by a single i.p. dose of 10 g/kg of 2,3,7,8– tetrachlorodibenzo-p-dioxin. Toxicol, 58, 267–283.
  • Brouwer, A., Ahlborg, U.G., van den Berg, M., Birnbaum, L.S., Boersma, E.R., Bosveld, B., Denison, M.S., Gray, L.E., Hagmar, L., Holene, E., Huisman, M., Jacobson, S.W., Jacobson, J.L., Koopman-Essenboom, C., Koppe, J.G., Kulig, B.M., Morse, D.C., Muckle, G., Peterson, R.E., Sauer, P.J.J., Seegal, R.F., Smits-van Prooije, A.E., Touwen, B.C.L., Weisglas-Kuperus, N., and Winneke, G. 1995. Functional aspects of developmental toxicity of polyhalogenated aromatic hydrocarbons in experimental animals and human infants. Eur J Pharmacol, 293, 1–40.
  • Brunström, B., Håkansson, H., and Lundberg, K. 1991. Effects of a technical PCB preparation and fractions thereof on ethoxyresorufin O-deethylase activity, vitamin A levels and thymic development in the mink. Pharmacol Toxicol, 69, 421–426.
  • Chambon, P. 1996. A decade of molecular biology of retinoic acid receptors. FASEB J, 10, 940– 954.
  • Chen, L.-C., Berberian, I., Koch, B., Mercier, M., Azais-Braesco, V., Glauert, H.P., Chow, C.K., and Robertson, L.W. 1992. Polychlorinated and polybrominated biphenyl congeners and retin- oid levels in rat tissues: structure-activity rela- tionships. Toxicol Appl Pharmacol, 114, 47–55.
  • Chen, H., Howald, W.N., and Juchau, M.R. 2000. Biosynthesis of all-trans-retinoic acid from all-trans-retinol: catalysis of all-trans-retinol oxidation by human P-450 cytochromes. Drug Metab Dispos, 28, 315–322.
  • Chu, I., Villeneuve, D.C., Yagminas, A., Lecavalier, P., Poon, R., Feeley, M., Kennedy, S.W., Seegal, R.F., Håkansson, H., Ahlborg, U.G., and Valli, V.E. 1994. Subchronic toxicity of 3,3’,4,4’,5–pentachlorobiphenyl in the rat. I. Clinical, biochemical, hematological, and his- topathological changes. Fundam Appl Toxicol, 22, 457–468.
  • Chu, I., Villeneuve, D.C., Yagminas, A., Lecavalier, P., Håkansson, H., Ahlborg, U.G., Valli, V.E.,
  • Kennedy, S.W., Bergman, Å., Seegal, R.F., and Feeley, M. 1995. Toxicity of PCB 77 (3,3’,4,4’-tetrachlorobiphenyl) and PCB 118 (2,3’,4,4’,5–pentachlorobiphenyl) in the rat following subchronic dietary exposure. Fundam Appl Toxicol, 26, 282–292.
  • Chu, I., Villeneuve, D.C., Yagminas, A., Lecavalier, P., Poon, R., Håkansson, H., Ahlborg, U.G.,
  • Valli, V.E., Kennedy, S.W., Bergman, Å., Seegal, R.F., and Feeley, M. 1996. Toxicity of 2,4,4’-trichlorobiphenyl in rats following 90–day dietary exposure. J Toxicol Environ Health, 49, 301–318.
  • Clark, D.A., Gauldie, J., Szewczuk, M.R., and Sweeney, G. 1981. Enhanced suppressor cell activity as a mechanism of immunosuppres- sion by 2,3,7,8–tetrachlorodibenzo-p-dioxin. Proc Soc Exp Biol Med, 168, 290–299.
  • Clark, D.A., Sweeny, G., Safe, S., Hancock, E., Kilburn, D.G., and Gauldie, J. 1983. Cellular and genetic basis for suppression of cytotoxic T-cell generation by haloaromatic hydrocar- bons. Immunopharmacology, 6, 143–153.
  • Courtney, K.D. and Moore, J.A. 1971. Teratol- ogy studies with 2,4,5–trichlorophenoxy- acetic acid and 2, 3,7,8–tetrachlorodibenzo- p-dioxin. Toxicol Appl Pharmacol, 20, 396–403.
  • Cullum, M.E. and Zile, M.H. 1985. Acute polybro- minated biphenyl toxicosis alters vitamin A homeostasis and enhances degradation of vi- tamin A. Toxicol Appl Pharmacol, 81, 177– 181.
  • Dawson, H.D., Yamamoto, Y., Zolfaghari, R., Rosales, F.J., Dietz, J., Shimada, T., Li, N.Q., and Ross, A.C. 2000. Regulation of hepatic vitamin A storage in a rat model of controlled vitamin A status during aging. J Nutr, 130, 1280–1286.
  • DeVito, M.J., Ross, D.G., van Birgelen, A.P.J.M., and Birnbaum, L.S. 1997. The effects of mix- tures of PCDDs, PCDFs, and PCBs on he- patic retinyl palmitate concentrations in mice. Organohal Compounds, 34, 49–54.
  • Duester, G. 1996. Involvement of alcohol dehydro- genase, short-chain dehydrogenase/reductase, aldehyde dehydrogenase, and cytochrome P450 in the control of retinoid signaling by activation of retinoic acid synthesis. Biochem- istry, 35, 12221–12227.
  • Faith, R.E. and Moore, J.A. 1977. Impairment of thymus-dependent immune functions by ex- posure of the developing immune system to 2,3,7,8–tetrachlorodibenzo-p-dioxin (TCDD). J Toxicol Environ Health, 3, 451–464.
  • Faith, R.E. and Luster, M.I. 1979. Investigations on the effects of 2,3,7,8–tetrachlorodibenzo-p- dioxin (TCDD) on parameters of various immune functions. Ann NY Acad Sci, 320, 564–571.
  • Fattore, E., Trossvik, C., and Håkansson, H. 2000a. Relative potency values derived from hepatic vitamin A reduction in male and female Sprague-Dawley rats following subchronic dietary exposure to individual polychlorinated dibenzo-p-dioxin and dibenzofuran congeners and a mixture thereof. Toxicol Appl Pharmacol, 165, 184–194.
  • Fattore, E., Chu, I., Trossvik, C., and Håkansson, H. 2000b. Relative potency values for indi- vidual polychlorinated biphenyl congeners following subchronic dietary exposure. The Toxicologist, 54, 76.
  • Fiorella, P.D., Olson, J.R., and Napoli, J.L. 1995. 2,3,7,8–Tetrachlorodibenzo-p-dioxin induces diverse retinoic acid metabolites in multiple tissues of the Sprague-Dawley rat. Toxicol Appl Pharmacol, 134, 222–228.
  • Fletcher, N., Hanberg, A., and Håkansson, H. 2001. Hepatic vitamin A depletion is a sensitive marker of 2,3,7,8–tetrachlorodibenzo-p-dioxin (TCDD) exposure in four rodent species. Toxicol Sci, 62, 166–175.
  • Flodström, S., Busk, L., Kronevi, T., and Ahlborg, U.G. 1991. Modulation of 2,3,7,8–tetrachlorodibenzo- p-dioxin and phenobarbital-induced promotion of hepatocarcinogenesis in rats by the type of diet and vitamin A deficiency. Fundam Appl Toxicol, 16, 375–391.
  • Ghyselinck, N.B., Båvik, C., Sapin, V., Mark, M., Bonnier, D., Hindelang, C., Dierich, A., Nilsson, C.B., Hakansson, H., Sauvant, P., Azais-Braesco, V., Frasson, M., Picaud, S., and Chambon, P. 1999. Cellular retinol-bind- ing protein I is essential for vitamin A ho- meostasis. EMBO J, 18, 4903–4914.
  • Giavini, E., Prati, M., and Vismara, C. 1983. Embryotoxic effects of 2,3,7,8–tetrachlorodibenzo-p-dioxin ad- ministered to female rats before mating. Environ Res, 31, 105–110.
  • Giguere, V. 1994. Retinoic acid receptors and cel- lular retinoid binding proteins: Complex in- terplay in retinoid signaling. Endocr Rev, 15, 61–79.
  • GiguËre, V., Ong, E.S., Segui, P., and Evans, R.M. 1987. Identification of a receptor for the morphogen retinoic acid. Nature, 330, 624–629.
  • Haag-Grönlund, M., Johansson, N., Fransson-Steen, R., Håkansson, H., Scheu, G., and Wärngård, L. 1998. Interactive effects of three structur- ally different polychlorinated biphenyls in a rat liver tumor promotion bioassay. Toxicol Appl Pharmacol, 152, 153–165.
  • Hanberg, A., Kling, L., and Håkansson, H. 1996. Effect of 2,3,7,8–tetrachlorodibenzo-p-di- oxin (TCDD) on the hepatic stellate cell population in the rat. Chemosphere, 32, 1225–1233.
  • Hanberg, A., Nilsson, C.B., Trossvik, C., and Håkansson, H. 1998. Effect of 2,3,7,8– tetrachlorodibenzo-p-dioxin on the lymphatic absorption of a single oral dose of [3H]retinol and on the intestinal retinol esterification in the rat. J Toxicol Environ Health, 55, 331– 344.
  • Henck, J.M., New, M.A., Kobica, R.J., and Rao, K.S. 1981. 2,3,7,8–Tetrachlorodibenzo-p-di- oxin: acute oral toxicity in hamsters. Toxicol Appl Pharmacol, 59, 405–407.
  • Herr, F.M. and Ong, D.E. 1992. Differential inter- action of lecithin-retinol acyltransferase with cellular retinol binding proteins. Biochemis- try, 31, 6748–6755.
  • Hetler, R.A. 1934. The development of xerophtalmia and the keratinization of epithelial tissue on withdrawal of vitamin A from the diet of the monkey (Macacus rhesus), guinea pig, rabbit, and adult albino rat. J Nutr, 8, 75–103.
  • Hirschi, R.G. 1950. Postextraction healing in vita- min A deficient hamsters. J Oral Surg, 8, 3– 11.
  • Håkansson, H. and Ahlborg, U.G. 1985. The effect of 2,3,7,8–tetrachlorodibenzo-p-dioxin (TCDD) on the uptake, distribution and ex- cretion of a single oral dose of [11, 12–3H]- retinylacetate and on the vitamin A status in the rat. J Nutr, 115, 759–771.
  • Håkansson, H., Waern, F., and Ahlborg, U.G. 1987. Effects of 2,3,7,8–tetrachlorodibenzo-p-dioxin (TCDD) in the lactating rat on maternal and neonatal vitamin A status. J Nutr, 117, 580– 586.
  • Håkansson, H. and Hanberg, A. 1989. The distribu- tion of [14C]-2,3,7,8–tetrachlorodibenzo-p- dioxin (TCDD) and its effect on vitamin A content in parenchymal and stellate cells of rat liver. J Nutr, 119, 573–580.
  • Håkansson, H., Johansson, L., and Ahlborg, U.G. 1988. Effects of 2,3,7,8–tetrachlordibenzo-p- dioxin (TCDD) on tissue levels of vitamin A and on the distribution and excretion of the endogenous pool of vitamin A in the margin- ally vitamin A sufficient rat. Chemosphere, 17, 1781–1793.
  • Håkansson, H., Johansson, L., Ahlborg, U.G., Moore, R.W., and Peterson, R.E. 1989. He- patic vitamin A storage in relation to paired feed restriction and to TCDD-treatment. Chemosphere, 19, 919–920.
  • Håkansson, H., Ahlborg, U.G., Johansson, L., and Poiger, H. 1990. Vitamin A storage in rats subchronically exposed to PCDDs/PCDFs. Chemosphere, 20, 1147–1150.
  • Håkansson, H., Johansson, L., Manzoor, E., and Ahlborg, U.G. 1991a. Effects of 2,3,7,8– tetrachlorodibenzo-p-dioxin (TCDD) on the vitamin A status of Hartley guinea pigs, Sprague-Dawley rats, C57Bl/6 mice, DBA/2 mice, and Golden Syrian hamsters. J Nutr Sci Vitaminol, 37, 117–138.
  • Håkansson, H., Manzoor, E., and Ahlborg, U.G. 1991b. Interaction between dietary vitamin A and single oral doses of 2,3,7,8–tetrachlorodibenzo-p-di- oxin (TCDD) on the TCDD-induced toxicity and on the vitamin A status in the rat. J Nutr Sci Vitaminol, 37, 239–255.
  • Håkansson, H., Manzoor, E., Trossvik, C., Ahlborg, U.G., Chu, I., and Villeneuve, D. 1994. Effect on tissue vitamin A levels in the rat following subchronic exposure to four individual PCB congeners (IUPAC 77, 118, 126 and 153). Chemosphere, 29, 2309–2313.
  • Im, M.-J., Russell, M.A., and Feng, J.-F. 1997. Transglutaminase II: A new class of GTP- binding protein with new biological functions. Cell Signal, 9, 477–482.
  • Innami, S., Nakamura, A., and Nagayama, S. 1974. Polychlorinated biphenyl toxicity and nutri- tion. II. PCB toxicity and vitamin A. J Nutr Sci Vitaminol, 20, 363–370.
  • Jensen, R.K., Cullum, M.E., Deyo, J., and Zile, M.H. 1987. Vitamin A metabolism in rats chronically treated with 3,3’,4,4’,5,5’- hexabromobiphenyl. Biochim Biophys Acta, 926, 310–320.
  • Jämsä, T., Viluksela, M., Tuomisto, J.T., Tuomisto, J., and Tuukkanen, J. 2001. Effects of 2,3,7,8– tetrachlorodibenzo-p-dioxin (TCDD) on bone in two rat strains with different aryl hdrocarbon receptor (AHR) structures. J Bone Miner Res 16, in press.
  • Kelley, S.K., Nilsson, C.B., Green, M.H., Green, J.B., and Håkansson, H. 1998. Use of model- based compartmental analysis to study ef- fects of 2, 3,7,8–tetrachlorodibenzo-p-dioxin on vitamin A kinetics in rats. Toxicol Sci, 44, 1–13.
  • Kelley, S.K., Nilsson, C.B., Green, M.H., Green, J.B., and Håkansson, H. 2000. Mobilization of vitamin A stores in rats after administra- tion of 2,3,7,8–tetrachlorodibenzo-p-dioxin: a kinetic analysis. Toxicol Sci, 55, 478–484.
  • Kimbrough, R.D. 1974. The toxicity of polychlori- nated polycyclic compounds and related chemicals. Crit Rev Toxicol, 2, 445–498.
  • Klinge, C.M., Jernigan, S.C., Risinger, K.E., Lee, J.E., Tyulmenkov, V.V., Falkner, K.C., and Prough, R.A. 2001. Short heterodimer part- ner (SHP) orphan nuclear receptor inhibits the transcriptional activity of aryl hydrocar- bon receptor (AHR)/AHR nuclear translocator (ARNT). Arch Biochem Biophys, 390, 64–70.
  • Kociba, R.J., Keeler, P.A., Park, C.N., and Gehring, P.J. 1976. 2,3,7,8–tetrachlorodibenzo-p-dioxin (TCDD): Results of a 13–week oral toxicity study in rats. Toxicol Appl Pharmacol, 35, 553–574.
  • Kociba, R.J., Keyes, D.G., Beyer, J.E., Carreon, R.M., Wade, C.E., Dittenber, D., Kalnins, R., Frauson, L., Park, C.N., Barnard, S., Hummel, R., and Humiston, C.G. 1978. Results of a two-year chronic toxicity and oncogenicity study of 2,3,7,8–tetrachlordibenzo-p-dioxin (TCDD) in rats. Toxicol Appl Pharmacol, 46, 279–303.
  • Kurlandsky, S.B., Gamble, M.V., Ramakrishnan, R., and Blaner, W.S. 1995. Plasma delivery of retinoic acid to tissues in the rat. J Cell Biol, 270, 17850–17857.
  • Levine, S.L. and Perdew, G.H. 2001. Aryl hydrocar- bon receptor (AhR)/AhR nuclear translocator (ARNT) activity is unaltered by phosphoryla- tion of a periodicity/ARNT/single-minded (PAS)-region serine residue. Mol Pharmacol, 59, 557–566.
  • Lind, P.M., Larsson, S., Oxlund, H., Håkansson, H., Nyberg, K., Eklund, T., and Örberg, J. 2000. Change in bone tissue composition and impaired bone strength in rats exposed to 3,3’,4,4’,5–pentachlorobiphenyl (PCB126). Toxicology, 150, 41–51.
  • Liu, T.X., Zhang, J.W., Tao, J., Zhang, R.B., Zhang, Q.H., Zhao, C.J., Tong, J.H., Lanotte, M., Waxman, S., Chen, S.J., Mao, M., Hu, G.X., Zhu, L., and Chen Z. 2000. Gene expression networks underlying retinoic acid-induced differentiation of acute promyelocytic leuke- mia cells. Blood, 96, 1496–504.
  • Lorick, K.L., Toscano, D.L., and Toscano, W.A. 1998. 2,3,7,8–Tetrachlorodibenzo-p-dioxinalters retinoic acid receptor function in hu- man keratinocytes. Biochem Biophys Res Comm, 243, 749–752.
  • Luster, M.I., Faith, R.E., and Clark, G. 1979. Labo- ratory studies on the immune effects of halo- genated aromatics. Ann NY Acad Sci, 320, 473–486.
  • Mangelsdorf, D.J., Umesono, K., and Evans, R.M. 1994. The retinoid receptors. In M.B. Sporn,
  • A.B. Roberts, and D.S. Goodman (Eds.), The retinoids: Biology, chemistry and medicine. 2nd ed (pp. 319–349). New York: Raven Press, Ltd.
  • McCarthy, P.T. and Cerecedo, L.R. 1952. Vitamin A deficiency in the mouse. J Nutr, 46, 361–376.
  • McConnell, E.E., Moore, J.A., Haseman, J.K., and Harris, M.W. 1978a. The comparative toxic- ity of chlorinated dibenzo-p-dioxins in mice and guinea pigs. Toxicol Appl Pharmacol, 44, 335–356.
  • McConnell, E.E., Moore, J.A., and Dalgard, D.W. 1978b. Toxicity of 2,3,7,8–tetrachlorodibenzo- p-dioxin in Rhesus monkeys (Macaca mulatta) following a single oral dose. Toxicol Appl Pharmacol, 43, 175–187.
  • McNulty, W.P. 1984. Fetotoxicity of 2,3,7,8– tetrachlorodibenzo-p-dioxin (TCDD) for rhesus macaques (Macaca mulatta). Am J Primatology, 6, 41–47.
  • Morita, A. and Nakano, K. 1982. Change in vitamin A content in tissues of rats fed on a vitamin A- free diet. J Nutr Sci Vitaminol, 28, 343–350.
  • Morse, D.C. and Brouwer, A. 1995. Fetal, neonatal, and long-term alterations in hepatic retinoid levels following maternal polychlorinated biphenyl exposure in rats. Toxicol Appl Pharmacol, 131, 175–182.
  • Nadin, L. and Murray, M. 1996. All-trans-retinoic acid 4–hydroxylation in human liver mi- crosomes - in vitro modulation by therapeutic retinoids. Br J Clin Pharmacol, 41, 609–612.
  • Napoli, J.L. 1997. Retinoid binding-proteins redi- rect retinoid metabolism: biosynthesis and metabolism of retinoic acid. Semin Cell De- velop Biol, 8, 403–415.
  • Napoli, J.L. 1999. Interactions of retinoid binding proteins and enzymes in retinoid metabolism. Biochim Biophys Acta, 1440, 139–162.
  • Nauss, K.M., Phua, C.C., Ambrogi, L., and Newberne, P.M. 1985. Immunological changes during progressive stages of vitamin A deficiency in the rat. J Nutr, 115, 909–918.
  • Nilsson, C.B., Hanberg, A., Trossvik, C., and Håkansson, H. 1996. 2,3,7,8–Tetrachlorodibenzo-p-dioxin affects retinol esterification in rat hepatic stellate cells and kidney. Environ Toxicol Pharmacol, 2, 17–23.
  • Nilsson, C.B., Hoegberg, P., Trossvik, C., Azaïs- Braesco, V., Blaner, W.S., Fex, G.A., Harrison, E.H., Nau, H., Schmidt, C., van Bennekum, A.M., and Håkansson, H. 2000. 2,3,7,8–Tetrachlorodibenzo-p-dioxin (TCDD) increases serum and kidney retinoic acid lev- els and kidney retinol esterification in the rat. Toxicol Appl Pharmacol, 169, 121–131.
  • Olson, J.R., Holscher, M.A., and Neal, R.A. 1980. Toxicity of 2,3,7,8–tetrachlorodibenzo-p-di- oxin in the golden Syrian hamster. Toxicol Appl Pharmacol, 55, 67–78.
  • Olsson, P., Borg, B., Brunström, B., Håkansson, H., and Klasson-Wehler, E. 1998. Endocrine dis- rupting substances — impairment of repro- duction and development. Swedish Environ- mental Protection Agency. Report no. 4859. http://www.imm.ki.se/snvreport4859.html
  • Ottonello, S., Scita, G., Mantovani, G., Cavazzini, D., and Rossi, G.L. 1993. Retinol bound to cellular retinol-binding protein is a substrate for cytosolic retinoic acid synthesis. J Biol Chem, 268, 27133–27142.
  • Peters, J.M., Narotsky, M.G., Elizondo, G., Fernandez-Salguero, P.M., Gonzalez, F.J., and Abbott, B.D. 1999. Amelioration of TCDD- induced teratogenesis in aryl hydrocarbon receptor (AhR)-Null mice. Toxicol Sci, 47, 86–92.
  • Peterson, R.E., Theobald, H.M., and Kimmel, G.L. 1993. Developmental and reproductive toxic- ity of dioxins and related compounds: Cross- species comparisons. Crit Revin Toxicol, 23, 283–335.
  • Petkovich, M., Brand, N.J., Krust, A., and Chambon, P. 1987. A human retinoic acid receptor which belongs to the family of nuclear receptors. Nature, 330, 444–450.
  • Pohjanvirta, R. and Tuomisto, J. 1994. Short-term toxicity of 2,3,7,8–tetrachlorodibenzo-p-di-oxin in laboratory animals: effects, mecha- nisms, and animal models. Pharmacol Rev, 46, 483–549.
  • Pohjanvirta, R., Håkansson, H., Juvonen, R., and Tuomisto, J. 1990. Effects of TCDD on vita- min A status and liver microsomal enzyme activities in a TCDD-susceptible and a TCDD- resistant rat strain. Food Chem Toxicol, 28, 197–203.
  • Quadro, L., Blaner, W.S., Salchow, D.J., Vogel, S., Piantedosi, R., Gouras, P., Freeman, S., Cosma, M.P., Colantuoni, V., and Gottesman, M.E. 1999. Impaired retinal function and vi- tamin A availability in mice lacking retinol- binding protein. EMBO J, 18, 4633–4644.
  • Raner, G.M., Vaz, A.D.N., and Coon, M.J. 1996. Metabolism of all-trans, 9–cis, and 13–cis isomers of retinal by purified isozymes of microsomal cytochrome P450 and mecha- nism-based inhibition of retinoid oxidation by citral. Mol Pharmacol, 49, 515–522.
  • Roberts, E.S., Vaz, A.D.N., and Coon, M.J. 1992. Role of isozymes of rabbit microsomal cyto- chrome P-450 in the metabolism of retinoic acid, retinol, and retinal. Mol Pharmacol, 41, 427–433.
  • Rolland, R.M. 2000. A review of chemically-in- duced alterations in thyroid and vitamin A status from field studies of wildlife and fish. J Wildl Dis, 36, 615–635.
  • Rubin, A.L. and Rice, R.H. 1988. 2,3,7,8–Tetrachlorodibenzo-p-dioxin and polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons suppress retinoid-in- duced tissue transglutaminase in SCC-4 cul- tured human squamous carcinoma. Carcino- genesis, 9, 1067–1071.
  • Saari, J.C. 1994. Retinoids in photosensitive systems. In M.B. Sporn, A.B. Roberts, and D.S. Goodman (Eds.), The retinoids: Biology, chemistry and medicine. 2nd ed (pp. 351–385. New York: Raven Press, Ltd.
  • Salley, J.J. and Bryson, W.F. 1957. Vitamin A de- ficiency in the hamster. J Dent Res, 36, 935– 944.
  • Sass, J.O., Forster, A., Bock, K.W., and Nau, H. 1994. Glucuronidation and isomerization of all-trans- and 13–cis-retinoic acid by liver microsomes of phenobarbital- or 3– methylcholanthrene-treated rats. Biochem Pharmacol, 47, 485–492.
  • Schrenk, D. 1998. Impact of dioxin-type induction of drug-metabolizing enzymes on the metabo- lism of endo- and xenobiotics. Biochem Pharmacol, 55, 1155–1162.
  • Smith, S.M., Levy, N.S., and Hayes, C.E. 1987. Impaired immunity in vitamin A-deficient mice. J Nutr, 117, 857–865.
  • Sonneveld, E., van den Brink, C.E., van der Leede, B.J.M., Schulkes, R.K.A.M., Petkovich, M., van der Burg, B., and van der Saag, P.T. 1998. Human retinoic acid (RA) 4–hydroxy- lase (CYP26) is highly specific for all-trans- RA and can be induced through RA receptors in human breast and colon carcinoma cells. Cell Growth Differ, 9, 629–637.
  • Spear, P.A., Garcin, H., and Narbonne, J.F. 1988. Increased retinoic acid metabolism following 3,3’,4,4’,5,5’-hexabromobiphenyl injection. Can J Physiol Pharmacol, 66, 1181–1186.
  • Sporn, M.B., A.B. Roberts, and D.S. Goodman. 1994. The Retinoids: Biology, Chemistry and Medicine. 2nd ed, New York: Raven Press.
  • Thunberg, T., Ahlborg, U.G., and Johnsson, H. 1979. Vitamin A (retinol) status in the rat after a single oral dose of 2,3,7,8–tetrachlorodibenzo- p-dioxin. Arch Toxicol, 42, 265–274.
  • Tilden, E.B. and Miller, E.G. 1930. The response of the monkey (Macacus rhesus) to withdrawal of vitamin A from the diet. J Nutr, 3, 121– 140.
  • Tomita, S., Okuyama, E., Ohnishi, T., and Ichikawa, Y. 1996. Characteristic properties of a retinoic acid synthetic cytochrome P-450 purified from liver microsomes of 3–methylcholanthrene- induced rat. Biochim Biophys Acta, 1290, 273– 281.
  • Turner, R.G. and Loew, E.R. 1932. Effect of vita- min withdrawal on the monkey (Macacus rhesus). J Nutr, 5, 29–34.
  • Underwood, B.A., Loerch, J.D., and Lewis, K.C. 1979. Effects of dietary vitamin A deficiency, retinoic acid and protein quantity and quality on serially obtained plasma and liver levels of vitamin A in rats. J Nutr, 109, 796–806.
  • van Birgelen, A.P.J.M., van der Kolk, J., Fase, K.M., Bol, I., Poiger, H., Brouwer, A., and van den
  • Berg, M. 1995. Subchronic dose-response study of 2,3,7,8–tetrachlorodibenzo-p-dioxin in female Sprague-Dawley rats. Toxicol Appl Pharmacol, 132, 1–13.
  • Vecchi, A., Mantovani, A., Sironi, M., Lluini, W., Cairo, M., and Garatttini, S. 1980. Effect of acute exposure to 2,3,7,8–tetrachlorodibenzo- p-dioxin on humoral antibody production in mice. Chem Biol Interact, 30, 337–342.
  • Vecchi, A., Sironi, M., Canegrati, M.A., Recchia, M., and Garattini, S. 1983. Immunosuppres- sive effect of 2,3,7,8–tetrachlorodibenzo-p- dioxin in strains of mice with different sus- ceptibility to induction of aryl hydrocarbon hydroxylase. Toxicol Appl Pharmacol, 68, 434–441.
  • Vecchini, F., Lenoir-Viale, M.C., Cathelineau, C., Magdalou, J., Bernard, B.A., and Shroot, B. 1994. Presence of a retinoid responsive ele- ment in the promoter region of the human cytochrome P4501A1 gene. Biochem Biophys Res Comm, 201, 1205–1212.
  • Vos, J.G. and Moore, J.A. 1974. Suppression of cellular immunity in rats and mice by mater- nal treatment with 2,3,7,8–tetrachlorodibenzo- p-dioxin. Int Arch Allergy, 47, 777–794.
  • Vos, J.G., Moore, J.A., and Zinkl, J.G. 1973. Effect of 2,3,7,8–tetrachlorodibenzo-p-dioxin on the immune system of laboratory animals. Environ Health Perspect Exp Issue No 5, 149–162.
  • Wang, X., Sperkova, Z., and Napoli, J.L. 2001. Analysis of mouse retinal dehydrogenase type 2 promoter and expression. Genomics, 74, 245–250.
  • Wanner, R., Panteleyev, A., Henz, B.M., and Rosenbach, T. 1996. Retinoic acid affects the expression rate of the differentiation-related genes aryl hydrocarbon receptor, ARNT and keratin 4 in proliferative keratinocytes only. Biochim Biophys Acta, 1317, 105–111.
  • Weston, W.M., Nugent, P., and Greene, R.M. 1995. Inhibition of retinoic acid-induced gene ex- pression by 2,3,7,8–tetrachlorodibenzo-p-di- oxin. Biochem Biophys Res Comm, 207, 690– 694.
  • White, J.A., Beckettjones, B., Guo, Y.D., Dilworth, F.J., Bonasoro, J., Jones, G., and Petkovich, M. 1997. cDNA cloning of human retinoic acid-metabolizing enzyme (hP450RAI) identi-fies a novel family of cytochromes P450 (CYP26). J Biol Chem, 272, 18538–18541.
  • Wolbach, S.B. and Howe, P.R. 1925. Tissue changes following deprivation of fat soluble A vita- min. J Exp Med, 47, 753–777.
  • Wolbach, S.B. and Howe, P.R. 1928. Vitamin A deficiency in the guinea pig. Arch Pathol Lab Med, 5, 239–253.
  • Wolf, G. 1980. Vitamin A. In R.B. Alfin-Slater and D. Kritchevsky (Eds.), Human nutrition, a comprehensive treatise. Vol 3, part B: Nutri- tion and the adult.
  • Wolfe, J.M. and Salter, H.P. 1931. Vitamin A defi- ciency in the albino mouse. J Nutr, 4, 185–192.
  • Zhang, Q.Y., Dunbar, D., and Kaminsky, L. 2000. Human cytochrome p-450 metabolism of reti- nals to retinoic acids. Drug Metab Dispos, 28, 292–297.
  • Zile, M.H. 1992. Vitamin A homeostasis endan- gered by environmental pollutants. Proc Soc Exp Biol Med, 201, 141–153.
  • Zile, M.H., Bank, P.A., and Roltsch, I.A. 1989. Alter- ations in vitamin A metabolism by polyhalogenated aromatic hydrocarbons. Zeitschrift for Ernährung- swissenschaft, 28, 93–102.

Reprints and Corporate Permissions

Please note: Selecting permissions does not provide access to the full text of the article, please see our help page How do I view content?

To request a reprint or corporate permissions for this article, please click on the relevant link below:

Academic Permissions

Please note: Selecting permissions does not provide access to the full text of the article, please see our help page How do I view content?

Obtain permissions instantly via Rightslink by clicking on the button below:

If you are unable to obtain permissions via Rightslink, please complete and submit this Permissions form. For more information, please visit our Permissions help page.