Autism in Turkey: demographics, behavior problems, and accompanying medical conditions in a sample of Turkish youth with autism spectrum disorder

References

• Adams, J. B., Johansen, L. J., Powell, L. D., Quig, D. and Rubin, R. A. 2011. Gastrointestinal flora and gastrointestinal status in children with autism–comparisons to typical children and correlation with autism severity. BMC Gastroenterology, 11, 22.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• American Psychiatric Association 2013. Diagnostic and statistical manual of mental disorders (DSM-5®). Arlington, VA: American Psychiatric Publisher.
   Google Scholar
• Baio, J., Wiggins, L., Christensen, D. L., Maenner, M. J., Daniels, J., Warren, Z., Kurzius-Spencer, M., Zahorodny, W., Rosenberg, C. R., White, T., Durkin, M. S., Imm, P., Nikolaou, L., Yeargin-Allsopp, M., Lee, L.-C., Harrington, R., Lopez, M., Fitzgerald, R. T., Hewitt, A., Pettygrove, S., Constantino, J. N., Vehorn, A., Shenouda, J., Hall-Lande, J., Braun, K. V. N. and Dowling, N. F. 2018. Prevalence of autism spectrum disorder among children aged 8 years—Autism and Developmental Disabilities Monitoring Network, 11 sites, United States, 2014. MMWR Surveillance Summaries, 67, 1–23.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Beddows, N. and Brooks, R. 2016. Inappropriate sexual behaviour in adolescents with autism spectrum disorder: What education is recommended and why. Early Intervention in Psychiatry, 10, 282–289.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Brugha, T. S., McManus, S., Bankart, J., Scott, F., Purdon, S., Smith, J., Bebbington, P., Jenkins, R. and Meltzer, H. 2011. Epidemiology of autism spectrum disorders in adults in the community in England. Archives of General Psychiatry, 68, 459–465.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Ceylan, Ş. and Çetin, A. 2015. Okul öncesi eğitim kurumlarına devam eden çocukların cinsel eğitimine ilişkin ebeveyn görüşlerinin incelenmesi. Hacettepe University Faculty of Health Sciences Journal, 2, 41–59.
   Google Scholar
• Davidovitch, M., Hemo, B., Manning-Courtney, P. and Fombonne, E. 2013. Prevalence and incidence of autism spectrum disorder in an Israeli population. Journal of Autism and Developmental Disorders, 43, 785–793.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Dbstet, A. 1977. WHO: Recommended definitions, terminology and format for statistical tables related to the perinatal period and use of a new certificate for cause of perinatal deaths. Acta Obstetricia et Gynecologica Scandinavica, 56, 247–253.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Doenyas, C. 2018. Gut microbiota, inflammation, and probiotics on neural development in autism spectrum disorder. Neuroscience, 374, 271–286.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Doenyas, C. 2019. Novel personalized dietary treatment for autism based on the gut-immune-endocrine-brain axis. Frontiers in Endocrinology, 10, 508.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Evans, S. C., Boan, A. D., Bradley, C. and Carpenter, L. A. 2018. Sex/gender differences in screening for autism spectrum disorder: Implications for evidence-based assessment. Journal of Clinical Child & Adolescent Psychology, 48, 840–854.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Farmer, C. A. and Aman, M. G. 2011. Aggressive behavior in a sample of children with autism spectrum disorders. Research in Autism Spectrum Disorders, 5, 317–323.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Field, D., Garland, M. and Williams, K. 2003. Correlates of specific childhood feeding problems. Journal of Paediatrics and Child Health, 39, 299–304.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Fombonne, E., Du Mazaubrun, C., Cans, C. and Grandjean, H. 1997. Autism and associated medical disorders in a French epidemiological survey. Journal of the American Academy of Child & Adolescent Psychiatry, 36, 1561–1569.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Gal, G., Abiri, L., Reichenberg, A., Gabis, L. and Gross, R. 2012. Time trends in reported autism spectrum disorders in Israel, 1986–2005. Journal of Autism and Developmental Disorders, 42, 428–431.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Grimaldi, R., Gibson, G. R., Vulevic, J., Giallourou, N., Castro-Mejía, J. L., Hansen, L. H., Gibson, E. L., Nielsen, D. S. and Costabile, A. 2018. A prebiotic intervention study in children with autism spectrum disorders (ASDs). Microbiome, 6, 133.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Hayward, B. and Saunders, K. 2010. Sexual behaviours of concern in young people with autism spectrum disorders. In 10th Annual Conference of the Australasian Society for the Study of Intellectual Disability. Victoria: Department of Human Services.
   Google Scholar
• Hill, A. P., Zuckerman, K. E., Hagen, A. D., Kriz, D. J., Duvall, S. W., Van Santen, J., Nigg, J., Fair, D. and Fombonne, E. 2014. Aggressive behavior problems in children with autism spectrum disorders: Prevalence and correlates in a large clinical sample. Research in Autism Spectrum Disorders, 8, 1121–1133.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Ivarsson, T. and Melin, K. 2008. Autism spectrum traits in children and adolescents with obsessive-compulsive disorder (OCD). Journal of Anxiety Disorders, 22, 969–978.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Leyfer, O. T., Folstein, S. E., Bacalman, S., Davis, N. O., Dinh, E., Morgan, J., Tager-Flusberg, H. and Lainhart, J. E. 2006. Comorbid psychiatric disorders in children with autism: Interview development and rates of disorders. Journal of Autism and Developmental Disorders, 36, 849–861.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Loomes, R., Hull, L. and Mandy, W. P. L. 2017. What is the male-to-female ratio in autism spectrum disorder? A systematic review and meta-analysis. Journal of the American Academy of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, 56, 466–474.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Lotter, V. 1966. Epidemiology of autistic conditions in young children. Social Psychiatry, 1, 124–135.
   Google Scholar
• Lyall, K., Van de Water, J., Ashwood, P., and Hertz‐Picciotto, I. 2015. Asthma and allergies in children with autism spectrum disorders: Results from the CHARGE study. Autism Research: Research, 8, 567–574.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Maenner, M. J., Shaw, K. A., Baio, J., Washington, A., Patrick, M., DiRienzo, M., Christensen, D. L., Wiggins, L. D., Sydney Pettygrove, S., Andrews, J. G., Lopez, M., Hudson, A., Baroud, T., Schwenk, Y., White, T., Rosenberg, C. R., Lee, L.-C., Harrington, R. A., Huston, M., Hewitt, A., Esler, A., Hall-Lande, J., Poynter, J. N., Hallas-Muchow, L., Constantino, J. N., Fitzgerald, R. T., Zahorodny, W., Shenouda, J., Daniels, J. L., Warren, Z., Vehorn, A., Salinas, A., Durkin, M. S. and Dietz, P. M. 2020. Prevalence of autism spectrum disorder among children aged 8 years—Autism and Developmental Disabilities Monitoring Network, 11 sites, United States, 2016. MMWR Surveillance Summaries, 69, 1–12.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Mahapatra, S., Khokhlovich, E., Martinez, S., Kannel, B., Edelson, S. M. and Vyshedskiy, A. 2020. Longitudinal Epidemiological study of autism subgroups using Autism Treatment Evaluation Checklist (ATEC) Score. Journal of Autism and Developmental Disorders, 50, 1497–1508.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Mandell, D. S., Morales, K. H., Marcus, S. C., Stahmer, A. C., Doshi, J. and Polsky, D. E. 2008. Psychotropic medication use among Medicaid-enrolled children with autism spectrum disorders. Pediatrics, 121, e441–e448.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Mandell, D. S., Novak, M. M. and Zubritsky, C. D. 2005. Factors associated with age of diagnosis among children with autism spectrum disorders. Pediatrics, 116, 1480–1486.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• May, T. and Williams, K. 2018. Brief report: Gender and age of diagnosis time trends in children with autism using Australian medicare data. Journal of Autism and Developmental Disorders, 48, 4056–4062.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Mazzucco, W., Tumminello, M., Nardello, R., Giambalvo, O., Cicala, V., Lo, B., Turrisi, L., Casuccio, A., Agrò, A. and Mesa Group, G. 2016. Autism spectrum disorder in Italy: Demand for an integrated epidemiological surveillance system. EuroMeditarranean Biomedical Journal, 10, 266–272.
   Google Scholar
• Minshawi, N. F., Hurwitz, S., Fodstad, J. C., Biebl, S., Morriss, D. H. and McDougle, C. J. 2014. The association between self-injurious behaviors and autism spectrum disorders. Psychology Research and Behavior Management, 7, 125–136.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Nicotera, A. G., Hagerman, R. J., Catania, M. V., Buono, S., Di Nuovo, S., Liprino, E. M., Stracuzzi, E., Giusto, S., Di Vita, G. and Musumeci, S. A. 2019. EEG abnormalities as a neurophysiological biomarker of severity in autism spectrum disorder: A pilot cohort study. Journal of Autism and Developmental Disorders, 49, 2337–2347.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Oliveira, G., Ataíde, A., Marques, C., Miguel, T. S., Coutinho, A. M., Mota‐Vieira, L., Gonçalves, E., Lopes, N. M., Rodrigues, V., da Mota, H. C. and Vicente, A. M. 2007. Epidemiology of autism spectrum disorder in Portugal: Prevalence, clinical characterization, and medical conditions. Developmental Medicine and Child Neurology, 49, 726–733.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Oswald, D. P. and Sonenklar, N. A. 2007. Medication use among children with autism spectrum disorders. Journal of Child and Adolescent Psychopharmacology, 17, 348–355.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Ozonoff, S., Young, G. S., Landa, R. J., Brian, J., Bryson, S., Charman, T., Chawarska, K., Macari, S. K., Messinger, D., Stone, W. L., Zwaigenbaum, L. and Iosif, A.-M. 2015. Diagnostic stability in young children at risk for autism spectrum disorder: A baby siblings research consortium study. Journal of Child Psychology and Psychiatry, 56, 988–998.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Parner, E. T., Schendel, D. E. and Thorsen, P. 2008. Autism prevalence trends over time in Denmark: Changes in prevalence and age at diagnosis. Archives of Pediatrics & Adolescent Medicine, 162, 1150–1156.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Parner, E. T., Thorsen, P., Dixon, G., de Klerk, N., Leonard, H., Nassar, N., Bourke, J., Bower, C. and Glasson, E. J. 2011. A comparison of autism prevalence trends in Denmark and Western Australia. Journal of Autism and Developmental Disorders, 41, 1601–1608.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Raz, R., Weisskopf, M. G., Davidovitch, M., Pinto, O. and Levine, H. 2015. Differences in autism spectrum disorders incidence by sub-populations in Israel 1992–2009: A total population study. Journal of Autism and Developmental Disorders, 45, 1062–1069.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Rosenberg, R. E., Mandell, D. S., Farmer, J. E., Law, J. K., Marvin, A. R. and Law, P. A. 2010. Psychotropic medication use among children with autism spectrum disorders enrolled in a national registry, 2007–2008. Journal of Autism and Developmental Disorders, 40, 342–351.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Rutherford, M., McKenzie, K., Johnson, T., Catchpole, C., O’Hare, A., McClure, I., Forsyth, K., McCartney, D. and Murray, A. 2016. Gender ratio in a clinical population sample, age of diagnosis and duration of assessment in children and adults with autism spectrum disorder. Autism, 20, 628–634.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Shaaban, S. Y., El Gendy, Y. G., Mehanna, N. S., El-Senousy, W. M., El-Feki, H. S., Saad, K. and El-Asheer, O. M. 2018. The role of probiotics in children with autism spectrum disorder: A prospective, open-label study. Nutritional Neuroscience, 21, 676–681.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Smith, S. J. M. 2005. EEG in the diagnosis, classification, and management of patients with epilepsy. Journal of Neurology, Neurosurgery & Psychiatry, 76, ii2–ii7.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Soke, G. N., Rosenberg, S. A., Hamman, R. F., Fingerlin, T., Robinson, C., Carpenter, L., Giarelli, E., Lee, L.-C., Wiggins, L. D., Durkin, M. S. and DiGuiseppi, C. 2016. Brief report: Prevalence of self-injurious behaviors among children with autism spectrum disorder—A population-based study. Journal of Autism and Developmental Disorders, 46, 3607–3614.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Spence, S. J. and Schneider, M. T. 2009. The role of epilepsy and epileptiform EEGs in autism spectrum disorders. Pediatric Research, 65, 599–606.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Stokes, M. A. and Kaur, A. 2005. High-functioning autism and sexuality: A parental perspective. Autism, 9, 266–289.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Sullivan, A. and Caterino, L. C. 2008. Addressing the sexuality and sex education of individuals with autism spectrum disorders. Education and Treatment of Children, 31, 381–394.
   Google Scholar
• Traoré, K., Coulibaly, S. P., Tembely, M. B., Togora, A., Coulibaly, S. and Koumaré, B. 2018. Epidemiological aspects of autism in mental health care structures in the district of Bamako. Le Mali Medical, 33, 1–4.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Turkish Ministry of Health. 2018b. Annals of Health Statistics 2017 Bulletin. https://dosyamerkez.saglik.gov.tr/Eklenti/27344,saglik-istatistikleri-yilligi-2017-haber-bultenipdf.pdf?0. [Accessed 29 April 2020].
   Google Scholar
• Turkish Ministry of Health. 2018a. Premature birth rates https://hsgm.saglik.gov.tr/depo/birimler/cocuk_ergen_db/dokumanlar/istatistikler/premature.pdf. [Accessed 14 January 2020].
   Google Scholar
• Turkish Statistical Institute. 2018. Press release. (https://tuikweb.tuik.gov.tr/HbPrint.do?id=27589) Accessed 1 June 2021.
   Google Scholar
• Twachtman-Reilly, J., Amaral, S. C. and Zebrowski, P. P. 2008. Addressing feeding disorders in children on the autism spectrum in school-based settings: Physiological and behavioral issues. Language, Speech, and Hearing Services in Schools, 39, 261–272.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Valicenti-McDermott, M., Hottinger, K., Seijo, R. and Shulman, L. 2012. Age at diagnosis of autism spectrum disorders. The Journal of Pediatrics, 161, 554–556.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Whiteley, P., Todd, L., Carr, K. and Shattock, P. 2010. Gender ratios in autism, Asperger syndrome and autism spectrum disorder. Autism Insights, 2, 17–24.
   Google Scholar
• World Health Organization (WHO). 2012. Born too soon: The global action report on preterm birth. https://www.who.int/pmnch/media/news/2012/201204_borntoosoon-report.pdf. [Accessed 30 April 2020].
   Google Scholar
• Xu, G., Snetselaar, L. G., Jing, J., Liu, B., Strathearn, L. and Bao, W. 2018. Association of food allergy and other allergic conditions with autism spectrum disorder in children. JAMA Network Open, 1, e180279-e180279.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Zandt, F., Prior, M. and Kyrios, M. 2007. Repetitive behaviour in children with high functioning autism and obsessive compulsive disorder. Journal of Autism and Developmental Disorders, 37, 251–259.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar