Effect of two prophylactic bolus vitamin D dosing regimens (1000 IU/day vs. 400 IU/day) on bone mineral content in new-onset and infrequently-relapsing nephrotic syndrome: a randomised clinical trial

References

• Indian Pediatric Nephrology Group, Indian Academy of Pediatrics, Bagga A, Ali U, et al. Management of steroid sensitive nephrotic syndrome: revised guidelines. Indian Pediatr. 2008;45:203–214.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Choudhary S, Agarwal I, Seshadri MS. Calcium and vitamin D for osteoprotection in children with new-onset nephrotic syndrome treated with steroids: a prospective, randomized, controlled, interventional study. Pediatr Nephrol. 2014;29:1025–1032.10.1007/s00467-013-2720-4
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Bak M, Serdaroglu E, Guclu R. Prophylactic calcium and vitamin D treatments in steroid-treated children with nephrotic syndrome. Pediatr Nephrol. 2006;21:350–354.10.1007/s00467-005-2118-z
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Gulati S, Sharma RK, Gulati K, et al. Longitudinal follow-up of bone mineral density in children with nephrotic syndrome and the role of calcium and vitamin D supplements. Nephrol Dial Transplant. 2005;20:1598–1603.10.1093/ndt/gfh809
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Misra M, Pacaud D, Petryk A, et al. Vitamin D deficiency in children and its management: review of current knowledge and recommendations. Pediatrics. 2008;122:398–417.10.1542/peds.2007-1894
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Calikoglu AS, Davenport ML. Prophylactic vitamin D supplementation. Endocr Dev. 2003;6:233–258.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Rathi N, Rathi A. Vitamin D and child health in the 21st century. Indian Pediatr. 2011;48:619–625.10.1007/s13312-011-0107-9
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• World Health Organization. Growth reference 5–19 years. Geneva: WHO; 2007. Available from: http://www.who.int/growthref/tools/who__anthroplus_manual.pdf
   Google Scholar
• Bagga A, Mantan M. Nephrotic syndrome in children. Indian J Med Res. 2005;122:13–28.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Rosenthal R. Parametric measures of effect size. In: Cooper H, Hedges LV, editors. The handbook of research synthesis. 1st ed. New York (NY): Russell Sage Foundation; 1994. p. 231–244. Available from: www.jstor.org/stable/10.7758/9781610441377.20
   Google Scholar
• Ribeiro D, Zawadynski S, Pittet LF, et al. Effect of glucocorticoids on growth and bone mineral density in children with nephrotic syndrome. Eur J Pediatr. 2015;174:911–917.10.1007/s00431-014-2479-z
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Mushtaq T, Ahmed SF. The impact of corticosteroids on growth and bone health. Arch Dis Child. 2002;87:93–96.10.1136/adc.87.2.93
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Friedman M, Strang LB. Effect of long-term corticosteroids and corticotrophin on the growth of children. Lancet. 1966;2:569–572.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Allen DB. Growth suppression by glucocorticoid therapy. Endocrinol Metab Clin North Am. 1996;25:699–717.10.1016/S0889-8529(05)70348-0
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Pańczyk-Tomaszewska M, Adamczuk D, Kisiel A, et al. Markers of bone metabolism in children with nephrotic syndrome treated with corticosteroids. Adv Exp Med Biol. 2015;840:21–28.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Kano K, Suda T. Serum 25 (OH) D and 24,25 (OH)2 D levels in childhood nephrosis under different therapeutic regimens of steroid administration. Eur J Pediatr. 1982;138:162–165.10.1007/BF00441145
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Holick MF. Vitamin D deficiency. N Engl J Med. 2007;357:266–281.10.1056/NEJMra070553
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Basiratnia M, Fallahzadeh M, Derakhshan A, et al. Bone mineral density in children with relapsing nephrotic syndrome. Iran J Med Sci. 2006;31:82–86.
   Google Scholar
• Prentice A, Parsons TJ, Cole TJ. Uncritical use of bone mineral density in absorptiometry may lead to size-related artifacts in the identification of bone mineral determinants. Am J Clin Nutr. 1994;60:837–842.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Heaney RP. Bone mineral content, not bone mineral density, is the correct bone measure for growth studies. Am J Clin Nutr. 2003;78:350–352.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Freundlich M, Bourgoignie JJ, Zilleruelo G, et al. Bone modulating factors in nephrotic children with normal glomerular filtration rate. Pediatrics. 1985;76:280–285.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Freundlich M, Bourgoignie JJ, Zilleruelo G, et al. Calcium and vitamin D metabolism in children with nephrotic syndrome. J Pediatr. 1986;108:383–387.10.1016/S0022-3476(86)80877-0
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Weng FL, Shults J, Herskovitz RM, et al. Vitamin D insufficiency in steroid-sensitive nephrotic syndrome in remission. Pediatr Nephrol. 2005;20:56–63.10.1007/s00467-004-1694-7
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Wetzsteon RJ, Shults J, Zemel BS, et al. Divergent Effects of glucocorticoids on cortical and trabecular compartment BMD in childhood nephrotic syndrome. J Bone Miner Res. 2009;24:503–513.10.1359/jbmr.081101
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Grymonprez A, Proesmans W, Van Dyck M, et al. Vitamin D metabolites in childhood nephrotic syndrome. Pediatr Nephrol. 1995;9:278–281.10.1007/BF02254183
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Gulati S, Godbole M, Singh U, et al. Are children with idiopathic nephrotic syndrome at risk for metabolic bone disease? Am J Kidney Dis. 2003;41:1163–1169.10.1016/S0272-6386(03)00348-2
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Holick MF. The vitamin D deficiency pandemic and consequences for non skeletal health: mechanisms of action. Mol Aspects Med. 2008;29:361–368.10.1016/j.mam.2008.08.008
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• del Rio L, Carrascosa A, Pons F, et al. Bone mineral density of the lumbar spine in white Mediterranean Spanish children and adolescents: changes related to age, sex, and puberty. Pediatr Res. 1994;35:362–366.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Molgaard C, Thomsen BL, Prentice A, et al. Whole body bone mineral content in healthy children and adolescents. Arch Dis Child. 1997;76:9–15.10.1136/adc.76.1.9
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Sachan A, Gupta R, Das V, et al. High prevalence of vitamin D deficiency among pregnant women and their newborns in northern India. Am J Clin Nutr. 2005;81:1060–1064.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar