Occurrence and correlates of anxiety and depression in carers of autistic children across three nations

References

• APA. 2013. Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders. 5th ed. Arlington, VA: American Psychiatric Association.
   Google Scholar
• APA. 2022. Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders. 5th ed. Text Revision. Arlington, VA: American Psychiatric Association.
   Google Scholar
• Bitsika, V. and Sharpley, C. 2022. Associations between mildly impaired autistic boys’ and girls’ challenging behaviour and parental anxiety and depression. Journal of Developmental and Physical Disabilities, 34, 1013–1029.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Bitsika, V. and Sharpley, C. F. 2004. Stress, anxiety and depression among parents of children with autism spectrum disorder. Australian Journal of Guidance and Counselling, 14, 151–161.
   Google Scholar
• Bitsika, V., Sharpley, C. and Bell, R. 2013. The buffering effects of resilience upon stress, anxiety and depression in parents of a child with an autism spectrum disorder. Journal of Developmental and Physical Disabilities, 25, 533–543.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Bonis, S. 2016. Stress and parents of children with autism: A review of literature. Issues in Mental Health Nursing, 37, 153–163.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Bosma, H., Marmot, M., Hemingway, H., Nicholson, A., Brunner, E. and Stansfeld, S. 1997. Low job control and risk of coronary heart disease in Whitehall II (Prospective cohort) study. BMJ (Clinical Research ed.), 314, 558–558.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Clark, M. and Adams, D. 2022. Resilience in autism and intellectual disability: A systematic review. Review Journal of Autism and Developmental Disorders, 9, 39–53.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Cohen, S., Kamarck, T. and Mermelstein, R. 1983. A global measure of perceived stress. Journal of Health and Social Behaviour, 24, 386–396.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Connor, K. and Davidson, J. 2003. Development of a new resilience scale: The Connor-Davidson Resilience Scale (CD-RISC). Depression and Anxiety, 18, 76–82.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Doupnik, S., Hill, D., Palakshappa, D., Worsley, D., Bae, H., Shaik, A., Qiu, M., Marsac, M. and Feudtner, C. 2017. Parent coping support interventions during acute pediatric hospitalizations: A meta-analysis. Pediatrics, 140, 1–16.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Economist. 2021. Democracy Index. London, United Kingdom: The Economist/Economist Intelligence Unit.
   Google Scholar
• Ekas, N. V., Pruitt, M. M. and McKay, E. 2016. Hope, social relations, and depressive symptoms in mothers of children with autism spectrum disorder. Research in Autism Spectrum Disorders, 29–30, 8–18.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Falk, N., Norris, K. and Quinn, M. 2014. The factors predicting stress, anxiety and depressionin the parents of children with autism. Journal of Autism and Developmental Disorders, 44, 3185–3203.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Ghanouni, P. and Hood, G. 2021. Stress, coping, and resiliency among families of individuals with autism: A systematic review. Review Journal of Autism and Developmental Disorders, 8, 389–402.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Gudmundsdottir, E., Schirren, M. and Boman, K. 2011. Psychological resilience and long-term distress in Swedish and Icelandic parents’ adjustment to childhood cancer. Acta Oncologica (Stockholm, Sweden), 50, 373–380.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Hayes, S. and Watson, S. 2013. The impact of parenting stress: A meta-analysis of studies comparing the experience of parenting stress in parents of children with and without Autism Spectrum Disorder. Journal of Autism and Developmental Disorders, 43, 629–642.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Hilbig, J., Viliūnienė, R., Friborg, O., Pakalniškienė, V. and Danilevičiūtė, V. 2015. Resilience in a reborn nation: Validation of the Lithuanian Resilience Scale for Adults (RSA). Comprehensive Psychiatry, 60, 126–133.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Hu, T., Zhang, D. and Wang, J. 2015. A meta-analysis of the trait resilience and mental health. Personality and Individual Differences, 76, 18–27.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Iida, N., Wada, Y., Yamashita, T., Aoyama, M., Hirai, K. and Narumoto, J. 2018. Effectiveness of parent training in improving stress-coping capability, anxiety, and depression in mothers raising children with autism spectrum disorder. Neuropsychiatric Disease and Treatment, 14, 3355–3362.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Ilias, K., Cornish, K., Kummar, A., Park, M. and Golden, K. 2018. Parenting stress and resilience in parents of children with autism spectrum disorder (ASD) in Southeast Asia: A systematic review. Frontiers in Psychology, 9, 280.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Ilias, K., Cornish, K., Park, M., Toran, H. and Golden, K. 2019. Risk and resilience among mothers and fathers of primary school age children with ASD in Malaysia: A qualitative constructive grounded theory approach. Frontiers in Psychology, 9, 2275.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Insel, T. 2013. Transforming Diagnosis. Bethesda, Maryland, U.S.: National Institute of Mental Health. www.nimh.nih.gov/about/director/2013/transforming-diagnosis-shtml
   Google Scholar
• Killgore, W., Taylor, E., Cloonan, S. and Dailey, N. 2020. Psychological resilience during the COVID-19 lockdown. Psychiatry Research, 291, 113216.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Kobasa, S. C. 1979. Stressful life events, personality, and health: An inquiry into hardiness. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 37, 1–11.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Lim, T., Tan, M., Aishworiya, R., Kang, Y., Koh, M., Shen, L. and Chong, S. 2022. Factors contributing to psychological ill-effects and resilience of caregivers of children with developmental disabilities during a nation-wide lockdown during the COVID-19 pandemic. Journal of Autism and Developmental Disorders, 52, 3015–3025.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Mancil, G., Boyd, B. and Bedesem, P. 2009. Parental stress and autism: Are there useful coping strategies? Education and Training in Developmental Disabilities, 44, 523–537.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Mandell, D., Novak, M. and Zubritsky, C. 2005. Factors associated with age of diagnosis among children with autism spectrum disorders. Pediatrics, 116, 1480–1486.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Mykletun, A., Bjerkeset, O., Øverland, S., Prince, M., Dewey, M. and Stewart, R. 2009. Levels of anxiety and depression as predictors of mortality: The HUNT study. The British Journal of Psychiatry : The Journal of Mental Science, 195, 118–125.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Nutt, D. 2004. Anxiety and depression: Individual entities or two sides of the same coin? International Journal of Psychiatry in Clinical Practice, 8, 19–24.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Schnabel, A., Youssef, G. J., Hallford, D. J., Hartley, E. J., McGillivray, J. A., Stewart, M., Forbes, D. and Austin, D. W. 2020. Psychopathology in parents of children with autism spectrum disorder: A systematic review and meta-analysis of prevalence. Autism : The International Journal of Research and Practice, 24, 26–40.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Shahbazi, F., Shahbazi, M. and Poorolajal, J. 2022. Association between socioeconomic inequality and the global prevalence of anxiety and depressive disorders: An ecological study. General Psychiatry, 35, e100735.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Sukhodolsky, D., Scahill, L., Gadow, K., Arnold, L., Aman, M., McDougle, C., McCracken, J., Tierney, E., White, S., Lecavalier, L. and Vitiello, B. 2008. Parent-rated anxiety symptoms in children with pervasive developmental disorders: Frequency and association with core Autism symtpoms and cognitive functioning. Journal of Abnormal Child Psychology, 36, 117–128.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Tabachnik, B. and Fidell, L. 2013. Using multivariate statistics. 6th ed. Boston, MA: Pearson Education.
   Google Scholar
• UN. 2021. Human Development Index. United Nations Development Programme. Available at: http://hdr.undp.org/en/composite/HDI.
   Google Scholar
• Van Der Bruggen, C., Stams, G. and Bögels, S. 2008. Research review: The relation between child and parent anxiety and parental control: A meta-analytic review. Journal of Child Psychology and Psychiatry, 49, 1257–1269.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• WHO. 2017. Depression and Other Common Mental Disorders: Global Health Estimates (CC BY-NC-SA 3.0 IGO). Switzerland. https://apps.who.int/iris/handle/10665/254610
   Google Scholar
• WHO. 2018. International Classification of Diseases for Mortality and Morbidity Statistics. 11th revision. Switzerland: World Health Organization. https://icd.who.int/browse11/l-m/en
   Google Scholar
• Zung, W. 1965. A self-rating depression scale. Archives of General Psychiatry, 12, 63–70.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Zung, W. 1971. A rating instrument for anxiety disorders. Psychosomatics, 12, 371–379.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar