748
Views
6
CrossRef citations to date
0
Altmetric
Articles

Electrophysiological correlates of the continued influence effect of misinformation: an exploratory study

ORCID Icon, & ORCID Icon
Pages 771-784 | Received 25 Feb 2020, Accepted 03 Nov 2020, Published online: 17 Nov 2020

References

  • Ayers, M. S., & Reder, L. M. (1998). A theoretical review of the misinformation effect: Predictions from an activation-based memory model. Psychonomic Bulletin & Review, 5(1), 1–21. https://doi.org/10.3758/BF03209454
  • Brydges, C. R., & Ecker, U. K. H. (2018). Updating misinformation in memory after correction: An event-related potentials (ERP) study. Unpublished study available at PsyArXiv. https://doi.org/10.31234/osf.io/bcuk5
  • Brydges, C. R., Gignac, G. E., & Ecker, U. K. H. (2018). Working memory capacity predicts ongoing reliance on misinformation: A latent-variable analysis. Intelligence, 69, 117–122. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.intell.2018.03.009
  • Brydges, C. R., Gordon, A., & Ecker, U. K. H. (2018). Exploring the electrophysiological correlates of encoding retractions of misinformation. Unpublished study available at PsyArXiv. https://doi.org/10.31234/osf.io/e2zaq
  • Butterfuss, R., & Kendeou, P. (2020). Reducing interference from misconceptions: The role of inhibition in knowledge revision. Journal of Educational Psychology, 112(4), 782–794. https://doi.org/10.1037/edu0000385
  • Clark, S. E., & Gronlund, S. D. (1996). Global matching models of recognition memory: How the models match the data. Psychonomic Bulletin & Review, 3(1), 37–60. https://doi.org/10.3758/BF03210740
  • Curran, T. (2000). Brain potentials of recollection and familiarity. Memory & Cognition, 28(6), 923–938. https://doi.org/10.3758/BF03209340
  • Curran, T. (2004). Effects of attention and confidence on the hypothesized ERP correlates of recollection and familiarity. Neuropsychologia, 42(8), 1088–1106. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.neuropsychologia.2003.12.011
  • Delorme, A., & Makeig, S. (2004). EEGLAB: An open source toolbox for analysis of single-trial EEG dynamics including independent component analysis. Journal of Neuroscience Methods, 134(1), 9–21. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jneumeth.2003.10.009
  • Donchin, E., & Coles, M. G. H. (1988). Is the P300 component a manifestation of context updating? Behavioral and Brain Sciences, 11(3), 357–374. https://doi.org/10.1017/S0140525X00058027
  • Ecker, U. K. H., & Antonio, L. M. (2020). Can you believe it? An investigation into the impact of retraction source credibility on the continued influence effect. https://psyarxiv.com/qt4w8/
  • Ecker, U. K. H., Hogan, J. L., & Lewandowsky, S. (2017). Reminders and repetition of misinformation: Helping or hindering its retraction? Journal of Applied Research in Memory and Cognition, 6(2), 185–192. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jarmac.2017.01.014
  • Ecker, U. K. H., Lewandowsky, S., Cheung, C. S. C., & Maybery, M. T. (2015). He did it! She did it! No, she did not! Multiple causal explanations and the continued influence of misinformation. Journal of Memory and Language, 85, 101–115. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jml.2015.09.002
  • Ecker, U. K. H., Lewandowsky, S., Swire, B., & Chang, D. (2011). Correcting false information in memory: Manipulating the strength of misinformation encoding and its retraction. Psychonomic Bulletin & Review, 18(3), 570–578. https://doi.org/10.3758/s13423-011-0065-1
  • Ecker, U. K. H., Lewandowsky, S., & Tang, D. T. W. (2010). Explicit warnings reduce but do not eliminate the continued influence of misinformation. Memory & Cognition, 38(8), 1087–1100. https://doi.org/10.3758/MC.38.8.1087
  • Ecker, U. K. H., O’Reilly, Z., Reid, J. S., & Chang, E. P. (2020). The effectiveness of short-format refutational fact-checks. British Journal of Psychology, 111(1), 36–54. https://doi.org/10.1111/bjop.12383
  • Ecker, U. K., Lewandowsky, S., & Oberauer, K. (2014). Removal of information from working memory: A specific updating process. Journal of Memory and Language, 74, 77–90. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jml.2013.09.003
  • Fields, E. C., & Kuperberg, G. R. (2020). Having your cake and eating it too: Flexibility and power with mass univariate statistics for ERP data. Psychophysiology, 57(2), e13468. https://doi.org/10.1111/psyp.13468
  • Finnigan, S., Humphreys, M. S., Dennis, S., & Geffen, G. (2002). ERP ‘old/new’ effects: Memory strength and decisional factor(s). Neuropsychologia, 40(13), 2288–2304. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0028-3932(02)00113-6
  • Friedman, D., & Johnson Jr, R. (2000). Event-related potential (ERP) studies of memory encoding and retrieval: A selective review. Microscopy Research and Technique, 51(1), 6–28. https://doi.org/10.1002/1097-0029(20001001)51:1<6::AID-JEMT2>3.0.CO;2-R
  • Gilbert, D. T., Krull, D. S., & Malone, P. S. (1990). Unbelieving the unbelievable: Some problems in the rejection of false information. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 59(4), 601–613. https://doi.org/10.1037/0022-3514.59.4.601
  • Goldmann, R. E., Sullivan, A. L., Droller, D. B., Rugg, M. D., Curran, T., Holcomb, P. J., Schacter, D. L., Daffner, K. R., & Budson, A. E. (2003). Late frontal brain potentials distinguish true and false recognition. NeuroReport, 14(13), 1717–1720. https://doi.org/10.1097/00001756-200309150-00012
  • Gómez-Herrero, G., De Clercq, W., Anwar, H., Kara, O., Egiazarian, K., Van Huffel, S., & Van Paesschen, W. (2006). Automatic removal of ocular artifacts in the EEG without an EOG reference channel [Paper presentation]. the Proceedings of the 7th Nordic Signal Processing Symposium, Reykjavik, Iceland, 7–9 June. (pp. 130–133). IEEE.
  • Gordon, A., Brooks, J. C., Quadflieg, S., Ecker, U. K. H., & Lewandowsky, S. (2017). Exploring the neural substrates of misinformation processing. Neuropsychologia, 106, 216–224. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.neuropsychologia.2017.10.003
  • Gordon, A., Quadflieg, S., Brooks, J. C., Ecker, U. K., & Lewandowsky, S. (2019). Keeping track of ‘alternative facts’: The neural correlates of processing misinformation corrections. NeuroImage, 193, 46–56. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.neuroimage.2019.03.014
  • Groppe, D. M., Urbach, T. P., & Kutas, M. (2011). Mass univariate analysis of event-related brain potentials/fields I: A critical tutorial review. Psychophysiology, 48(12), 1711–1725. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1469-8986.2011.01273.x
  • Guthrie, D., & Buchwald, J. S. (1991). Significance testing of difference potentials. Psychophysiology, 28(2), 240–244. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1469-8986.1991.tb00417.x
  • Hajcak, G., Moser, J. S., Holroyd, C. B., & Simons, R. F. (2006). The feedback-related negativity reflects the binary evaluation of good versus bad outcomes. Biological Psychology, 71(2), 148–154. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.biopsycho.2005.04.001
  • Hayama, H. R., Johnson, J. D., & Rugg, M. D. (2008). The relationship between the right frontal old/new ERP effect and post-retrieval monitoring: Specific or non-specific? Neuropsychologia, 46(5), 1211–1223. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.neuropsychologia.2007.11.021
  • Henson, R. N., Rugg, M. D., Shallice, T., & Dolan, R. J. (2000). Confidence in recognition memory for words: Dissociating right prefrontal roles in episodic retrieval. Journal of Cognitive Neuroscience, 12(6), 913–923. https://doi.org/10.1162/08989290051137468
  • Johnson, H. M., & Seifert, C. M. (1994). Sources of the continued influence effect: When misinformation in memory affects later inferences. Journal of Experimental Psychology: Learning, Memory, and Cognition, 20(6), 1420–1436. https://doi.org/10.1037/0278-7393.20.6.1420
  • Karanian, J. M., & Slotnick, S. D. (2017). False memory for context and true memory for context similarly activate the parahippocampal cortex. Cortex, 91, 79–88. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cortex.2017.02.007
  • Kendeou, P., Walsh, E. K., Smith, E. R., & O’Brien, E. J. (2014). Knowledge revision processes in refutation texts. Discourse Processes, 51(5–6), 374–397. https://doi.org/10.1080/0163853X.2014.913961
  • Kiat, J. E., & Belli, R. F. (2017). An exploratory high-density EEG investigation of the misinformation effect: Attentional and recollective differences between true and false perceptual memories. Neurobiology of Learning and Memory, 141, 199–208. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.nlm.2017.04.007
  • Lewandowsky, S., Ecker, U. K. H., Seifert, C. M., Schwarz, N., & Cook, J. (2012). Misinformation and its correction: Continued influence and successful debiasing. Psychological Science in the Public Interest, 13(3), 106–131. https://doi.org/10.1177/1529100612451018
  • Loftus, E. F. (2005). Planting misinformation in the human mind: A 30-year investigation of the malleability of memory. Learning and Memory, 12(4), 361–366. https://doi.org/10.1101/lm.94705
  • Lopez-Calderon, J., & Luck, S. J. (2014). ERPLAB: An open-source toolbox for the analysis of event-related potentials. Frontiers in Human Neuroscience, 8, 213. https://doi.org/10.3389/fnhum.2014.00213
  • Luck, S. J. (2014). An introduction to the event-related potential technique (2nd ed.). MIT Press.
  • Mayo, R., Schul, Y., & Burnstein, E. (2004). “I am not guilty” vs. “I am innocent”: Successful negation may depend on the schema used for its encoding. Journal of Experimental Social Psychology, 40(4), 433–449. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jesp.2003.07.008
  • Meek, S. W., Phillips, M. C., Boswell, C. P., & Vendemia, J. M. (2013). Deception and the misinformation effect: An event-related potential study. International Journal of Psychophysiology, 87(1), 81–87. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ijpsycho.2012.11.004
  • Molinaro, N., & Carreiras, M. (2010). Electrophysiological evidence of interaction between contextual expectation and semantic integration during the processing of collocations. Biological Psychology, 83(3), 176–190. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.biopsycho.2009.12.006
  • Moran, T. P., Jendrusina, A. A., & Moser, J. S. (2013). The psychometric properties of the late positive potential during emotion processing and regulation. Brain Research, 1516, 66–75. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.brainres.2013.04.018
  • Nessler, D., & Mecklinger, A. (2003). ERP correlates of true and false recognition after different retention delays: Stimulus–and response–related processes. Psychophysiology, 40(1), 146–159. https://doi.org/10.1111/1469-8986.00015
  • Nowicka, A., Jednoróg, K., Wypych, M., & Marchewka, A. (2009). Reversed old/new effect for intentionally forgotten words: An ERP study of directed forgetting. International Journal of Psychophysiology, 71(2), 97–102. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ijpsycho.2008.06.009
  • O’Rear, A. E., & Radvansky, G. A. (2020). Failure to accept retractions: A contribution to the continued influence effect. Memory & Cognition, 48(1), 127–144. https://doi.org/10.3758/s13421-019-00967-9
  • Paynter, J., Luskin-Saxby, S., Keen, D., Fordyce, K., Frost, G., Imms, C., Miller, S., Trembath, D., Tucker, M., & Ecker, U. K. H. (2019). Evaluation of a template for countering misinformation—real-world autism treatment myth debunking. PLOS ONE, 14(1), e0210746. https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0210746
  • Paz-Caballero, M. D., & Menor, J. (1999). ERP correlates of directed forgetting effects in direct and indirect memory tests. European Journal of Cognitive Psychology, 11(2), 239–260. https://doi.org/10.1080/713752308
  • Polich, J. (2007). Updating P300: An integrative theory of P3a and P3b. Clinical Neurophysiology, 118(10), 2128–2148. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.clinph.2007.04.019
  • Ratcliff, R., & Starns, J. J. (2009). Modeling confidence and response time in recognition memory. Psychological Review, 116(1), 59–83. https://doi.org/10.1037/a0014086
  • Rotello, C. M., & Heit, E. (2000). Associative recognition: A case of recall-to-reject processing. Memory & Cognition, 28(6), 907–922. https://doi.org/10.3758/BF03209339
  • Rousselet, G. A., & Pernet, C. R. (2012). Improving standards in brain-behavior correlation analyses. Frontiers in Human Neurosciences, 6, 119. https://doi.org/10.3389/fnhum.2012.00119
  • Rugg, M. D., & Curran, T. (2007). Event-related potentials and recognition memory. Trends in Cognitive Sciences, 11(6), 251–257. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.tics.2007.04.004
  • Stróżak, P., Abedzadeh, D., & Curran, T. (2016). Separating the FN400 and N400 potentials across recognition memory experiments. Brain Research, 1635, 41–60. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.brainres.2016.01.015
  • Stróżak, P., Bird, C. W., Corby, K., Frishkoff, G., & Curran, T. (2016). FN400 and LPC memory effects for concrete and abstract words. Psychophysiology, 53(11), 1669–1678. https://doi.org/10.1111/psyp.12730
  • Swire, B., Ecker, U. K. H., & Lewandowsky, S. (2017). The role of familiarity in correcting inaccurate information. Journal of Experimental Psychology: Learning, Memory, and Cognition, 43(12), 1948–1961. https://doi.org/10.1037/xlm0000422
  • Trott, C. T., Friedman, D., Ritter, W., Fabiani, M., & Snodgrass, J. G. (1999). Episodic priming and memory for temporal source: Event-related potentials reveal age-related differences in prefrontal functioning. Psychology and Aging, 14(3), 390–413. https://doi.org/10.1037/0882-7974.14.3.390
  • Ullsperger, M., Mecklinger, A., & Müller, U. (2000). An electrophysiological test of directed forgetting: The role of retrieval inhibition. Journal of Cognitive Neuroscience, 12(6), 924–940. https://doi.org/10.1162/08989290051137477
  • Van Hooff, J. C., Whitaker, T. A., & Ford, R. M. (2009). Directed forgetting in direct and indirect tests of memory: Seeking evidence of retrieval inhibition using electrophysiological measures. Brain and Cognition, 71(2), 153–164. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.bandc.2009.05.001
  • Volz, K., Stark, R., Vaitl, D., & Ambach, W. (2019). Event-related potentials differ between true and false memories in the misinformation paradigm. International Journal of Psychophysiology, 135, 95–105. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ijpsycho.2018.12.002
  • Walter, N., & Tukachinsky, R. (2020). A meta-analytic examination of the continued influence of misinformation in the face of correction: How powerful is it, why does it happen, and how to stop it? Communication Research, 47(2), 155–177. https://doi.org/10.1177/0093650219854600
  • Wilckens, K. A., Tremel, J. J., Wolk, D. A., & Wheeler, M. E. (2011). Effects of task-set adoption on ERP correlates of controlled and automatic recognition memory. NeuroImage, 55(3), 1384–1392. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.neuroimage.2010.12.059
  • Wilding, E. L., Doyle, M. C., & Rugg, M. D. (1995). Recognition memory with and without retrieval of context: An event-related potential study. Neuropsychologia, 33(6), 743–767. https://doi.org/10.1016/0028-3932(95)00017-W
  • Wolk, D. A., Schacter, D. L., Lygizos, M., Sen, N. M., Holcomb, P. J., Daffner, K. R., & Budson, A. E. (2006). ERP correlates of recognition memory: Effects of retention interval and false alarms. Brain Research, 1096(1), 148–162. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.brainres.2006.04.050
  • Woodruff, C. C., Hayama, H. R., & Rugg, M. D. (2006). Electrophysiological dissociation of the neural correlates of recollection and familiarity. Brain Research, 1100(1), 125–135. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.brainres.2006.05.019
  • Yonelinas, A. P. (1999). The contribution of recollection and familiarity to recognition and source-memory judgments: A formal dual-process model and an analysis of receiver operating characteristics. Journal of Experimental Psychology: Learning, Memory, and Cognition, 25(6), 1415–1434. https://doi.org/10.1037/0278-7393.25.6.1415
  • Yonelinas, A. P. (2002). The nature of recollection and familiarity: A review of 30 years of research. Journal of Memory and Language, 46(3), 441–517. https://doi.org/10.1006/jmla.2002.2864
  • Zimmer, H. D., & Ecker, U. K. H. (2010). Remembering perceptual features unequally bound in object and episodic tokens: Neural mechanisms and their electrophysiological correlates. Neuroscience and Biobehavioral Reviews, 34(7), 1066–1079. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.neubiorev.2010.01.014

Reprints and Corporate Permissions

Please note: Selecting permissions does not provide access to the full text of the article, please see our help page How do I view content?

To request a reprint or corporate permissions for this article, please click on the relevant link below:

Academic Permissions

Please note: Selecting permissions does not provide access to the full text of the article, please see our help page How do I view content?

Obtain permissions instantly via Rightslink by clicking on the button below:

If you are unable to obtain permissions via Rightslink, please complete and submit this Permissions form. For more information, please visit our Permissions help page.