The effectiveness of cognitive-behavioural therapy group-based interventions for men with intellectual disabilities and sexual offending histories: a meta-analysis

References

• American Psychological Association 2013. DSM-IV: Diagnostic and statistical manual of mental disorders. 5th ed., text rev. West Sussex: American Psychiatric Press.
   Google Scholar
• Beckett, R. and Fisher, D. 1994a. Assessing victim empathy: a new measure. Paper Presented at the 13th Annual Conference of the Association for the Treatment of Sexual Abusers, San Francisco.
   Google Scholar
• Beckett, R. and Fisher, D. 1994b. Victim empathy measure. In: R. Beckett, A. Beech, D. Fisher and A. S. Fordham, eds. Community-based treatment for sex offenders: an evaluation of seven treatment programmes. London: Home Office, pp.136–140.
   Google Scholar
• Beech, A., Oliver, C., Fisher, D. and Beckett, R. C. 2005. STEP 4: The Sex Offender Treatment Programme in prison: addressing the needs of rapists and sexual murderers. Birmingham, UK: The Centre for Forensic and Family Psychology.
   Google Scholar
• Bray, D. G. 1996. The Sex Offenders Opinion Test (SOOT). Unpublished manuscript, North Warwickshire: NHS Trust.
   Google Scholar
• Butler, J. A., Leighton, D. G. and Galea, J. 2003. The assessment of sexual knowledge: a sexual knowledge tool for people with intellectual disability. Melbourne, Australia: Department of Human Services.
   Google Scholar
• Cohen, G. and Harvey, J. 2016. The use of psychological interventions for adult male sex offenders with a learning disability: a systematic review. Journal of Sexual Aggression, 22, 206–223.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Cortoni, F., Beech, A. R. and Craig, L. A. 2017. Sexual offenders. In: K. D. Browne, A. R. Beech, L. A. Craig and S. Chou, eds. Assessments in forensic practice. Chichester: John Wiley & Sons Ltd, pp.52–75.
   Google Scholar
• Craig, L. A., Stringer, I. and Moss, T. 2006. Treating sexual offenders with learning disabilities in the community: a critical review. International Journal of Offender Therapy and Comparative Criminology, 50, 369–390.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Craig, L. A., Stringer, I. and Sanders, C. E. 2012. Treating sexual offenders with intellectual limitations in the community. The British Journal of Forensic Practice, 14, 5–20.
   Google Scholar
• Craig, L. A. and Hutchinson, R. B. 2005. Sexual offenders with learning disabilities: Risk, recidivism and treatment. Journal of Sexual Aggression 11, 289–304.
   Google Scholar
• Courtney, J., Rose, J. and Mason, O. 2006. The offence process of sex offenders with intellectual disabilities: a qualitative study. Sexual Abuse, 18, 169–191.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Feelgood, S. R. and Cortoni, F. (2001, February). Sexual coping, general coping, and their relation to cognitive distortions in sexual offenders. In S. R. Feelgood (Chair), Correctional Symposium. Symposium conducted at the First Forensic Psychology Conference of the Australian Psychological Society, Sydney, Australia.
   Google Scholar
• Gannon, T. A., Olver, M. E., Mallion, J. S. and James, M. 2019. Does specialized psychological treatment for offending reduce recidivism? A meta-analysis examining staff and program variables as predictors of treatment effectiveness. Clinical Psychology Review, 73, 101752.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Griffiths, D., Hingsburger, D., Hoath, J. and Ioannou, S. 2013. ‘Counterfeit deviance’ revisited. Journal of Applied Research in Intellectual Disabilities, 26, 471–480.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Griffiths, D. and Lunsky, Y. 2003. SSKAAT-R socio-sexual knowledge and attitudes assessment tool revised manual. Wood Dale, IL: Stoelting Co.
   Google Scholar
• Heaton, K. M. and Murphy, G. H. 2013. Men with intellectual disabilities who have attended sex offender treatment groups: a follow-up. Journal of Applied Research in Intellectual Disabilities, 26, 489–500.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Heighway, S. M. and Webster, S. K. 2007. STARS: skills training for assertiveness, relationships building and sexual awareness. Arlington, TX: Future Horizons Inc.
   Google Scholar
• Higgins, J. P. T., Altman, D. G., Gotzsche, P. C., Juni, P., Moher, D., Oxman, A. D., Savovic, J., Schulz, K. F., Weeks, L. and Sterne, J. A. C. 2011. The Cochrane Collaboration’s tool for assessing risk of bias in randomised trials. BMJ, 343, d5928.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Ho, D. K. and Ross, C. C. 2012. Cognitive behaviour therapy for sex offenders. Too good to be true? Criminal Behaviour and Mental Health, 22, 1–6.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Jones, E. and Chaplin, E. 2017. A systematic review of the effectiveness of psychological approaches in the treatment of sex offenders with intellectual disabilities. Journal of Applied Research in Intellectual Disabilities, 33, 79–100.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Kaw, A. and Mamone, N. (2002, April). Self-reported changes in intimacy and loneliness scores of treated sexual offenders with respect to their attachment style. In H. Bath (Chair), NSW Corrective Services
   Google Scholar
• Keeling, J. A., Rose, J. L. and Beech, A. R. 2006. An investigation into the effectiveness of a custody-based cognitive-behavioural treatment for special needs sexual offenders. The Journal of Forensic Psychiatry & Psychology, 17, 372–392.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Keeling, J. A., Rose, J. L. and Beech, A. R. 2007. Comparing sexual offender treatment efficacy: mainstream sexual offenders and sexual offenders with special needs. Journal of Intellectual & Developmental Disability, 32, 117–124.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Lindsay, W. (2009), The Treatment of Sex Offenders with Developmental Disabilities: A Practice Workbook. Chichester: Wiley.
   Google Scholar
• Lindsay, W. R., Marshall, I., Neilson, C., Quinn, K. and Smith, A. H. W. 1998a. The treatment of men with a learning disability convicted of exhibitionism. Research in Developmental Disabilities, 19, 295–316.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Lindsay, W. R., Michie, A. M., Steptoe, L., Moore, F. and Haut, F. 2011. Comparing offenders against women and offenders against children on treatment outcome in offenders with intellectual disability. Journal of Applied Research in Intellectual Disabilities, 24, 361–369.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Lindsay, W. R., Neilson, C. Q., Morrison, F. and Smith, A. H. W. 1998b. The treatment of six men with a learning disability convicted of sex offences with children. The British Journal of Clinical Psychology, 37, 83–98.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Lindsay, W. R., Olley, S., Baillie, N. and Smith, A. H. W. 1999. Treatment of adolescent sex offenders with intellectual disabilities. Mental Retardation, 37, 201–211.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Lindsay, W. R. and Smith, A. H. W. 2002. Responses to treatment for sex offenders with intellectual disability: a comparison of men with 1- and 2-year probation sentences. Journal of Intellectual Disability Research, 42, 346–353.
   Google Scholar
• Lindsay, W. R. and Taylor, J. L. 2008. Assessment and treatment of offenders with intellectual and developmental disabilities. In: K. Soothill, P. Rogers, and M. Dolan, eds. Handbook on forensic mental health. Devon: Willan Publishing, pp.328–350.
   Google Scholar
• Lunsky, Y., Frijters, J., Griffiths, D. M., Watson, S. L. and Williston, S. 2007. Sexual knowledge and attitudes of men with intellectual disability who sexually offend. Journal of Intellectual & Developmental Disability, 32, 74–81.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Marotta, P. L. 2017. A systematic review of behavioral health interventions for sex offenders with intellectual disabilities. Sexual Abuse, 29, 148–185.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• McBrien, J., Hodgetts, A. and Gregory, J. 2005. Offending and risky behaviour in community services for people with intellectual disabilities in one local authority. Journal of Forensic Psychiatry & Psychology, 14, 280–297.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• McCartan, K. F., Hoggett, J. and Kemshall, H. 2018. Risk assessment and management of individuals convicted of a sexual offence in the UK. Sexual Offender Treatment, 13, 1–8.
   Google Scholar
• McCarthy, M. and Thompson, D. 1997. A prevalence study of sexual abuse of adults with intellectual disabilities referred for sex education. Journal of Applied Research in Intellectual Disabilities, 10, 105–124.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Mews, A., Di Bella, L. and Purver, M. 2017. Impact evaluation of the prison-based Core Sex Offender Treatment Programme. London: Ministry of Justice Analytical Services.
   Google Scholar
• Michie, A. M., Lindsay, W. R., Martin, V. and Grieve, A. 2006. A test of counterfeit deviance: a comparison of sexual knowledge in groups of sex offenders with intellectual disabilities and controls. Sexual Abuse, 18, 271–278.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Murphy, G., Powell, S., Guzman, A. and Hays, S. 2007. Cognitive-behavioural treatment for men with intellectual disabilities and sexually abusive behaviour: a pilot study. Journal of Intellectual Disability Research, 51, 902–912.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Murphy, G. H., Sinclair, N., Hays, S., Heaton, K., Powell, S., Langdon, P., Stagg, J., Williams, J., Mercer, K., Scott, J., Lippold, T., Tufnell, J., Langheit, G., Goodman, W., Leggett, J. and Craig, L. 2010. Effectiveness of group cognitive-behavioural treatment for men with intellectual disabilities at risk of sexual offending. Journal of Applied Research in Intellectual Disabilities, 23, 537–551.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Newton, L., Bishop, S., Ettey, J. and McBrien, J. 2011. The development of a sex offender assessment and treatment service within a community learning disability team (The SHEALD Project): part 2. Tizard Learning Disability Review, 16, 6–16.
   Google Scholar
• Nichols, H. R. and Mollinder, I. 1984. Manual for the Multiphasic Sex Inventory. Tacoma, WA: Crime and Victim Psychology Specialists.
   Google Scholar
• O’Connor, W. 1996. A problem-solving intervention for sex offenders with an intellectual disability. Journal of Intellectual & Developmental Disability, 21, 219–235.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Offending Behaviour Programmes Unit, HM Prison Service. 1996. The adapted victim empathy consequence task. Unpublished manuscript.
   Google Scholar
• Patterson, C. 2018. Does the adapted sex offender treatment programme reduce cognitive distortions? A meta-analysis. Journal of Intellectual Disabilities and Offending Behaviour, 9, 9–21.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• R Core Team. 2019. R: a language and environment for statistical computing. Vienna, Austria: R Foundation for Statistical Computing. Available at: <https://www.R-project.org/>. Accessed on 6th November 2020.
   Google Scholar
• Rose, J., Cutler, C., Tresize, K., Novak, D. and Rose, D. 2008. Individuals with an intellectual disability who offend. The British Journal of Development Disabilities, 54, 19–30.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Rose, J., Jenkins, R., O’Connor, C., Jones, C. and Felce, D. 2002. A group treatment for men with intellectual disabilities who sexually offend or abuse. Journal of Applied Research in Intellectual Disabilities, 15, 138–150.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Rose, J., Rose, D., Hawkins, C. and Anderson, C. 2012. A sex offender treatment group for men with intellectual disabilities in a community setting. The British Journal of Forensic Practice, 14, 21–28.
   Google Scholar
• Sakdalan, J. A. and Collier, V. 2012. Piloting an evidence-based group treatment programme for high risk sex offenders with intellectual disability in the New Zealand setting. New Zealand Journal of Psychology, 41, 5–11.
   Google Scholar
• Schmucker, M. and Lösel, F. 2015. The effects of sexual offender treatment on recidivism: an international meta-analysis of sound quality evaluations. Journal of Experimental Criminology, 11, 597–630.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Singh, N. N., Lancioni, G. E., Winton, A. S. W., Singh, A. N., Adkins, A. D. and Singh, J. 2011. Can adult offenders with intellectual disabilities use mindfulness-based procedures to control their deviant sexual arousal? Psychology, Crime & Law, 17, 165–179.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Talbot, T. J. and Langdon, P. E. 2006. A revised sexual knowledge assessment tool for people with intellectual disabilities: is sexual knowledge related to sexual offending behaviour? Journal of Intellectual Disability Research, 50, 523–531.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Thompson, D. 1997. Profiling the sexually abusive behaviour of men with intellectual disabilities. Journal of Applied Research in Intellectual Disabilities, 10, 125–139.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Walton, J. S. 2018. Random assignment in sexual offending programme evaluation: the missing method. Journal of Forensic Practice, 20, 1–9.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Wechsler, D. 1997. Wechsler Adult Intelligence Scale—Third edition (WAIS-III). San Antonio, TX: Psychological Corporation.
   Google Scholar
• Williams, F., Wakeling, H. and Webster, S. 2007. A psychometric study of six self-report measures for use with sexual offenders with cognitive and social functioning deficits. Psychology, Crime & Law, 13, 505–522.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar