Frequency, diagnostic performance of coproantigen detection and genotyping of the Giardia among patients referred to a multi-level teaching hospital in northern India

References

• Halliez MC, Buret AG. Extra-intestinal and long term consequences of Giardia duodenalis infections. World J Gastroenterol. 2013;19(47):8974–8985.10.3748/wjg.v19.i47.8974
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Laishram S, Kang G, Ajjampur SS. Giardiasis: a review on assemblage distribution and epidemiology in India. Indian J Gastroenterol. 2012;31(1):3–12.10.1007/s12664-012-0161-9
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Tungtrongchitr A, Sookrung N, Indrawattana N, Kwangsi S, Ongrotchanakun J, Chaicumpa W. Giardia intestinalis in Thailand: identification of genotypes. J Health Popul Nutr. 2010;28(1):42–52.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Solaymani-Mohammadi S, Singer SM. Giardia duodenalis: the double-edged sword of immune responses in giardiasis. Exp Parasitol. 2010;126(3):292–297.10.1016/j.exppara.2010.06.014
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Yoder JS, Gargano JW, Wallace RM, Beach MJ. Giardiasis surveillance – United States, 2009–2010. MMWR Surveill Summ. 2012;61(5):13–23.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Muhsen K, Levine MM. A systematic review and meta-analysis of the association between Giardia lamblia and endemic pediatric diarrhea in developing countries. Clin Infect Dis. 2012;55(Suppl 4):S271–S293.10.1093/cid/cis762
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Yadav P, Tak V, Mirdha BR, Makharia GK. Refractory giardiasis: a molecular appraisal from a tertiary care centre in India. Indian J Med Microbiol. 2014;32(4):378–382.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Painter JE, Gargano JW, Collier SA, Yoder JS. Giardiasis surveillance – United States, 2011–2012. MMWR Surveill Summ. 2015;64(Suppl 3):15–25.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Jethwa DK, Chaudhri U, Chauhan D. Prevalence of giardia infection in paediatric age group. Int J Curr Microbiol App Sci. 2015;4(8):907–911.
   Google Scholar
• Jahan N, Khatoon R, Ahmad S. A comparison of microscopy and enzyme linked immunosorbent assay for diagnosis of Giardia lamblia in human faecal specimens. J Clin Diagn Res. 2014;8(11):DC04–06.
   Google Scholar
• Singhal S, Mittal V, Khare V, Singh YI. Comparative analysis of enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay and direct microscopy for the diagnosis of Giardia intestinalis in fecal samples. Indian J Pathol Microbiol. 2015;58(1):69–71.10.4103/0377-4929.151192
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Stark D, Al-Qassab SE, Barratt JL, Stanley K, Roberts T, Marriott D, et al. Evaluation of multiplex tandem real-time PCR for detection of cryptosporidium spp., dientamoeba fragilis, entamoeba histolytica, and Giardia intestinalis in clinical stool samples. J Clin Microbiol. 2011;49(1):257–262.10.1128/JCM.01796-10
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Nazeer JT, El Sayed Khalifa K, von Thien H, El-Sibaei MM, Abdel-Hamid MY, Tawfik RA, et al. Use of multiplex real-time PCR for detection of common diarrhea causing protozoan parasites in Egypt. Parasitol Res. 2013;112(2):595–601.10.1007/s00436-012-3171-8
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Schunk M, Jelinek T, Wetzel K, Nothdurft HD. Detection of Giardia lamblia and entamoeba histolytica in stool samples by two enzyme immunoassays. Eur J Clin Microbiol Infect Dis. 2001;20(6):389–391.10.1007/PL00011279
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Al-Saeed AT, Issa SH. Detection of Giardia lamblia antigen in stool specimens using enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay. East Mediterr Health J. 2010;16(4):362–364.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Minvielle MC, Molina NB, Polverino D, Basualdo JA. First genotyping of Giardia lamblia from human and animal feces in Argentina, South America. Mem Inst Oswaldo Cruz. 2008;103(1):98–103.10.1590/S0074-02762008000100015
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Sulaiman IM, Fayer R, Bern C, Gilman RH, Trout JM, Schantz PM, et al. Triosephosphate isomerase gene characterization and potential zoonotic transmission of Giardia duodenalis. Emerg Infect Dis. 2003;9(11):1444–1452.10.3201/eid0911.030084
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Tamer GS, Kasap M, Er DK. Genotyping and phylogenetic analysis of Giardia duodenalis isolates from Turkish children. Med Sci Monit. 2015;21:526–532.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Sprong H, Cacciò SM, van der Giessen JW. Identification of zoonotic genotypes of Giardia duodenalis. PLoS Negl Trop Dis. 2009;3(12):e558.10.1371/journal.pntd.0000558
   Google Scholar
• WHO. Persistent diarrhoea in children in developing countries: memorandum from a WHO meeting. Bull World Health Organ. 1988;66(6):709–717.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Molina N, Polverino D, Minvielle M, Basualdo J. PCR amplification of triosephosphate isomerase gene of Giardia lamblia in formalin-fixed feces. Rev Latinoam Microbiol. 2007;49(1–2):6–11.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Ghoshal UC, Mehrotra M, Kumar S, Ghoshal U, Krishnani N, Misra A, et al. Spectrum of malabsorption syndrome among adults & factors differentiating celiac disease & tropical malabsorption. Indian J Med Res. 2012;136(3):451–459.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Lopez-Velez R, Batlle C, Jimenez C, Navarro M, Norman F, Perez-Molina J. Short course combination therapy for giardiasis after nitroimidazole failure. Am J Trop Med Hyg. 2010;83(1):171–173.10.4269/ajtmh.2010.09-0742
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Mørch K, Hanevik K, Robertson LJ, Strand EA, Langeland N. Treatment-ladder and genetic characterisation of parasites in refractory giardiasis after an outbreak in Norway. J Infect. 2008;56(4):268–273.10.1016/j.jinf.2008.01.013
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Shetty N, Narasimha M, Raghuveer TS, Elliott E, Farthing MJ, Macaden R. Intestinal amoebiasis and giardiasis in Southern Indian infants and children. Trans R Soc Trop Med Hyg. 1990;84(3):382–384.10.1016/0035-9203(90)90328-C
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Kang G, Mathew MS, Rajan DP, Daniel JD, Mathan MM, Mathan VI, et al. Prevalence of intestinal parasites in rural Southern Indians. Trop Med Int Health. 1998;3(1):70–75.10.1046/j.1365-3156.1998.00175.x
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Suman MSH, Alam MM, Pun SB, Khair A, Ahmed S, Uchida RY. Prevalence of Giardia lamblia infection in children and calves in Bangladesh. Bangl. J. Vet. Med. 2013;9(2):177–182.
   Google Scholar
• Abbas NF, El-Shaikh KA, Almohammady MS. Prevalence of Giardia lamblia in diarrheic children in Almadinah Almunawarh, KSA. J Taibah Univ Sci. 2011;5:25–30.10.1016/S1658-3655(12)60035-1
   Google Scholar
• Abbas NF. Prevalence of Giardia lamblia in diarrheic children in Almadinah Almunawarh, KSA. J Taibah Univ Sci. 2011;5:25–30.10.1016/S1658-3655(12)60035-1
   Google Scholar
• Wilson JM, Hankenson FC. Evaluation of an inhouse rapid ELISA test for detection of Giardia in domestic sheep (Ovis aries). J Am Assoc Lab Anim Sci. 2010;49(6):809–813.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Tak V, Mirdha BR, Yadav P, Vyas P, Makharia GK, Bhatnagar S. Molecular characterisation of Giardia intestinalis assemblages from human isolates at a tertiary care centre of India. Indian J Med Microbiol. 2014;32(1):19–25.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Amar CF, Dear PH, Pedraza-Diaz S, Looker N, Linnane E, McLauchlin J. Sensitive PCR-restriction fragment length polymorphism assay for detection and genotyping of Giardia duodenalis in human feces. J Clin Microbiol. 2002;40(2):446–452.10.1128/JCM.40.2.446-452.2002
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Sahagun J, Clavel A, Goni P, Seral C, Llorente MT, Castillo FJ, et al. Correlation between the presence of symptoms and the Giardia duodenalis genotype. Eur J Clin Microbiol Infect Dis. 2008;27(1):81–83.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Helmy MM, Abdel-Fattah HS, Rashed L. Real-time PCR/RFLP assay to detect Giardia intestinalis genotypes in human isolates with diarrhea in Egypt. J Parasitol. 2009;95(4):1000–1004.10.1645/GE-1670.1
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Abdel-Moneim SM, Sultan DM. Genetic characterization of Giardia lamblia isolates from Egyptian patients with relation to clinical giardiasis. J Egypt Soc Parasitol. 2008;38(2):547–560.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• El-Tantawy NL, Taman AI. The epidemiology of Giardia intestinalis assemblages A and B among Egyptian children with diarrhea: a PCR-RFLP-based approach. Parasitol United J. 2014;7(2):104–109.10.4103/1687-7942.149557
   Google Scholar
• Ignatius R, Gahutu JB, Klotz C, Steininger C, Shyirambere C, Lyng M, et al. High prevalence of Giardia duodenalis assemblage B infection and association with underweight in Rwandan children. PLoS Negl Trop Dis. 2012;6(6):e1677.10.1371/journal.pntd.0001677
   Google Scholar
• Homan WL, Mank TG. Human giardiasis: genotype linked differences in clinical symptomatology. Int J Parasitol. 2001;31(8):822–826.10.1016/S0020-7519(01)00183-7
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Jerez Puebla LE, Nunez FA, Martinez Silva I, Rojas Rivero L, Martinez Gonzalez M, Mendez Sutil Y, et al. Molecular characterization and risk factors of Giardia duodenalis among school children from La Habana, Cuba. J Parasitol Res. 2015;2015:378643–378648.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Al-Mohammed HI. Genotypes of Giardia intestinalis clinical isolates of gastrointestinal symptomatic and asymptomatic Saudi children. Parasitol Res. 2011;108(6):1375–1381.10.1007/s00436-010-2033-5
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar