A comparison of the physical fitness of individuals with intellectually disabilities autism spectrum disorders and Down syndrome diagnosis

References

• Angelopoulou, N., Matziari, C., Tsimaras, V., Sakadamis, A., Souftas, V. and Mandroukas, K. 2000. Bone mineral density and muscle strength in young men with mental retardation (with and without Down syndrome). Calcified Tissue International, 66, 176–180.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Ayán Pérez, C., Martínez‐Lemos, I., Lago‐Ballesteros, J., Cancela Carral, J. M. and Loira‐Camiña, N. 2016. Reliability and validity of physical fitness field‐based tests in Down syndrome: a systematic review. Journal of Policy and Practice in Intellectual Disabilities, 13, 142–156.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Ayan, S., Boyalı, E., Ergin, M. and Ulaş, M. 2019. An investigation of selected physical and basic motor parameters of students with special needs in terms of age and gender variables. Journal of International Social Research, 12, 968–978.
   Google Scholar
• Aydın, Ş. 2016. Evaluation of mental and/or physically disabled children's mothers' level of depression. Unpublished Master's Thesis, İstanbul, Üsküdar Üniversitesi.
   Google Scholar
• Baynard, T., Pitetti, K. H., Guerra, M., Unnithan, V. B. and Fernhall, B. 2008. Age-related changes in aerobic capacity in individuals with mental retardation: A 20-year review. Medicine & Science in Sports & Exercise, 40, 1984–1989.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Bentenuto, A., De Falco, S. and Venuti, P. 2016. Mother-child play: A comparison of autism spectrum disorder, Down syndrome, and typical development. Frontiers in Psychology, 7, 1829.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Bhat, A. N., Landa, R. J. and Galloway, J. C. 2011. Current perspectives on motor functioning in infants, children, and adults with autism spectrum disorders. Physical Therapy, 91, 1116–1129.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Bilim, A. S., Çetinkaya, C. and Dayı, A. 2016. Investigation of physical fitness of 12–17 years old students who engage and do not engage in sports. Ondokuz Mayıs University Journal of Sports and Performance Researches, 7, 53–60.
   Google Scholar
• Bossink, L. W., van der Putten, A. A. and Vlaskamp, C. 2017. Understanding low levels of physical activity in people with intellectual disabilities: A systematic review to identify barriers and facilitators. Research in Developmental Disabilities, 68, 95–110.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Bremer, E. and Cairney, J. 2020. Adaptive behavior moderates health-related pathways in children with autism spectrum disorder. Journal of Autism and Developmental Disorders, 50, 491–499.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Büyüköztürk, Ş. E. and Kılıç Çakmak, V. D. 2019. Scientific research methods in education. Ankara: Pegem Academy.
   Google Scholar
• Cattuzzo, M. T., Dos Santos Henrique, R., Ré, A. H. N., de Oliveira, I. S., Melo, B. M., de Sousa Moura, M., de Araújo, R. C. and Stodden, D. 2016. Motor competence and health related physical fitness in youth: A systematic review. Journal of Science and Medicine in Sport, 19, 123–129.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Cha, J. Y., Min, S. K., Yoon, T. H. and Jee, Y. S. 2020. Gross motor function and health fitness in adults with autistic spectrum disorder and intellectual disability: Single-blind retrospective trial. Journal of Exercise Rehabilitation, 16, 258–264.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Clare, C. W., Wong, S. W., Lo, F. S., So, R. C. and Chan, D. F. 2018. Study protocol: A randomized controlled trial study on the effect of a game-based exercise training program on promoting physical fitness and mental health in children with autism spectrum disorder. BMC Psychiatry, 18, 56.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Collins, K. and Staples, K. 2017. The role of physical activity in improving physical fitness in children with intellectual and developmental disabilities. Research in Developmental Disabilities, 69, 49–60.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Colombo-Dougovito, A. M. and Block, M. E. 2019. Fundamental motor skill interventions for children and adolescents on the autism spectrum: A literature review. Review Journal of Autism and Developmental Disorders, 6, 159–171.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Davis, M. A. C., Spriggs, A., Rodgers, A. and Campbell, J. 2018. The effects of a peer-delivered social skills intervention for adults with comorbid down syndrome and autism spectrum disorder. Journal of Autism and Developmental Disorders, 48, 1869–1885.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Downs, S. J., Knowles, Z. R., Fairclough, S. J., Heffernan, N., Whitehead, S., Halliwell, S. and Boddy, L. M. 2014. Exploring teachers' perceptions on physical activity engagement for children and young people with intellectual disabilities. European Journal of Special Needs Education, 29, 402–414.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Er, Ö. 2018. Examination of the relationship between the quality of life and the movement education and educational game for children with autism. Unpublished Master's Thesis, Çorum, Hitit Üniversitesi.
   Google Scholar
• Esposito, P. E., Macdonald, M., Hornyak, J. E. and Ulrich, D. A. 2012. Physical activity patterns of youth with Down syndrome. Intellectual and Developmental Disabilities, 50, 109–119.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Fang, H., Quan, M., Zhou, T., Sun, S., Zhang, J., Zhang, H., Cao, Z., Zhao, G., Wang, R. and Chen, P. 2017. Relationship between physical activity and physical fitness in preschool children: a cross-sectional study. BioMed Research International, 2017, 1–8.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Fernhall, B. 2001. Limitations to physical work capacity in individuals with mental retardation. Clinical Exercise Physiology, 3, 176–185.
   Google Scholar
• Ferreira, J. P., Andrade Toscano, C. V., Rodrigues, A. M., Furtado, G. E., Barros, M. G., Wanderley, R. S. and Carvalho, H. M. 2018. Effects of a physical exercise program (PEP-Aut) on autistic children's stereotyped behavior, metabolic and physical activity profiles, physical fitness, and health-related quality of life: a study protocol. Frontiers in Public Health, 6, 47.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Frey, G. C. and Chow, B. 2006. Relationship between BMI, physical fitness, and motor skills in youth with mild intellectual disabilities. International Journal of Obesity, 30, 861–867.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• García-Hoyos, M., Riancho, J. A. and Valero, C. 2017. Bone health in Down syndrome. Medicina Clínica (English Edition), 149, 78–82. 10.1016/j.medcle.2017.06.024
   Google Scholar
• Hartman, E., Houwen, S., Scherder, E. and Visscher, C. 2010. On the relationship between motor performance and executive functioning in children with intellectual disabilities. Journal of Intellectual Disability Research, 54, 468–477.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Hartman, E., Smith, J., Westendorp, M. and Visscher, C. 2015. Development of physical fitness in children with intellectual disabilities. Journal of Intellectual Disability Research, 59, 439–449.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Herwegen, V. J., Ashworth, M. and Palikara, O. 2018. Parental views on special educational needs provision: Cross-syndrome comparisons in Williams syndrome, Down syndrome, and autism spectrum disorders. Research in Developmental Disabilities, 80, 102–111.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Hinckson, E. A., Dickinson, A., Water, T., Sands, M. and Penman, L. 2013. Physical activity, dietary habits, and overall health in overweight and obese children and youth with intellectual disability or autism. Research in Developmental Disabilities, 34, 1170–1178.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Hocking, J., Mcneil, J. and Campbell, J. 2016. Physical therapy interventions for gross motor skills in people with an intellectual disability aged 6 years and over: A systematic review. International Journal of Evidence-Based Healthcare, 14, 166–174.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Holloway, J.M., Toby, M. L. and Fred, B. 2018. Relationships between gross motor skills and social function in young boys with autism spectrum disorder. Pediatric Physical Therapy, 30, 184–190.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Ilkım, M. 2017. Life satisfaction and continuous responsibility of A family of down syndrome partials with regular physical activity in different sports clubs. Unpublished Doctoral Dissertation, Erzurum, Atatürk University.
   Google Scholar
• Jeoung, B. 2018. Motor proficiency differences among students with intellectual disabilities, autism, and developmental disability. Journal of Exercise Rehabilitation, 14, 275–281.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Kara, E., Beyazoğlu, G. and Uysal, E. 2019. The effect of basic movement training on physical fitness parameters in children with autism. Spormetre The Journal of Physıcal Educatıon and Sport Scıences, 17, 88–102.
   Google Scholar
• Marchal, J. P., Maurice-Stam, H., Houtzager, B. A., Van Rozenburg-Marres, S. L. R., Oostrom, K. J., Grootenhuis, M. A. and Van Trotsenburg, A. P. 2016. Growing up with Down syndrome: Development from 6 months to 10.7 years. Research in Developmental Disabilities, 59, 437–450.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Matute-Llorente, Á., González-Agüero, A., Vicente-Rodríguez, G., Sardinha, L. B., Baptista, F. and Casajús, J. A. 2017. Physical activity and bone mineral density at the femoral neck subregions in adolescents with Down syndrome. Journal of Pediatric Endocrinology and Metabolism, 30, 1075–1082.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Mınıstry of Youth and Sports. 2019., Anthropometric measurement and performance test protocols. http://yetenektaramasi.gsb.gov.tr/Public/Edit/images/YETENEK_TARAMASI/012014/ANTROPOMETRiK%20VE%20MOTORiK%20TESTLER%20TEST%20PROTOKOLu.pdf
   Google Scholar
• Modlesky, C. M. and Zhang, C. 2020. Complicated muscle-bone ınteractions in children with cerebral palsy. Current Osteoporosis Reports, 18, 47–56.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Myers, J., Prakash, M., Froelicher, V., Do, D., Partington, S. and Atwood, J. 2002. Exercise capacity and mortality among men referred for exercise testing. The New England Journal of Medicine, 346, 793–801.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Nalbant, S. 2011. The effects of14 weekly physical activity program on motor development and daily living activitiy in children with down syndrome. Unpublished Doctoral Dissertation, Antalya, Akdeniz Üniversitesi.
   Google Scholar
• Nişli, M.Y., Acar, Z. A. and Öz Nişli, E. 2019. Review of physical education and sports studies in disabilities in terms of various criteria. Bolu Abant İzzet Baysal University Journal of Faculty of Education, 19, 587–603.
   Google Scholar
• Ongül, E., Bayazıt, B., Yılmaz, O. and Güler, M. 2017. The effect on the selected motoric characteristics of children in the game and physical activities lesson. Journal of Sport Sciences Researches, 2, 45–52.
   Google Scholar
• Pace, M. and Bricout, V. A. 2015. Low heart rate response of children with autism spectrum disorders in comparison to controls during physical exercise. Physiology & Behavior, 141, 63–68.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Plowman, S.A. and Smith, D.L. 2014. Exercise physiology for health fitness and performance. 4th ed. Philadelphia, PA: Lippincott Williams & Wilkins.
   Google Scholar
• Ptomey, L.T., Gibson, C.A., Willis, E.A., Taylor, J.M., Goetz, J.R., Sullivan, D.K. and Donnelly, J.E. 2016. Parents' perspective on weight management interventions for adolescents with intellectual and developmental disabilities. Disability and Health Journal, 9, 162–166.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Ptomey, L. T., Walpitage, D. L., Mohseni, M., Dreyer Gillette, M. L., Davis, A. M., Forseth, B., Dean, E. E. and Waitman, L. R. 2020. Weight status and associated comorbidities in children and adults with Down syndrome, autism spectrum disorder and intellectual and developmental disabilities. Journal of Intellectual Disability Research, 64, 725–737.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Rimmer, J. H., Heller, T., Wang, E. and Valerio, I. 2004. Improvements in physical fitness in adults with Down syndrome. American Journal on Mental Retardation, 109, 165–174.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Rimmer, J.H., Rowland, J.L. and Yamaki, K. 2007. Obesity and secondary conditions in adolescents with disabilities: Addressing the needs of an underserved population. Journal of Adolescent Health, 41, 224–229.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Sansi, A. and Nalbant, S. 2019. Effects of ınclusive physical activity program on physical fitness levels of students with and without autism spectrum disorder. Kilis 7 Aralık Üniversitesi Beden Eğitimi ve Spor Bilimleri Dergisi, 3
   Google Scholar
• Sansi, A. and Özer, D. 2019. Physical and motor fitness of ındividuals with Down syndrome; a systematic review. Journal of Health and Sport Sciences, 2, 56–65.
   Google Scholar
• Santos, C., Carolina Reyes, A., Moura-Dos-Santos, M. A., Pereira, S., Natacha Gomes, T., Tani, G., Vasconcelos, O., Chaves, R. N., Garganta, R., Barreira, T. V., Katzmarzyk, P. T. and Maia, J. 2018. A multi-level analysis of individual-and school-level correlates of physical fitness in children. Annals of Human Biology, 45, 470–477.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Sarabzadeh, M., Azari, B. B. and Helalizadeh, M. 2019. The effect of six weeks of Tai Chi Chuan training on the motor skills of children with Autism Spectrum Disorder. Journal of Bodywork and Movement Therapies, 23, 284–290.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Şenlik, M. K. and Atılgan, E. 2019. The effect of regular exercise program on motor skills in adolescents with mild mental retardation. Journal of Exercise Therapy and Rehabilitation, 6, 140–148.
   Google Scholar
• Shields, N., Hussey, J., Murphy, J., Gormley, J. and Hoey, H. 2017. An exploratory study of the association between physical activity, cardiovascular fitness and body size in children with Down syndrome. Developmental Neurorehabilitation, 20, 92–98.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Silva, V., Campos, C., Sá, A., Cavadas, M., Pinto, J., Simões, P., Machado, S., Murillo-Rodríguez, E. and Barbosa-Rocha, N. 2017. Wii‐based exercise program to improve physical fitness, motor proficiency and functional mobility in adults with Down syndrome. Journal of İntellectual Disability Research: JIDR, 61, 755–765.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Smith, J.J., Eather, N., Morgan, P.J., Plotnikoff, R.C., Faigenbaum, A.D. and Lubans, D.R. 2014. The health benefits of muscular fitness for children and adolescents: A systematic review and meta-analysis. Sports Medicine (Auckland, N.Z.), 44, 1209–1233.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Sowa, M. and Meulenbroek, R. 2012. Effects of physical exercise on autism spectrum disorders: A meta-analysis. Research in Autism Spectrum Disorders, 6, 46–57.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Töret, G. and Acarlar, F. 2011. Gestures in prelinguistic Turkish children with autism, Down syndrome, and typically developing children. Educational Sciences: Theory & Practice, 11, 1461–1478.
   Google Scholar
• Uzuner, S. 2016. Motor ability, functional status and respiratory functions in children with down syndrome: a comparative study. Unpublished Master's Thesis, Kıbrıs, Eastern Mediterranean University.
   Google Scholar
• Winnick, J. and Porretta, D. L. 2016. Adapted physical education and sport. Human Kinetics.
   Google Scholar
• Winnick, J.R. and Short, F.X. 2014. The Brockport physical fitness test. 2nd ed. Sagamore Publishing, Urbana.
   Google Scholar
• Yarımkaya, E., Esentürk, O. K., İlhan, E. L. and Karasu, N. 2021. A WhatsApp-delivered intervention to promote physical activity in young children with autism spectrum disorder. International Journal of Developmental Disabilities, 1–12.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Zorba, E. 2001. Physical fitness. 2nd ed. Ankara: Gazi Bookstore.
   Google Scholar
• Zorba, E. and Saygın, Ö. 2009. Physical activity and physical fitness. Ankara: İnceler Publishing
   Google Scholar