References
- AccountAbility. 2018. AA1000 Accountability Principles 2018. AccountAbility. https://www.accountability.org/static/6b3863943105f2a5c4d5fc96affb750d/aa1000_accountability_principles_2018.pdf.
- Alves, J. C., T. C. Lok, Y. Luo, and W. Hao. 2020. “Crisis Management for Small Business During the COVID-19 Outbreak: Survival, Resilience and Renewal Strategies of Firms in Macau.” Research Square. doi:10.21203/rs.3.rs-34541/v1.
- Andersen, A. L., E. T. Hansen, N. Johannesen, and A. Sheridan. 2020. Consumer Responses to the COVID-19 Crisis: Evidence from Bank Account Transaction Data (Working Paper 18/20; CEBI Working Paper Series). University of Copenhagen.
- Balahur, A., R. Steinberger, M. Kabadjov, V. Zavarella, E. van der Goot, M. Halkia, B. Pouliquen, and J. Belyaeva. 2013. Sentiment Analysis in the News. Proceedings of the 7th International Conference on Language Resources and Evaluation, LREC 2010, 2216–2220.
- Bansal, P., S. Grewatsch, and G. Sharma. 2020. “How COVID-19 Informs Business Sustainability Research: It’s Time for a Systems Perspective.” Journal of Management Studies, doi:10.1111/joms.12669.
- Bapuji, H., F. G. A. de Bakker, J. A. Brown, C. Higgins, K. Rehbein, and A. Spicer. 2020. “Business and Society Research in Times of the Corona Crisis.” Business & Society, doi:10.1177/0007650320921172.
- Barkemeyer, R., B. Comyns, F. Fiege, and G. Napolitano. 2014. “CEO Statements in Sustainability Reports: Substantive Information or Background Noise?” Accounting Forum 38 (4), doi:10.1016/j.accfor.2014.07.002.
- Barkemeyer, R., S. Dessai, B. Monge-Sanz, B. G. Renzi, and G. Napolitano. 2016. “Linguistic Analysis of IPCC Summaries for Policymakers and Associated Coverage.” Nature Climate Change 6 (3), doi:10.1038/nclimate2824.
- Bleich, E., and A. M. van der Veen. 2018. “Media Portrayals of Muslims: A Comparative Sentiment Analysis of American Newspapers, 1996–2015.” Politics, Groups, and Identities 9 (1): 20–39. doi:10.1080/21565503.2018.1531770.
- Bordo, M. D., A. Redish, and H. Rockoff. 2015. “Why Didn’t Canada Have a Banking Crisis in 2008 (or in 1930, or 1907, or …)?” Economic History Review 68 (1): 218–243. doi:10.1111/1468-0289.665.
- Brousselle, A., E. Brunet-Jailly, C. Kennedy, S. D. Phillips, K. Quigley, and A. Roberts. 2020. “Beyond COVID-19: Five Commentaries on Reimagining Governance for Future Crises and Resilience.” Canadian Public Administration / Administration Publique Du Canada 63 (3): 369–408. doi:10.1111/CAPA.12388.
- Bundy, J., M. D. Pfarrer, C. E. Short, and W. T. Coombs. 2017. “Crises and Crisis Management: Integration, Interpretation, and Research Development.” Journal of Management 43 (6): 1661–1692. doi:10.1177/0149206316680030.
- Carroll, A. B. 1979. “A Three-Dimensional Concept Model of Corporate Social Performance.” Academy of Management Review 4 (4): 497–505.
- CBC News. 2021, March 2. 2020 Was the Worst Year on Record for Canada’s Economy. It Shrank by 5.4% [Business]. CBC News. https://www.cbc.ca/news/business/statscan-economy-2020-1.5933072.
- Cetorelli, N., G. La Spada, and J. Santos. 2020, June 16. Outflows from Bank-Loan Funds During COVID-19. Liberty Street Economics. https://libertystreeteconomics.newyorkfed.org/2020/06/outflows-from-bank-loan-funds-during-covid-19.html.
- Cheong, C. W. H., J. Sinnakkannu, and S. Ramasamy. 2017. “Reactive or Proactive? Investor Sentiment as a Driver of Corporate Social Responsibility.” Research in International Business and Finance 42: 572–582. doi:10.1016/j.ribaf.2017.07.002.
- Chong, J. K. S. 2004. “Six Steps to Better Crisis Management.” Journal of Business Strategy 25 (2): 43–46. doi:10.1108/02756660410525407.
- Cohen, J. 2020, November 30. ‘Absolutely Remarkable’: No One Who Got Moderna’s Vaccine in Trial Developed Severe COVID-19. Science. https://www.sciencemag.org/news/2020/11/absolutely-remarkable-no-one-who-got-modernas-vaccine-trial-developed-severe-covid-19.
- Coombs, W. T., and D. Laufer. 2018. “Global Crisis Management—Current Research and Future Directions.” Journal of International Management 24: 199–203. doi:10.1016/j.intman.2017.12.003.
- Demirguc-Kunt, A., A. Pedraza, and C. Ruiz-Ortega. 2020. Banking Sector Performance during the COVID-19 Crisis. Policy Research Working Papers. 10.1596/1813-9450-9363.
- Di Bella, V., and N. Al-Fayoumi. 2016. “Perception of Stakeholders on Corporate Social Responsibility of Islamic Banks in Jordan.” EuroMed Journal of Business 11 (1): 30–56. doi:10.1108/EMJB-01-2015-0003.
- Dordi, T. 2020. “Lagging Behind: Canadian Institutions Trail on Divestment.” Alternatives Journal 45 (1), https://link.gale.com/apps/doc/A649103810/AONE?u = atha49011&sid = AONE&xid = cf11dc2e.
- Dursun-de Neef, H., and A. Schandlbauer. 2020. COVID-19 and Bank Loan Supply. SSRN. doi:10.2139/ssrn.3642522
- Ens, E., and C. Johnstom. 2020. Scenario Analysis and the Economic and Financial Risks from Climate Change (Staff Discussion Paper/Document d’analyse du personnel-2020-3). Bank of Canada.
- Fassin, Y., and D. Gosselin. 2011. “The Collapse of a European Bank in the Financial Crisis: An Analysis from Stakeholder and Ethical Perspectives.” Journal of Business Ethics 102: 169–191. doi:10.1007/s10551-011-0812-2.
- Fortune Media IP Limited. 2020. Global 500. https://fortune.com/global500/2019/search/?hqcountry = Canada&industry = Banks%3A%20Commercial%20and%20Savings§or = Financials.
- Freeman, R. E. 1984. Strategic Management: A Stakeholder Approach. Boston, MA: Pitman.
- Freeman, R. E., A. C. Wicks, and B. Parmar. 2004. “Stakeholder Theory and ‘The Corporate Objective Revisited’.” Organization Science 15 (3): 364–369. doi:10.1287/orsc.1040.0066.
- Girard, C., and A. Sobczak. 2012. “Towards a Model of Corporate and Social Stakeholder Engagement: Analyzing the Relations Between a French Mutual Bank and Its Members.” Journal of Business Ethics 107 (2): 215–225.
- Glancy, D., M. Gross, and A. F. Ionescu. 2020. How Did Banks Fund C&I Drawdowns at the Onset of the COVID-19 Crisis? (FEDS Notes No. 2020-07-31-1). doi:10.17016/2380-7172.2601
- Godbole, N., M. Srinivasaiah, and S. Skiena. 2007. Large-Scale Sentiment Analysis for News and Blogs. ICWSM 2007 - International Conference on Weblogs and Social Media.
- GRI. 2016. GRI 101: Foundation 2016. GRI.
- Groenfeldt, T. 2017, June 12. Big Five Canadian Banks Compete On Mobile Innovation But Lag On Service. https://www.forbes.com/sites/tomgroenfeldt/2017/06/12/big-five-canadian-banks-compete-on-mobile-innovation-but-lag-on-service/?sh = 11c351d945af.
- Gruber, J. 2020. LexisNexisTools: Working with Files from ‘LexisNexis’. https://cran.r-project.org/web/packages/LexisNexisTools/index.html.
- Grushina, S. V. 2017. “Collaboration by Design: Stakeholder Engagement in GRI Sustainability Reporting Guidelines.” Organization & Environment 30 (4): 366–385. doi:10.1177/1086026616681612.
- Gundel, S. 2005. “Towards a New Typology of Crises.” Journal of Contingencies and Crisis Management 13 (3): 106–115.
- Henriques, I., and P. Sadorsky. 1999. “The Relationship Between Environmental Commitment and Managerial Perceptions of Stakeholder Importance.” Academy of Management Journal 42 (1): 87–99. doi:10.2307/256876.
- Hu, M., and B. Liu. 2004. Mining and Summarizing Customer Reviews. KDD-2004 - Proceedings of the Tenth ACM SIGKDD International Conference on Knowledge Discovery and Data Mining. doi:10.1145/1014052.1014073
- Hurley, R., X. Gong, and A. Waqar. 2014. “Understanding the Loss of Trust in Large Banks.” International Journal of Bank Marketing 32 (5): 348–366. doi:10.1108/IJBM-01-2014-0003.
- Jadoo, S. A. A. 2020. “Was the World Ready to Face a Crisis Like COVID-19?” Journal of Ideas in Health 3 (1): 123–124. doi:10.47108/jidhealth.Vol3.Iss1.45.
- Johns Hopkins University. 2021. COVID-19 Dashboard by the Center for Systems Science and Engineering (CSSE) at Johns Hopkins University (JHU). https://coronavirus.jhu.edu/map.html.
- Johns Hopkins University & Medicine. 2022. Understanding Vaccination Progress. Coronavirus Resource Center. https://coronavirus.jhu.edu/vaccines/international.
- Khadjeh Nassirtoussi, A., S. Aghabozorgi, T. Ying Wah, and D. C. L. Ngo. 2014. “Text Mining for Market Prediction: A Systematic Review.” Expert Systems with Applications 41 (16): 7653–7670. doi:10.1016/j.eswa.2014.06.009.
- Khodarahmi, E. 2009. “Crisis Management.” Disaster Prevention and Management 18 (5): 523–528. doi:10.1108/09653560911003714.
- Killins, R. N. 2020. “Real Estate Prices and Banking Performance: Evidence from Canada.” Journal of Economics and Finance 44: 78–98. doi:10.1007/s12197-019-09474-8.
- Korzeb, Z., and P. Niedziółka. 2020. “Resistance of Commercial Banks to the Crisis Caused by the COVID-19 Pandemic: The Case of Poland.” Equilibrium. Quarterly Journal of Economics and Economic Policy 15 (2), doi:10.24136/eq.2020.010.
- Kraus, S., T. Clauss, M. Breier, J. Gast, A. Zardini, and V. Tiberius. 2020. “The Economics of COVID-19: Initial Empirical Evidence on How Family Firms in Five European Countries Cope with the Corona Crisis.” International Journal of Entrepreneurial Behavior & Research 26 (5): 1067–1092. doi:10.1108/IJEBR-04-2020-0214.
- Kuckertz, A., L. Brändle, A. Gaudig, S. Hinderer, C. A. Morales Reyes, A. Prochotta, K. M. Steinbrink, and E. S. C. Berger. 2020. “Startups in Times of Crisis—A Rapid Response to the COVID-19 Pandemic.” Journal of Business Venturing Insights 13: e00169. doi:10.1016/j.jbvi.2020.e00169.
- The Lancet. 2020. “COVID-19 Vaccines: No Time for Complacency.” The Lancet 396 (10263): 1607. doi:10.1016/S0140-6736(20)32472-7.
- Lawrence, P. R., and J. W. Lorsch. 1967. “Differentiation and Integration in Complex Organizations.” Administrative Science Quarterly 12 (1): 1–47.
- Le, D., and G. Phi. 2021. “Strategic Responses of the Hotel Sector to COVID-19: Toward a Refined Pandemic Crisis Management Framework.” International Journal of Hospitality Management 94), doi:10.1016/j.ijhm.2020.102808.
- Levenshtein, V. I. 1966. “Binary Codes Capable of Correcting Deletions, Insertions, and Reversals.” Soviet Physics Doklady 10 (8): 707–710.
- LexisNexis. 2021. LexisNexis. https://www.lexisnexis.ca/.
- Li, L., P. E. Strehan, and S. Zhang. 2020. “Banks as Lenders of First Resort: Evidence from the COVID-19 Crisis.” The Review of Corporate Finance Studies 9 (3): 472–500. doi:10.1093/rcfs/cfaa009.
- Li, X., H. Xie, L. Chen, J. Wang, and X. Deng. 2014. “News Impact on Stock Price Return via Sentiment Analysis.” Knowledge-Based Systems 69 (1): 14–23. doi:10.1016/j.knosys.2014.04.022.
- Liu, B.. 2010. “Sentiment Analysis: A Multi-Faceted Problem.” IEEE Intelligent Systems 25: 76–80.
- MacDonald, C., and M. R. C. van Oordt. 2017. “Using Market-Based Indicators to Assess Banking System Resilience.” In Financial System Review, 29–42. Bank of Canada/Banque du Canada. https://www.bankofcanada.ca/wp-content/uploads/2017/06/fsr-june2017.pdf#page = 31.
- Masrani, B. 2020, October 13. As Charities Suffer Through the Pandemic, Those with Means Can and Must Do More to Help. The Globe and Mail. https://www.theglobeandmail.com/business/commentary/article-as-charities-suffer-through-the-pandemic-those-with-means-can-and/.
- Maxfield, S., L. Wang, and M. M. de Sousa. 2018. “The Effectiveness of Bank Governance Reforms in the Wake of the Financial Crisis: A Stakeholder Approach.” Journal of Business Ethics 150: 485–503. doi:10.1007/s10551-016-3116-8.
- Mazur, M., M. Dang, and T. T. A. Vo. 2020. Dividend Policy and the COVID-19 Crisis. Preprint. https://www.researchgate.net/profile/Mieszko-Mazur/publication/345178108_Dividend_Policy_and_the_COVID-19_Crisis/links/5fa123c692851c14bcff5a3f/Dividend-Policy-and-the-COVID-19-Crisis.pdf.
- McKinsey & Company. 2020, July 29. COVID-19 Recovery in Hardest-hit Sectors Could Take More Than 5 Years. https://www.mckinsey.com/featured-insights/coronavirus-leading-through-the-crisis/charting-the-path-to-the-next-normal/covid-19-recovery-in-hardest-hit-sectors-could-take-more-than-5-years.
- Mehera, A., and E. Ordonez-Ponce. 2021. “Social and Economic Value Creation by Bendigo Bank and Stockland Property Group: Application of Shared Value Model.” Business and Society Review 126 (1): 69–99. doi:10.1111/basr.12224.
- Mehraeen, M., M. Dadkhah, and A. Mehraeen. 2020. “Investigating the Capabilities of Information Technologies to Support Policymaking in COVID-19 Crisis Management; A Systematic Review and Expert Opinions.” European Journal of Clinical Investigation 50 (11): e13391. doi:10.1111/eci.13391.
- Mitchell, R. K., B. R. Agle, and D. J. Wood. 1997. “Toward a Theory of Stakeholder Identification and Salience: Defining the Principle of Who and What Really Counts.” Academy of Management Review 22 (4): 853–886.
- Mohammad, S. M. 2018. Obtaining Reliable Human Ratings of Valence, Arousal, and Dominance for 20,000 English Words. ACL 2018 - 56th Annual Meeting of the Association for Computational Linguistics, Proceedings of the Conference (Long Papers), 1. doi:10.18653/v1/p18-1017
- Mohammed, M. 2020. Pfizer Vaccine Has Just Been Approved: Here’s What the Next Few Months Will Look Like. The Conversation. https://theconversation.com/pfizer-vaccine-has-just-been-approved-heres-what-the-next-few-months-will-look-like-150790?utm_medium = email&utm_campaign = Latest%20from%20The%20Conversation%20for%20December%203%202020&utm_content = Latest%20from%20The%20Conversation%20for%20December%203%202020+CID_f3df0590533404e7ab0b5515ab2f011f&utm_source = campaign_monitor_ca&utm_term = Pfizer%20vaccine%20has%20just%20been%20approved%20heres%20what%20the%20next%20few%20months%20will%20look%20like.
- Naughton, J. P., C. Wang, and I. Yeung. 2019. “Investor Sentiment for Corporate Social Performance.” Accounting Review 94 (4): 401–420. doi:10.2308/accr-52303.
- Nielsen, F. 2011. AFINN. Informatics and Mathematical Modelling. Lyngby: Technical University of Denmark.
- Pan, T., F. Shu, M. Kitterlin-Lynch, and E. Beckman. 2021. “Perceptions of Cruise Travel During the COVID-19 Pandemic: Market Recovery Strategies for Cruise Businesses in North America.” Tourism Management 85. doi:10.1016/j.tourman.2020.104275.
- Pérez, A., P. Martínez, and I. Rodríguez del Bosque. 2013. “The Development of a Stakeholder-Based Scale for Measuring Corporate Social Responsibility in the Banking Industry.” Service Business 7: 459–481. doi:10.1007/s11628-012-0171-9.
- Poirier, W., C. Ouellet, M. A. Rancourt, J. Béchard, and Y. Dufresne. 2020. “(Un)Covering the COVID-19 Pandemic: Framing Analysis of the Crisis in Canada.” Canadian Journal of Political Science/Revue Canadienne de Science Politique 53 (2): 365–371. doi:10.1017/S0008423920000372.
- Popkova, E., P. DeLo, and B. S. Sergi. 2021. “Corporate Social Responsibility Amid Social Distancing During the COVID-19 Crisis: BRICS vs. OECD Countries.” Research in International Business and Finance 55), doi:10.1016/j.ribaf.2020.101315.
- Ratten, V. 2020a. “Coronavirus (Covid-19) and Entrepreneurship: Changing Life and Work Landscape.” Journal of Small Business & Entrepreneurship 32 (5): 503–516. doi:10.1080/08276331.2020.1790167.
- Ratten, V. 2020b. “Coronavirus Disease (COVID-19) and Sport Entrepreneurship.” International Journal of Entrepreneurial Behavior & Research 26 (6): 1379–1388. doi:10.1108/IJEBR-06-2020-0387.
- Reeves, M., N. Lang, and P. Carlsson-Szlezak. 2020, February 27. Lead Your Business Through the Coronavirus Crisis. Harvard Business Review. http://coronanepal.org/Areas/Report/Uploads/Files/c8c0a674-41f8-4774-bcb8-b90e05747499.pdf.
- Regester, M. 1993. “Crisis Management.” In Financial Public Relations, edited by P. Bowman, and R. Bing, 100–109. Butterworth-Heinemann. doi:10.1016/B978-0-7506-0829-9.50015-0
- Reinig, C. J., and C. A. Tilt. 2008. “Corporate Social Responsibility Issues in Media Releases: A Stakeholder Analysis of Australian Banks.” Issues in Social and Environmental Accounting 2 (2): 176–197. doi:10.22164/isea.v2i2.31.
- Rittel, H. W. J., and M. M. Webber. 1973. “Dilemmas in a General Theory of Planning.” Policy Sciences 4 (2): 155–169.
- Ruihley, B. J., and B. Li. 2020. “Sport and the Coronavirus Crisis Special Issue: An Introduction.” International Journal of Sport Communication 13: 289–293. doi:10.1123/ijsc.2020-0254.
- Sahin, O., H. Salim, E. Suprun, R. Richards, S. MacAskill, S. Heilgeist, S. Rutherford, R. A. Stewart, and C. D. Beal. 2020. “Developing a Preliminary Causal Loop Diagram for Understanding the Wicked Complexity of the COVID-19 Pandemic.” Systems 8: 20. doi:10.3390/systems8020020.
- Schumaker, R. P., Y. Zhang, C. N. Huang, and H. Chen. 2012. “Evaluating Sentiment in Financial News Articles.” Decision Support Systems 53 (3): 458–464. doi:10.1016/j.dss.2012.03.001.
- Seeger, M. W., T. L. Sellnow, and R. R. Ulmer. 1998. “Communication, Organization and Crisis.” In Communication Yearbook, edited by M. E. Roloff, Vol. 21, 231–275. Thousand Oaks, CA: Sage.
- Smith, D. 1990. “Beyond Contingency Planning: Towards a Model of Crisis Management.” Industrial Crisis Quarterly 4 (4): 263–275.
- Talbot, D., and E. Ordonez-Ponce. 2020. “Canadian Banks’ Responses to COVID-19: A Strategic Positioning Analysis.” Journal of Sustainable Finance & Investment, doi:10.1080/20430795.2020.1771982.
- Tu, Y., D. Li, and H.-J. Wang. 2021. “COVID-19-Induced Layoff, Survivors’ COVID-19-Related Stress and Performance in Hospitality Industry: The Moderating Role of Social Support.” International Journal of Hospitality Management, doi:10.1016/j.ijhm.2021.102912.
- Ulmer, R. R. 2001. “Effective Crisis Management Through Established Stakeholder Relationships. Malden Mills as a Case Study.” Management Communication Quarterly 14 (4): 590–615.
- van de Kauter, M., D. Breesch, and V. Hoste. 2015. “Fine-grained Analysis of Explicit and Implicit Sentiment in Financial News Articles.” Expert Systems with Applications 42 (11): 4999–5010. doi:10.1016/j.eswa.2015.02.007.
- Venturelli, A., S. Cosma, and R. Leopizzi. 2018. “Stakeholder Engagement: An Evaluation of European Banks.” Corporate Social Responsibility and Environmental Management 25: 690–703. doi:10.1002/csr.1486.
- Vo, T. T., X. Xiao, and S. Y. Ho. 2019. “How Does Corporate Social Responsibility Engagement Influence Word of Mouth on Twitter? Evidence from the Airline Industry.” Journal of Business Ethics 157 (2): 525–542. doi:10.1007/s10551-017-3679-z.
- Wartick, S. L., and P. L. Cochran. 1985. “The Evolution of the Corporate Social Performance Model.” Academy of Management Review 10 (4): 758–769.
- Wenzel, M., H. Trittin-Ulbrich, L. M. Edinger-Schons, I. Castelló, and F. de Bakker. 2021. “Special Issue Call for Papers. ‘Stakeholder Engagement: Opening up Participation, Inclusion, and Democracy’.” Business & Society. https://journals.sagepub.com/pb-assets/cmscontent/BAS/CfP_Stakeholder_Engagement-1611936667513.pdf.
- Wilkins, C. A. 2020. Exploring Life After COVID-19: The Far Side of the Moon. Toronto, ON: Bank of Canada/Banque du Canada. https://www.bis.org/review/r201119f.pdf.
- Wilkinson, D., and L. Tellez-Chavez. 2020, April 16. How COVID-19 Could Impact the Climate Crisis. Foreign Policy in Focus. https://fpif.org/how-covid-19-could-impact-the-climate-crisis/.
- The World Bank Group. 2021. Global Financial Development. Data & Resources. https://datacatalog.worldbank.org/dataset/global-financial-development.
- Wu, D. D., and D. L. Olson. 2020. “The Effect of COVID-19 on the Banking Sector.” In Pandemic Risk Management in Operations and Finance. Computational Risk Management, 89–99. Springer. doi:10.1007/978-3-030-52197-4_8
- Xu, Z., and D. N. Bengston. 1997. “Trends in National Forest Values Among Forestry Professionals, Environmentalists, and the News Media, 1982–1993.” Society & Natural Resources 10 (1): 43–59.
- Zhang, D., M. Hu, and Q. Ji. 2020. “Financial Markets Under the Global Pandemic of COVID-19.” Finance Research Letters 36), doi:10.1016/j.frl.2020.101528.
- Zochodne, G. 2020a. Investors to Banks: Show Me the Money You’re Setting Aside to Cover Bad Loans. Financial Post. https://financialpost.com/news/fp-street/cibc-profit-plunges-70-on-higher-provisions-as-covid-19-loan-losses-loom.
- Zochodne, G. 2020b, May 27. Royal Bank of Canada, BMO Profits Halved as Billions Set Aside for Bad Loans. Financial Post. https://financialpost.com/news/fp-street/rbc-profit-plunges-54-in-unprecedented-challenges-of-the-coronavirus-pandemic.