Clinical and molecular monitoring of Plasmodium falciparum resistance to antimalarial drug (artesunate+sulphadoxine-pyrimethamine) in two highly malarious district of Madhya Pradesh, Central India from 2012–2014

References

• WHO. World malaria report 2015. Geneva: WHO; 2015 [cited 2016 Mar 16]. Available from: http://apps.who.int/iris/bitstream/10665/200018/1/9789241565158_eng.pdf
   Google Scholar
• Singh N, Dash AP, Thimasarn K. Fighting malaria in Madhya Pradesh (Central India): are we losing the battle? Malar J. 2009;8:93.10.1186/1475-2875-8-93
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Jain V, Nagpal AC, Joel PK, et al. Burden of cerebral malaria in central India (2004–2007). Am J Trop Med Hyg. 2008;79:636–642.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Bharti PK, Alam MT, Boxer R, et al. Therapeutic efficacy of chloroquine and sequence variation in pfcrt gene among patients with falciparum malaria in central India. Trop Med Int Health. 2010;15:33–40.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Saha P, Guha SK, Das S, et al. Comparative efficacies of artemisinin combination therapies in Plasmodium falciparum malaria and polymorphism of pfATPase6, pfcrt, pfdhfr, and pfdhps genes in tea gardens of Jalpaiguri District, India. Antimicrob Agents Chemother. 2012;56:2511–2517.10.1128/AAC.05388-11
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Srivastava P, Ratha J, Shah NK, et al. A clinical and molecular study of artesunate + sulphadoxine-pyrimethamine in three districts of central and eastern India. Malar J. 2013;12:247.10.1186/1475-2875-12-247
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Mishra N, Narayan JP, Srivastava B, et al. Monitoring antimalarial drug resistance in India via sentinel sites: outcomes and risk factors for treatment failure, 2009-2010. Bull World Health Organ. 2012;90:895–904.10.2471/BLT.12.109124
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Mishra N, Kaitholia K, Srivastava B, et al. Declining efficacy of artesunate plus sulphadoxine-pyrimethamine in northeastern India. Malar J. 2014;13:284.10.1186/1475-2875-13-284
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Dondorp AM, Nosten F, Das D, et al. Artemisinin resistance in Plasmodium falciparum malaria. N Engl J Med. 2009;361:455–467.10.1056/NEJMoa0808859
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Phyo AP, Nkhoma S, Stepniewska K, et al. Emergence of artemisinin-resistant malaria on the western border of Thailand: a longitudinal study. Lancet. 2012;379:1960–1966.10.1016/S0140-6736(12)60484-X
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Hien TT, Thuy-Nhien NT, Phu NH, et al. In vivo susceptibility of Plasmodium falciparum to artesunate in Binh Phuoc Province, Vietnam. Malar J. 2012;11:355.10.1186/1475-2875-11-355
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Kyaw MP, Nyunt MH, Chit K, et al. Reduced susceptibility of Plasmodium falciparum to Artesunate in southern Myanmar. PLoS One. 2013;8:e57689.10.1371/journal.pone.0057689
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Mishra N, Prajapati SK, Kaitholia K, et al. Surveillance of artemisinin resistance in Plasmodium falciparum in India using the kelch13 molecular marker. Antimicrob Agents Chemother. 2015;59:2548–2553.10.1128/AAC.04632-14
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• WHO. Methods for surveillance of antimalarial drug efficacy. Geneva: WHO; 2009.
   Google Scholar
• WHO. World malaria report 2010. Geneva: WHO; 2010. Available from: http://www.who.int/gho/publications/world_health_statistics/EN_WHS10_Full.pdf
   Google Scholar
• Plowe CV, Kublin JG, Doumbo OK. P. falciparum dihydrofolate reductase and dihydropteroate synthase mutations: epidemiology and role in clinical resistance to antifolates. Drug Resist Updat. 1998;1:389–396.10.1016/S1368-7646(98)80014-9
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Mita T, Ohashi J, Venkatesan M, et al. Ordered accumulation of mutations conferring resistance to sulfadoxine-pyrimethamine in the Plasmodium falciparum parasite. J Infect Dis. 2014;209:130–139.10.1093/infdis/jit415
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Kublin JG, Dzinjalamala FK, Kamwendo DD, et al. Molecular markers for failure of sulfadoxine-pyrimethamine and chlorproguanil-dapsone treatment of Plasmodium falciparum malaria. J Infect Dis. 2002;185:380–388.10.1086/jid.2002.185.issue-3
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Ariey F, Witkowski B, Amaratunga C, et al. A molecular marker of artemisinin resistant Plasmodium falciparum malaria. Nature. 2014;505:50–55.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Bharti PK, Chand SK, Singh MP, et al. Emergence of a new focus of Plasmodium malariae in forest villages of district Balaghat, Central India: implications for the diagnosis of malaria and its control. Trop Med Int Health. 2012;18:12–17.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Singh N, Shukla MM, Gyan C, et al. Vector-borne diseases in central India, with reference to malaria, filaria, dengue and chikungunya. WHO Southeast Asian J Trop Med Public Health. 2014;3:28–35.
   Google Scholar
• Singh N, Chand SK, Bharti PK, et al. Dynamics of forest malaria transmission in Balaghat district, Madhya Pradesh, India. PlosOne. 2013;8:e73730.10.1371/journal.pone.0073730
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• NVBDCP. National vector borne disease control programme 2007. Available from: http://nvbdcp.gov.in/Doc/drug-policy-08.pdf
   Google Scholar
• Wongsrichanalai C. Artemisinin resistance or artemisinin-based combination therapy resistance? Lancet Infect Dis. 2013;13:114–115.10.1016/S1473-3099(12)70349-3
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Ahmed A, Bararia D, Vinayak S, et al. Plasmodium isolates in India exhibit a progressive increase in mutations associated with sulphadoxine-pyrimethamine resistance. Antimicrob Agents Chemother. 2004;48:879–889.10.1128/AAC.48.3.879-889.2004
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Ahmed A, Lumb V, Das MK, et al. Prevalence of mutations associated with higher levels of sulfadoxine-pyrimethamine resistance in Plasmodium falciparum isolates from Car Nicobar Island and Assam, India. Antimicrob Agents Chemother. 2006;50:3934–3938.10.1128/AAC.00732-06
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Alam MT, Bora H, Bharti PK, et al. Similar trends of pyrimethamine resistance-associated mutations in Plasmodium vivax and P. falciparum. Antimicrob Agents Chemother. 2007;51:857–863.10.1128/AAC.01200-06
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Mohapatra PK, Sarma DK, Prakash A, et al. Molecular evidence of increased resistance to anti-folate drugs in Plasmodium falciparum in North-East India: a signal for potential failure of artemisinin plus sulphadoxine-pyrimethamine combination therapy. PLoS One. 2014;9:e105562.10.1371/journal.pone.0105562
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Sharma D, Lather M, Mallick PK, et al. Polymorphism in drug resistance genes dihydrofolate reductase and dihydropteroate synthase in Plasmodium falciparum in some states of India. Parasit Vectors. 2015;8:583–480.10.1186/s13071-015-1080-2
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Mixson-Hayden T, Jain V, McCollum AM, et al. Evidence of selective sweeps in genes conferring resistance to chloroquine and pyrimethamine in Plasmodium falciparum isolates in India. Antimicrob Agents Chemother. 2010;54:997–1006.10.1128/AAC.00846-09
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Pathak A, Martensson A, Gawariker S, et al. Characterization of drug resistance associated genetic polymorphisms among Plasmodium falciparum field isolates in Ujjain, Madhya Pradesh, India. Malar J. 2014;13:182.10.1186/1475-2875-13-182
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Rahman MM, Ortega L, Rastogi RM, et al. Antimalarial drug resistance. Reg Health Forum. 2011;15:52–56.
   Google Scholar
• Mishra N, Bharti RS, Mallick P, et al. Emerging polymorphisms in falciparum Kelch 13 gene in Northeastern region of India. Malar J. 2016;15:2619.10.1186/s12936-016-1636-4
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• White NJ. Antimalarial pharmacokinetics and treatment regimens. Br J Clin Pharmacol. 1992;34:1–10.10.1111/bcp.1992.34.issue-1
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Bras LJ, Durand R. The mechanisms of resistance to antimalarial drugs in Plasmodium falciparum. Fundam Clin Pharmacol. 2003;17:147–153.10.1046/j.1472-8206.2003.00164.x
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Wang P, Brooks DR, Sims PFG, et al. A mutation specific PCR system to detect sequence variation in the dihydropteroate synthetase gene of Plasmodium falciparum. Mol Biochem Parasitol. 1995;71:115–125.10.1016/0166-6851(95)00041-X
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Mohon AN, Alam MS, Bayih AG, et al. Mutations in Plasmodium falciparum K13 propeller gene from Bangladesh (2009–2013). Malar J. 2014;13:431.10.1186/1475-2875-13-431
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Kamau E, Campino S, Amenga-Etego L, et al. K13-propeller polymorphisms in Plasmodium falciparum parasites from Sub-Saharan Africa. J Infect Dis. 2015;211:1352–1355.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Takala-Harrison S, Jacob CG, Arze C, et al. Independent emergence of artemisinin resistance mutations among Plasmodium falciparum in Southeast Asia. J Infect Dis. 2015;211:670–679.10.1093/infdis/jiu491
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Tacoli C, Gai PP, Bayingana C, et al. Artemisinin resistance-associ ated K13 polymorphisms of Plasmodium falciparum in Southern Rwanda, 2010–2015. Am J Trop Med Hyg. 2016;16:0483.
   Google Scholar
• Status report on artemisinin and ACT resistance. Geneva: WHO; September 2015. Available from: http://www.whoint/malaria/publications/atoz/status-rep-artemisinin-resistance-sept2015.pdf
   Google Scholar
• Ashley EA, Dhorda M, Fairhurst RM, et al. Spread of artemisinin resistance in Plasmodium falciparum malaria. N Engl J Med. 2014;371:411–423.10.1056/NEJMoa1314981
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Huang F, Takala-Harrison S, Jacob CG, et al. A single mutation in K13 predominates in southern China and is associated with delayed clearance of Plasmodium falciparum following artemisinin treatment. J Infect Dis. 2015;212:1629–1635.10.1093/infdis/jiv249
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Amaratunga C, Witkowski B, Dek D, et al. Plasmodium falciparum founder populations in western Cambodia have reduced artemisinin sensitivity in vitro. Antimicrob Agents Chemother. 2014;58:4935–4937.10.1128/AAC.03055-14
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Amaratunga C, Witkowski B, Khim N, et al. Artemisinin resistance in Plasmodium falciparum. Lancet Infect Dis. 2014;14:449–450.10.1016/S1473-3099(14)70777-7
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Bharti PK, Shukla MM, Ringwald P, et al. Therapeutic efficacy of artemether-lumefantrine for the treatment of uncomplicated Plasmodium falciparum malaria from three highly malarious states in India. Malar J. 2016;15:33.10.1186/s12936-016-1555-4
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Sharma J, Dutta P, Khan SA. Antifolate resistance associated point mutations among asymptomatic malaria cases. J Vector Borne Dis. 2016;53:81–83.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar