Shareholder engagement in the extractive sector

References

• AP Funds Ethical Council . 2010 . Annual report 2010 , Stockholm : AP Funds Publication .
   Google Scholar
• Bainbridge , S. 1995 . The politics of corporate governance: Roe's strong managers, weak owners . Harvard Journal of Law and Public Policy , 18 : 671 – 734 .
   Google Scholar
• Barber , B. M. 2006 . Monitoring the monitor: Evaluating CalPERS’ activism . Journal of Investing , 16 ( 4 ) : 66 – 88 .
   Google Scholar
• Barrick Gold. Corporate responsibility. http://www.barrick.com/CorporateResponsibility/OurCommitment/default.aspx (accessed September 8, 2011)
   Google Scholar
• Becht , M. , Franks , J. R. , Mayer , C. and Rossi , S. 2009 . Returns to shareholder activism: Evidence from a clinical study of the Hermes UK focus fund . The Review of Financial Studies , 22 : 3093 – 129 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Cadman , T. 2011 . “ The legitimacy of ESG standards as an analytical framework for responsible investment ” . In Responsible investment in times of Turmoil Edited by: Vandekerckhove , W. Issues in Business Ethics, vol. 31, 35–53. Dordrecht, Heidelberg, London, New York: Springer Science+Business Media
   Google Scholar
• Canadian Pension Plan Investment Board (CPPIB). 2010. 2010 Report on responsible investing. Toronto, ON: CPPIB
   Google Scholar
• Cashore , B. 2002 . Legitimacy and the privatization of environmental governance: How Non-State Market-Driven (NMSD) governance systems gain rule-making authority . Governance: An International Journal of Policy, Administration and Institutions , 15 : 503 – 29 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Clark , G. L. and Hebb , T. 2004 . Corporate engagement: The fifth stage of capitalism . Relations Industrielles/Industrial Relations , 59 : 142 – 70 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Clarkson , M. B.E. 1995 . A stakeholder framework for analyzing and evaluating corporate social performance . Academy of Management Review , 20 ( 1 ) : 92 – 16 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Cutler , C. , Haufler , V. and Porter , T. 1999 . Private authority and international affairs , Albany : State University of New York Press .
   Google Scholar
• Ethical Funds . 2011 . 2011 Annual financial returns , Canada : NEI Investments .
   Google Scholar
• Freeman , R. E. 1994 . The politics of stakeholder theory . Business Ethics Quarterly , 4 : 409 – 21 .
   Google Scholar
• Freeman , E. and Reed , D. 1983 . Stockholders and stakeholders: A new perspective on corporate governance . California Management Review , 25 ( 3 ) : 88 – 106 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Friedman, M. 1970. The social responsibility of business is to increase its profits. New York Times Magazine, September 13, 122–6
   Google Scholar
• Frynas , J. 2008 . CSR and international development: Critical assessment . Corporate Governance , 16 ( 4 ) : 274 – 81 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Garvey, N., and P. Newell. 2004. Corporate accountability to the poor: Assessing the effectiveness of community based-strategies. IDS Working Paper 227, Institute of Development Studies, Brighton, England
   Google Scholar
• Gifford , J. 2010 . Effective shareholder engagement: The factors that contribute to shareholder salienence . Journal of Business Ethics , 72 ( Suppl. no. 1 ) : 79 – 97 .
   Google Scholar
• Gillan , S. L. and Starks , L. T. 1998 . A survey of shareholder activism: Motivation and empirical evidence . Contemporary Finance Digest , 2 : 310 – 34 .
   Google Scholar
• Gillan , S. L. and Starks , L. T. 2007 . The evolution of shareholder activism in the United States . Journal of Applied Corporate Finance , 19 ( 1 ) : 55 – 73 .
   Google Scholar
• Gjessing , O. P.K. and Syse , H. 2007 . Norwegian petroleum wealth and universal ownership . Corporate Governance: An International Review , 15 ( 3 ) : 427 – 37 .
   Google Scholar
• Glac, K. 2010. The influence of shareholders on CSR. Center for Ethical Business Cultures Working Paper No. 2, University of St Thomas, Minnesota
   Google Scholar
• Graulau , J. 2008 . Is mining good for development? The intellectual history of an unsettled question . Progress in Development Studies , 8 ( 2 ) : 129 – 62 .
   Google Scholar
• Graves , A. , Rehbein , K. and Waddock , S. 2001 . Fad and fashion in shareholder activism: The landscape of shareholder resolutions 1988–1998 . Business and Society Review , 106 ( 4 ) : 293 – 314 .
   Google Scholar
• Gray, T. 2009. Investing for the environment? The limits of the UNPRI. Working Paper, University of Oxford, School of Geography and the Environment, Oxford, UK
   Google Scholar
• Guay , T. , Doh , J. P. and Sinclair , G. 2004 . Non-governmental organizations, shareholder activism, and socially responsible investments: Ethical, strategic, and governance implications . Journal of Business Ethics , 52 : 125 – 39 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Hachigian, H. 2011. Leveraging Canadian shareholders to effect change in corporate governance. Working Paper 11-02, Carleton Centre for Community Innovation, Carleton University, Ottawa, Canada
   Google Scholar
• Hall , R. B. and Biersteker , T. 2002 . The emergence of private authority in global governance , Cambridge, UK : Cambridge University Press .
   Google Scholar
• Hamann , R. 2003 . Mining companies role in sustainable development: The ‘why’ and ‘how’ of corporate social responsibility from a business perspective . Development in Southern Africa , 20 : 237 – 54 .
   Google Scholar
• Hassel , A. 2008 . The evolution of a global labor governance regime . Governance , 21 : 231 – 51 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Hawley , J. P. and Williams , A. T. 2000 . The rise of fiduciary capitalism: How institutional investors can make corporate America more democratic , Philadelphia, PA : University of Pennsylvania Press .
   Google Scholar
• Hebb , T. 2008 . No small change: Pension funds and corporate engagement , Ithaca, NY : Cornell University Press .
   Google Scholar
• Hebb, T., H. Hachigian, and R. Allen. 2011. Measuring the impact of engagement in Canada. In The next generation of responsible investing, ed. T. Hebb, 107–25. North Dakota: Springer Publishing
   Google Scholar
• Hillman , A. J. and Keim , G. D. 2001 . Shareholder value, stakeholder management, and social issues: What's the bottom line? . Strategic Management Journal , 22 ( 2 ) : 125 – 39 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Hirschland , M. 2006 . Corporate social responsibility and the shaping of global public policy , New York : Palgrave .
   Google Scholar
• Hirschman , A. O. 1970 . Exit, voice, and loyalty: Responses to decline in firms, organizations, and states , Cambridge, MA : Harvard University Press .
   Google Scholar
• Hoepner, A.G.F., and D.G. McMillan. 2009. Research on ‘responsible investment': An influential literature analysis comprising a rating, characterisation, categorisation and investigation. Working Paper, School of Management, University of St Andrews, UK
   Google Scholar
• Hoffman , A. J. 1996 . A strategic response to investor activism . Sloan Management Review , 37 ( 2 ) : 51 – 65 .
   Google Scholar
• Holme , R. and Watts , P. 2000 . Corporate social responsibility: Making good business sense , Geneva : World Business Council on Sustainable Development .
   Google Scholar
• Hopkins , M. 2007 . CSR and international development , London, UK : Earthscan .
   Google Scholar
• Hutchinson , M. 1996 . The promotion of active shareholdership for corporate social responsibility , Toronto, Canada : Jantzi .
   Google Scholar
• ICMM (International Council on Mining and Metals), UNCTAD (United Nations Conference on Trade and Development) and The World Bank. 2006. Resource endowment initiative. http://www.icmm.com/resourceendowment (accessed February 18, 2009)
   Google Scholar
• Jenkins , R. 2005 . Globalization, corporate social responsibility and poverty . International Affairs , 81 : 525 – 40 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Karpoff, J.M. 2001. The impact of shareholder activism on target companies: A survey of empirical findings. Working Paper, University of Washington, USA
   Google Scholar
• Kiernan , L. J. 2007 . Universal owners and ESG: Leaving money on the table? . Corporate Governance , 15 ( 3 ) : 478 – 85 .
   Google Scholar
• Lee , P. M-D. and Lounsbury , M. 2011 . Domesticating radical rant and rage: An exploration of the consequences of environmental shareholder resolutions on corporate environmental performance . Business and Society , 50 ( 1 ) : 155 – 88 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Lydenberg , S. 2007 . Universal investors and socially responsible investors: A tale of emerging affinities . Corporate Governance , 15 ( 3 ) : 467 – 77 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Macleod , M. 2009 . Emerging investor networks and the construction of corporate social responsibility . Journal of Corporate Citizenship , 34 : 69 – 96 .
   Google Scholar
• Manescu , C. 2011 . Stock returns in relation to environmental, social and governance performance: Mispricing or compensation for risk? . Sustainable development , 19 : 95 – 118 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Manteaw , B. 2007 . From tokenism to social justice: Rethinking the bottom line for sustainable community development . Community Development Journal , 43 : 428 – 43 .
   Google Scholar
• Mercer Limited . 2009 . Best practices in responsible investment for Canadian pension funds , Toronto, Canada : Social Investment Organisation Publication .
   Google Scholar
• Mitchell , R. K. , Agle , B. R. and Wood , D. J. 1997 . Toward a theory of stakeholder identification and salience: Defining the principle of who and what really counts . Academy of Management Review , 22 ( 4 ) : 853 – 86 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Nelson, J. 1999. Building competitiveness and communities: How world class companies are creating shareholder value and societal value. Prince of Wales Business Leaders Forum in collaboration with The World Bank and the United Nations Development Program, London, UK
   Google Scholar
• O'Rourke , A. 2003 . A new politics of engagement: shareholder activism for CSR . Business Strategy and the Environment , 12 : 227 – 39 .
   Google Scholar
• Osler, Hoskin and Harcourt LLP. 2008. Corporate Governance in Canada, A guide to the responsibilities of corporate directors in Canada, 5th ed. Toronto, ON: OSLER
   Google Scholar
• Oxfam America and Earthworks. 2004. Dirty metals: Mining, communities and the environment. Policy Document, London, UK
   Google Scholar
• Pearce, B., and J. Ganzi. 2002. Engaging the mainstream with Sustainability. A survey of investor engagement on corporate social, environmental and ethical performance. London: Forum for the Future's Centre for Sustainable Investment and Finance Institute for Global Sustainability
   Google Scholar
• Pearson , R. and Seyfang , G. 2001 . New hope or false dawn? . Global Social Policy , 1 ( 1 ) : 49 – 78 .
   Google Scholar
• Rashid , A. and Rashidah , A. R. 2009 . The impact of minority shareholder watchdog group activism on the performance of targeted firms in Malaysia . Asian Academy of Management Journal of Accounting and Finance , 5 ( 1 ) : 67 – 92 .
   Google Scholar
• Richardson , B. 2007 . Protecting indigenous peoples through socially responsible investment . Indigenous Law Journal , 6 ( 1 ) : 205 – 33 .
   Google Scholar
• Romano , R. 2001 . Less is more: Making institutional investor activism a valuable mechanism of corporate governance . Yale Journal on Regulation , 18 : 174 – 252 .
   Google Scholar
• Sagebien , J. 2008 . The corporate social responsibility of Canadian mining companies in Latin America . Canadian Foreign Policy , 14 ( 3 ) : 103 – 21 .
   Google Scholar
• Schueth , S. 2003 . Socially responsible investing in the United States . Journal of Business Ethics , 43 : 189 – 94 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Smith , M. P. 1996 . Shareholder activism by institutional investors: Evidence from CalPERS . Journal of Finance , 51 ( 1 ) : 227 – 52 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Social Investment Forum (SIF). 1995. After South Africa: The state of socially responsible investing in the United States, p. 2. Washington, DC: Social Investment Forum
   Google Scholar
• Sustainable Asset Management (SAM). 2010. The Sustainability Yearbook 2010, p. 7. Zurich, Switzerland: SAM
   Google Scholar
• Umlas , E. 2008 . The global expansion of SRI: Facing challenges, meeting potential . Development and Change , 39 ( 6 ) : 1019 – 39 .
   Google Scholar
• UNEP FI, Asset Management Working Group. 2009. Show me the money. Report, UNEP FI, 11–4
   Google Scholar
• Vogel , D. 2008 . Private global business regulation . Annual Review of Political Science , 11 : 261 – 82 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Wood , D. J. and Jones , R. E. 1995 . Stakeholder mismatching: A theoretical problem in empirical research on corporate social performance . International Journal of Organizational Analysis , 3 ( 3 ) : 229 – 67 .
   Google Scholar
• Yaron , G. 2002 . Canadian institutional shareholder activism in an era of global deregulation , Canada : SHARE .
   Google Scholar
• Yin , R. K. 2009 . Case study research: Design and methods , 4 , . Thousand Oaks, CA : Sage Publications .
   Google Scholar