The dynamics of local innovations among formal and informal enterprises: Stories from rural South Africa

References

• Attias, R. (2013), A focus on Africa's informal economy. Available at http://www.huffingtonpost.com/richard-attias/africa-informal-economy_b_3001552.html [Accessed 3 November 2013].
   Google Scholar
• Bangasser, P.E. (2000), The ILO and the informal sector: An institutional history. Geneva: International Labour Office.
   Google Scholar
• Becker, K.F. (2004), The informal economy. Stockholm: Swedish International Development Agency.
   Google Scholar
• Bhaduri, S. and Kumar, H. (2009), Tracing the motivation to innovate: A study of ‘grassroots’ innovators in India. Papers on Economics and Evolution #0912. Jena: Max Planck Institute of Economics.
   Google Scholar
• Bhaduri, S. and Kumar, H. (2011), Extrinsic and intrinsic motivations to innovate: Tracing the motivation of ‘grassroots’ innovators in India. Mind and Society 10(1): 27–55. doi: 10.1007/s11299-010-0081-2
   Google Scholar
• Bhaduri, S. and Sheikh, F.A. (2013), Measuring informal innovations: Study of grassroots innovation in Kashmir. Paper presented at 9th Globelics Academy in Tampere, Finland, 19–31 May 2013.
   Google Scholar
• Cartwright, A., Gastrow, M., Lorentzen, J. and Robinson, S. (2009), Limpopo integrated innovation strategy. A report prepared for the Limpopo Provincial Government and the Department of Science and Technology. Pretoria: Human Sciences Research Council (HSRC).
   Google Scholar
• Castells, M. and Portes, A. (1989), World underneath: The origins, dynamics, and effects of the informal economy. In: Portes, A., Castells, M. and Benton, L.A. (eds.), The informal economy: Studies in advanced and less developed countries. Baltimore: Johns Hopkins University Press.
   Google Scholar
• Chen, M.A. (2007), Rethinking the informal economy: Linkages with the formal economy and the formal regulatory framework. DESA Working Paper No. 46.
   Google Scholar
• Chen, M.A. (2012), The informal economy: Definitions, theories and policies. Women in informal economy globalizing and organizing: WIEGO Working Paper No. 1.
   Google Scholar
• Cook, P. (2001), Regional innovation systems, clusters and the knowledge economy. Industrial and Corporate Change 10(4): 945–974. doi: 10.1093/icc/10.4.945
   Google Scholar
• Cook, P. and Memedovic, O. (2003), Strategies for regional innovation systems: Learning transfer and application. Vienna: UNIDO Policy Papers
   Google Scholar
• Cousins, B. 2011. Rural innovation systems. Paper prepared for the Ministerial Review Committee on the Science, Technology and Innovation Landscape in South Africa. Pretoria: DST
   Google Scholar
• Cozzens, S. and Sutz, J. (2012), Innovation in informal settings: A research agenda paper. The annual meeting of the 4S Annual Meeting, Copenhagen Business School, Frederiksberg, Denmark.
   Google Scholar
• Dantes, E., Giuliana, E. and Marin, A. (2007), The persistence of ‘capabilities’ as a central issue in industrialization strategies: How they relate to MNC spillovers, industrial clusters and knowledge networks. Asian Journal of Technology Innovation 15(2): 19–43. doi: 10.1080/19761597.2007.9668636
   Google Scholar
• DACST (Department of Arts, Culture, Science and Technology) (1996), White Paper on Science and Technology: Preparing for the 21st Century, 4 September 1996. Pretoria: DACST.
   Google Scholar
• De Villiers, J., Oettle, L. and Salomon, M. (2005), Catalogue of farmer innovations: Inception phase 2004. Durban: WHAM Communications.
   Google Scholar
• DST, (Department of Science and Technology) (2007), Innovation towards a knowledge-based economy: Ten-year plan for South Africa (2008–2018). Pretoria: DST.
   Google Scholar
• DST, (Department of Science and Technology) (2012a), Ministerial Review Committee on the science, technology and innovation landscape in South Africa: Final report March 2012. Pretoria: DST.
   Google Scholar
• Du Toit, A. and Neves, D. (2007), In search of South Africa's ‘second economy’: Chronic poverty, economic marginalisation and adverse incorporation in Mt Frere and Khayelitsha. Chronic Poverty Research Centre: Working Paper No. 102.
   Google Scholar
• Gault, F. (2010), Innovation strategies for a global economy: Development, implementation, measurement and management. Ottawa: International Development Research Centre (IDRC).
   Google Scholar
• Godfrey, P.C. (2011), Toward a theory of informal economy. The Academy of Management Manuals 5(1): 231–277.
   Google Scholar
• Hart, T. and Burgess, R. (2006), Across the divide: The impact of farmer-to-farmer linkages in the absence of extension services. Journal of the South African Society for Agricultural Extension 35: 12–22.
   Google Scholar
• Hart, T., Jacobs, P. and Mhula, A.L. (2013), Review of South African innovation policy and strategy 1994–2012: Innovation for rural development. RIAT Concept Paper Series – Concept Paper 3. Pretoria: Human Sciences Research Council.
   Google Scholar
• Hart, T., Jacobs, P. and Mangqalaza, H. (2012), Key concepts in innovation studies – Towards working definitions. RIAT Concept Paper Series – Concept Paper 2. Pretoria: Human Sciences Research Council.
   Google Scholar
• Hart, T., Jacobs, P., Ramoroka, K., Mangqalaza, H., Mhula, A., Ngwenya, M. and Letty, B. (2014), Social innovation in South Africa's rural municipalities: Policy Implications. HSRC Policy Brief March 2014. Pretoria: HSRC Press.
   Google Scholar
• Hart, T., Jacobs, P., Letty, B., Ramoroka, K., Mangqalaza, H., Mhula, A. and Ngwenya, M., (Forthcoming in 2014) Promoting innovation for inclusive rural transformation in South Africa. HSRC Policy Brief December 2014. Pretoria: HSRC Press.
   Google Scholar
• ILO (International Labour Office) (2013), The informal economy and decent work: A policy resource guide supporting transition to formality. Geneva: International Labour Office.
   Google Scholar
• ILO/WIEGO (International Labour Office/Women in Informal Employment: Globalizing and Organizing) (2012), Women and men in the informal economy 2012: A statistical picture. Geneva: International Labour Office.
   Google Scholar
• ILO, (International Labour Office) (1972), Employment, incomes, and equity: A strategy for increasing productive employment in Kenya, Geneva: International Labour Office.
   Google Scholar
• Johannison, B. (1987), Beyond process and structure: Social exchange networks. International Studies of Management and Organisation 17(1): 49–63.
   Google Scholar
• Kraemer-Mbula, E. and Wamae, W. (2010), Key issues for innovation and development. In: Kraemer-Mbula, E. and Wamae, W. (eds.), Innovation and the development agenda. Paris: OECD Publishing.
   Google Scholar
• Lall, S. and Kraemer-Mbula, E. (2005), Is African industry competitive? QEH Working Paper Series No 121.
   Google Scholar
• Letty, B., Hart, T. and Buscher, B. (2007), Catalogue of local innovations 2006/2007. Pietermaritzburg: PROLINNOVA-SA.
   Google Scholar
• Letty, B., Shezi, Z. and Mudhara, M. (2012), An exploration of agricultural grassroots innovation in South Africa and implications for innovation indicator development. UNU-MERIT Working Paper Series #2012-023. Maastricht: United Nations University Economic and Social Research Institute on Innovation and Technology.
   Google Scholar
• Lewis, W.A. (1961), Economic development with unlimited supplies of labor. In: Agarwala, A.N. and Singh, S.P. (eds.), The economics of underdevelopment. London: Oxford University Press.
   Google Scholar
• Lizuka, M. and Katz, J. (2012), Globalization and the changing institution for sustainability: The case of the salmon farming industry in Chile. UNU-MERIT Working Paper No. 063.
   Google Scholar
• Katz, J. (1984), Technological innovation, industrial organization and comparative advantages of Latin American metalworking industries. In: Fransman, M. and King, K. (eds.), Technological capability in the third world. London: Macmillan.
   Google Scholar
• Lorentzen, J. and Mohamed, R. (2010), … to each according to his (or her) needs: Where are the poor in innovation studies? Paper presented at Technical Change: History, Economics and Policy. A Conference in Honour of Nick Van Tunzelmann, Science Policy Research Unit, University of Sussex, 29–30 March 2010.
   Google Scholar
• Lundvall, B-Å. and Borrás, S. (1998), The globalising learning economy: Implications for innovation policy. Brussels: Commission of the EU.
   Google Scholar
• Masondo, D. (2007), Capitalism and racism forms of political domination. African Journal of Development Studies 37(2): 66–80.
   Google Scholar
• Moulaert, F., Martinelli, F., Swyngedouw, E and Gonzalez, S. (2005), Towards alternative model(s) of local innovation. Urban Studies 42(11): 1969–1990. doi: 10.1080/00420980500279893
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Nahapiet, J. and Ghoshal, S. (1998), Social capital, intellectual capital and the organizational advantage. The Academy of Management Review 23(2): 242–266.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• OECD/Eurostat (Organisation for Economic Co-operation and Development/Statistical Office of the European Communities) (2005), The measurement of scientific and technological activities – Oslo Manual: Guidelines for collecting and interpreting innovation data, 3rd edn. Paris: OECD Publishing.
   Google Scholar
• Ogwo, B. (2007), Informal sector technical skills development experiences in the maintenance of modern automobiles in Nigeria. Network for Policy Research Review and Advice on Education and Training (NORRAG) News 2007: 25–27.
   Google Scholar
• Polcuch, E.F., Lugones, G. and Peirano, F. (2005), Innovation in developing countries: Characteristics and measurement priorities. Measuring innovation: Making innovation surveys work for developing countries. Technology Policy Brief 4(1): 1–12. Maastricht: United Nations University Institute for New Technology
   Google Scholar
• Prahalad, C.K. (2012), Bottom of the pyramid as a source of breakthrough innovations. Journal of Production and Innovation Management 29(1): 6–12. doi: 10.1111/j.1540-5885.2011.00874.x
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Statistics South Africa (2011), Quarterly Labour Force Survey: Quarter 2, 2011. Statistics South Africa (Report Number P0211).
   Google Scholar
• Statistics South Africa (2013), Trends Quarterly Labour Force Survey 2008–2013. Pretoria: Statistics South Africa (electronic version).
   Google Scholar
• Steyn, I. (2008), Understanding the informal economy of South Africa. Johannesburg: Ecumenical Service for Socio-Economic Transformation.
   Google Scholar
• Suwal, R. and Pant, B. (2009), Measuring informal sector economic activities in Nepal. Paper prepared for the special IARIW-SAIM Conference on ‘Measuring the Informal Economy in Developing Countries’. Kathmandu, Nepal, 23–26 September 2009.
   Google Scholar
• Van Aalst, H.F,. (2003), Networking in society, organisations and education. In: Networks of innovation: Towards new models for managing schools and systems. Paris: OECD Publishing.
   Google Scholar
• Van der Heijden, T. and Skinner, C. (2012), Making the informal economy visible: Guidelines for municipalities in respect of adopting a more developmental approach towards the informal economy. Pretoria: South African Local Government Association.
   Google Scholar
• Wettasinha, C., Wongtschowski, M. and Waters-Bayer, A. (2006), Recognising local innovation: Experiences of PROLINNOVA partners. Cavite: International Institute of Rural Reconstruction.
   Google Scholar
• World Intellectual Property Organization (WIPO) (2013), Conceptual study on innovation, intellectual property and the informal economy. Presented for Committee on Development and Intellectual Property (CDIP) Eleventh Session, Geneva.
   Google Scholar