Active v. passive surveillance for malaria in remote tribal belt of Central India: Implications for malaria elimination

References

• Sharma RK, Thakor HG, Saha KB, Sonal GS, Dhariwal AC, Singh N. Malaria situation in India with special reference to tribal areas. Indian J Med Res. 2015;141(5):537–45.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Sharma RK, Singh MP, Saha KB, Bharti PK, Jain V, Singh PP, et al. Socio-economic & household risk factors of malaria in tribal areas of Madhya Pradesh, Central India. Indian J Med Res. 2015;141(5):567–75.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Hay SI, Snow RW. The malaria atlas project: developing global maps of malaria risk. PLoS Med. 2006;3(12):e473.10.1371/journal.pmed.0030473
   Google Scholar
• Singh N, Shukla MM, Dash AP. Control of malaria in Central India (Madhya Pradesh) hope or hype. Trans R Soc Trop Med Hyg. 2009;103(2):209–10. 10.1016/j.trstmh.2008.09.017
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Singh N. A new global malaria eradication strategy: implications for malaria research from an Indian perspective. Trans R Soc Trop Med Hyg. 2009;103(12):1202–3. 10.1016/j.trstmh.2009.04.023
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Bharti PK, Chand SK, Singh MP, Mishra S, Shukla MM, Singh R, et al. Emergence of a new focus of Plasmodium malariae in forest villages of district Balaghat, Central India: implications for the diagnosis of malaria and its control. Trop Med Int Health. 2013;18(1):12–17. 10.1111/tmi.12005
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Singh N, Chand SK, Bharti PK, Singh MP, Chand G, Mishra AK, et al. Dynamics of forest malaria transmission in Balaghat District, Madhya Pradesh, India. PLoS ONE. 2013;8(9):e73730. 10.1371/journal.pone.0073730
   Google Scholar
• Sturrock HJ, Hsiang MS, Cohen JM, Smith DL, Greenhouse B, Bousema T, et al. Targeting asymptomatic malaria infections: active surveillance in control and elimination. PLoS Med. 2013;10(6):e1001467. 10.1371/journal.pmed.1001467
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Singh N, Shukla MM, Chand G, Bharti PK, Singh MP, Shukla MK, et al. Epidemic of Plasmodium falciparum malaria in Central India, an area where chloroquine has been replaced by artemisinin-based combination therapy. Trans R Soc Trop Med Hyg. 2011;105(3):133–9. 10.1016/j.trstmh.2010.11.002
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Singh J, Bhattacharji LM. Rapidstaining of malarial parasites by a water soluble stain. Ind Med Gaz. 1944;79:102–4.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• National Vector Borne Disease Control Programme. National drug policy. 2010 [cited 2016 Mar 15]; Available from: http://www.nvbdcp.gov.in/Doc/drug-policy-2010.pdf
   Google Scholar
• Singh N, Mishra AK, Shukla MM, Chand SK. Forest malaria in Chhindwara, Madhya Pradesh (Central India) – a case study in an ethnic tribal community. Am J Trop Med Hyg. 2003;68(5):602–7.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Pradhan A, Anasuya A, Pradhan MM, Ak K, Kar P, Sahoo KC et al. Trends in Malaria in Odisha, India–an analysis of the 2003–2013 time-series data from the national vector borne disease control program. PLoS ONE. 2016 Feb 11;11(2):e0149126. doi: 10.1371/journal.pone.0149126. 10.1371/journal.pone.0149126
   Google Scholar
• Singh N, Singh OP, Sharma VP. Dynamics of malaria transmission in forested and deforested region of Mandla district, Central India, Madhya Pradesh. J Am Mosq Control Assoc. 1996;12(2):225–34.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Singh N, Dash AP, Krongthong T. Fighting malaria in Madhya Pradesh (Central India): are we loosing the battle? Malar J. 2009;8(1):93. doi:10.1186/1475-2875-8-93.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Wesolowski A, Eagle N, Tatem AJ, Smith DL, Noor AM, Snow RW, et al. Quantifying the impact of human mobility on malaria. Science. 2012;338:267–70. 10.1126/science.1223467
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Chand G, Chaudhary NK, Soan V, Kaushal LS, Sharma RK, Singh N. Transmission dynamics & epidemiology of malaria in two tribal districts in Madhya Pradesh, India. Indian J Med Res. 2015;141(5):556–66.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Bousema JT, Gouagna LC, Drakeley CJ, Meutstege AM, Okech BA, Akim IN, et al. Plasmodium falciparum gametocyte carriage in asymptomatic children in western Kenya. Malar J. 2004;3(18). doi: 10.1186/1475-2875-3-18.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Yekutiel P. Problems of epidemiology in malaria eradication. Bull World Health Organ. 1960;22(6):669–83.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Macauley C. Aggressive active case detection: a malaria control strategy based on the Brazilian model. Soc Sci Med. 2005;60(3):563–73. 10.1016/j.socscimed.2004.05.025
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Bridges DJ, Winters AM, Hamer DH. Malaria elimination: surveillance and response. Pathog Global Health. 2012;106(4):224–31. 10.1179/2047773212Y.0000000035
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• McMorrow ML, Aidoo M, Kachur SP. Malaria rapid diagnostic tests in elimination settings–can they find the last parasite? Clin Microbiol Infect. 2011;17(11):1624–31. 10.1111/j.1469-0691.2011.03639.x
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Singh N, Shukla MM, Shukla MK, Mehra RK, Sharma S, Bharti PK, et al. Field and laboratory comparative evaluation of rapid malaria diagnostic tests versus traditional and molecular techniques in India. Malar J. 2010;9:191. doi:10.1186/1475-2875-9-191.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Smith DL, McKenzie FE, Snow RW, Hay SI. Revisiting the basic reproductive number for malaria and its implications for malaria control. PLoS Biol. 2007;5(3):e42. 10.1371/journal.pbio.0050042
   Google Scholar
• Pulford J, Hetzel MW, Bryant M, Siba PM, Mueller I. Reported reasons for not using a mosquito net when one is available: a review of the published literature. Malar J. 2011;10:83. doi:10.1186/1475-2875-10-83.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Fegan GW, Noor AM, Akhwale WS, Cousens S, Snow RW. Effect of expanded insecticide-treated bednet coverage on child survival in rural Kenya: a longitudinal study. Lancet. 2007;370(9592):1035–9. 10.1016/S0140-6736(07)61477-9
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Bhattarai A, Ali AS, Kachur SP, Mårtensson A, Abbas AK, Khatib R, et al. Impact of artemisinin-based combination therapy and insecticide-treated nets on malaria burden in Zanzibar. PLoS Med. 2007;4(11):e309. 10.1371/journal.pmed.0040309
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Singh N, Singh MP, Saxena A, SharmaVP, Kalra NL. Knowledge, attitude, beliefs and practices (KABP) study related to malaria intervention strategies in ethnic tribals of Mandla (Madhya Pradesh). Curr Sci. 1998;75(12):1386–1390.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Sundararajan R, Kalkonde Y, Gokhale C, Greenough PG, Bang A. Barriers to malaria control among marginalized tribal communities: a qualitative study. PLoS ONE. 2013;8(12):e81966. doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0081966.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Vijayakumar KN, Gunasekaran K, Sahu SS, Jambulingam P. Knowledge, attitude and practice on malaria: a study in a tribal belt of Orissa state, India with reference to use of long lasting treated mosquito nets. Acta Trop. 2009 Nov;112(2):137–42. doi:10.1016/j.actatropica.2009.07.011.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• The Malera Consultative Group on Diagnoses and Diagnostics. A research agenda for malaria eradication: diagnoses and diagnostics. PLoS Med. 2011;8(1):e1000396. doi:10.1371/journal.pmed.1000396.
   Google Scholar
• Wickremasinghe R, Fernando SD, Thillekaratne J, Wijeyaratne PM, Wickremasinghe AR. Importance of active case detection in a malaria elimination programme. Malar J. 2014 May;13(1):186. 10.1186/1475-2875-13-186
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• World Health Organization (WHO). World Malaria Report. 2013. Available from: http://www.who.int/malaria/publications/world_malaria_report_2013/wmr2013_no_profiles.pdf?ua=1
   Google Scholar