Clinical aspects of malarial retinopathy: a critical review

References

• World malaria report 2021. Geneva: world Health Organization; 2021. License: CC BY-NC-SA 3.0 IGO.
   Google Scholar
• Duffy PE, Fried M. Pregnancy malaria: cryptic disease, apparent solution. Memórias Inst Oswaldo Cruz. 2011;106(1):64–69.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Hanboonkunupakarn B, White NJ. The threat of artemisinin-resistant malaria in Southeast Asia. Travel Med Infect Dis. 2016;14(6):548–550.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Baruch DI. Adhesive receptors on malaria-parasitized red cells. Best Practice & Research Clinical Haematology. 1999;12(4):747–761.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Seydel KB, Kampondeni SD, Valim C, et al. Brain swelling and death in children with cerebral malaria. N Engl J Med. 2015;372(12):1126–1137.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Beare NAV, Harding SP, Taylor TE, et al. Perfusion abnormalities in children with cerebral malaria and malarial retinopathy. J Infect Dis. 2009;199(2):263–271.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Clark IA, Budd AC, Alleva LM, et al. Human malarial disease: a consequence of inflammatory cytokine release. Malar J. 2006;5(1).
   Google Scholar
• World Health Organization. Guidelines for the treatment of malaria. Third edition. 3rd ed. Geneva: World Health Organization.; 2015.
   Google Scholar
• Mwangi TW, Ross A, Snow RW, et al. Case definitions of clinical malaria under different transmission conditions in Kilifi District, Kenya. J Infect Dis. 2005;191(11):1932–1939.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Smith T, Charlwooed JD, Kihonda J, et al. Absence of seasonal variation in malaria parasitaemia in an area of intense seasonal transmission. Acta Trop. 1993;54(1):55–72.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Taylor TE, Fu WJ, Carr RA, et al. Differentiating the pathologies of cerebral malaria by postmortem parasite counts. Nat Med. 2004;10(2):143–145.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Maccormick IJC, Beare NAV, Taylor TE, et al. Cerebral malaria in children: using the retina to study the brain. Brain. 2014;137(8):2119–2142.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• . Barrera V, Hiscott PS, Craig AG, et al. Severity of retinopathy parallels the degree of parasite sequestration in the eyes and brains of Malawian children with fatal cerebral malaria. J Infect Dis. 2014;211(12):1977–1986.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Beare NA. Prognostic significance and course of retinopathy in children with severe malaria. Arch Ophtalmol. 2004 Jan;122(8):1141–1147.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Beare NAV, Harding SP, Lewallen S, et al. Malarial retinopathy: a newly established diagnostic sign in severe malaria. Am J Trop Med Hyg. 2006 Jan;75(5):790–797.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Lewallen S, Bakker H, Taylor TE, et al. Retinal findings predictive of outcome in cerebral malaria. Trans R Soc Trop Med Hyg. 1996;90(2):144–146.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Lewallen S, Taylor TE, Molyneux ME, et al. Ocular Fundus Findings in Malawian Children with Cerebral Malaria. Ophthalmology. 1993;100(6):857–861.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• White VA, Lewallen S, Beare NAV, et al. Retinal pathology of pediatric cerebral malaria in malawi. PLoS One. 2009;4(1):e4317.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Beare NA, Lewallen S, Taylor TE, et al. Redefining cerebral malaria by including malaria retinopathy. Future Microbiol. 2011;6(3):349–355.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Maccormick IJC, Maude RJ, Beare NA, et al. Grading fluorescein angiograms in malarial retinopathy. Malar . J. 2015; 14(1):10.1186/s12936-015-0897-7
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Barrera V, MacCormick IJ, Czanner G, et al. Author response: neurovascular sequestration in paediatric p. falciparum malaria is visible clinically in the retina, 2018: DOI: 10.7554/elife.32208.036.
   Google Scholar
• Beare NAV. Visual outcomes in children in Malawi following retinopathy of severe malaria. Br J Ophthalmol. 2004 Jan;88(3):321–324. DOI:10.1136/bjo.2003.025924.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Gautam J, Yao Y. Roles of pericytes in stroke pathogenesis. Cell Transplant. 2018;27(12):1798–1808.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• MacCormick IJ, Barrera V, Beare NA, et al. How does blood-retinal barrier breakdown relate to death and disability in pediatric cerebral malaria? J Infect Dis. 2020;225(6):1070–1080.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Ling R, James B. White-Centered retinal haemorrhages (Roth spots). Postgrad Med J. 1998 Jan;74(876):581–582.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Postels DG, Birbeck GL, Mannor KM, et al. Seasonal differences in retinopathy-negative versus retinopathy-positive cerebral malaria. Am J Trop Med Hyg. 2013;88(2):315–318.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Villaverde C, Namazzi R, Shabani E, et al. Clinical comparison of retinopathy-positive and retinopathy-negative cerebral malaria. Am J Trop Med Hyg. 2017;16–0315. DOI:10.4269/ajtmh.16-0315.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Villaverde C, Namazzi R,Shabani E, et al. Retinopathy-Positive cerebral malaria is associated with greater inflammation, blood-brain barrier breakdown, and neuronal damage than retinopathy-negative cerebral malaria. J Pediatric Infect Dis Soc. 2019 June; DOI:10.1093/jpids/piz082.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Small DS, Taylor TE, Postels DG, et al. Author response: evidence from a natural experiment that malaria parasitemia is pathogenic in retinopathy-negative cerebral malaria. 2017.
   Google Scholar
• Postels DG, Taylor TE, Kampondeni SD, et al. Brain MRI of children with retinopathy-negative cerebral malaria. Am J Trop Med Hyg. 2014;91(5):943–949.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Lewallen S, Bronzan RN, Beare NA, et al. Using malarial retinopathy to improve the classification of children with cerebral malaria. Trans R Soc Trop Med Hyg. 2008;102(11):1089–1094. DOI:10.1016/j.trstmh.2008.06.014
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Sayeed AA, Dondorp AM, Hasan MU, et al. Malarial retinopathy in bangladeshi adults. Am J Trop Med Hyg. 2011May;84(1):141–147
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Swamy L, Beare NAV, Mahmoud TH, et al. Funduscopy in cerebral malaria diagnosis: an international survey of practice patterns. Am J Trop Med Hyg. 2018 Jul;98(2):516–519.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Harding SP, Lewallen S, Beare NAV, et al. Classifying and grading retinal signs in severe malaria. Trop Doct. 2006;36(1):1–13. DOI:10.1258/004947506776315781
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Beare NA, Southern C, Lochhead J, et al. Inter-Observer concordance in grading retinopathy in cerebral malaria. Annals of Tropical Medicine & Parasitology. 2002;96(1):105–108.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Reyburn H, Mbatia R, Drakeley C, et al. Overdiagnosis of malaria in patients with severe febrile illness in Tanzania: a prospective study. BMJ. 2004;329(7476):1212.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Essuman VA, Ntim-Amponsah CT, Astrup BS, et al. Retinopathy in severe malaria in Ghanaian children - overlap between fundus changes in cerebral and non-cerebral malaria. Malar J. 2010 Dec;9(1).
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Soliz P, Nemeth SC, Barriga ES, et al. Comparison of the effectiveness of three retinal camera technologies for malarial retinopathy detection in Malawi. Ophthalmic Technologies. 2016 Apr;XXVI: DOI:10.1117/12.2213282
   Google Scholar
• Joshi V, Agurto C, Barriga S, et al. Automated detection of malarial retinopathy in digital fundus images for improved diagnosis in Malawian children with clinically defined cerebral malaria. Sci Rep. 2017;7(1).
   Google Scholar
• Joshi V, Wigdahl J, Nemeth S, et al. “Automated detection of malarial retinopathy in retinal fundus images obtained in clinical settings.” 2018 40th Annual International Conference of the IEEE Engineering in Medicine and Biology Society (EMBC), 2018, doi:10.1109/embc.2018.8513603.
   Google Scholar
• Tu Z, Gormley J, Sheth V, et al. Cerebral malaria: insight into pathology from optical coherence tomography. Sci Rep. 2021;11(1).
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Kochar A, Kalra P, Sb V, et al. Retinopathy of vivax malaria in adults and its relation with severity parameters. Pathog Glob Health. 2016Mar;110(4–5):185–193
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Maude RJ, Beare NAV, Sayeed A, et al. The spectrum of retinopathy in adults with Plasmodium falciparum malaria. Trans R Soc Trop Med Hyg. 2009 Jul;103(7):665–671. DOI:10.1016/j.trstmh.2009.03.001
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Nanfack CN, Bilong Y, Kagmeni G, et al. Malarial retinopathy in adult: a case report. Pan Afr Med J. 2017;27.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Beare NAV, Lewis DK, Kublin JG, et al. Retinal changes in adults with cerebral malaria. Annals of Tropical Medicine & Parasitology. 2003;97(3):313–315.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Ssenkusu JM, Hodges JS, Opoka RO, et al. Long-Term behavioral problems in children with severe malaria. Pediatrics. 2016;138140(55):e20161965.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Boivin MJ, Bangirana P, Byarugaba J, et al. Cognitive impairment after cerebral malaria in children: a prospective study. Pediatrics. 2007;119(2):e360–e366.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Holding PA, Stevenson J, Peshu N, et al. Cognitive sequelae of severe malaria with impaired consciousness. Trans R Soc Trop Med Hyg. 1999;93(5):529–534.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• John CC, Bangirana P, Byarugaba J, et al. Cerebral malaria in children is associated with long-term cognitive impairment. Pediatrics. 2008;122(1):e92–e99. DOI:10.1542/peds.2007-3709
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Bangirana P, Opoka RO, Boivin MJ, et al. Neurocognitive domains affected by cerebral malaria and severe malarial Anemia in children. Learn Individual Differences. 2016;46:38–44. DOI:10.1016/j.lindif.2015.01.010
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Boivin MJ, Gladstone MJ, Vokhiwa M, et al. Developmental outcomes in Malawian children with retinopathy-positive cerebral malaria. Tropical Medicine & International Health. 2010 Aug;16(3):263–271. DOI:10.1111/j.1365-3156.2010.02704.x
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Boivin MJ, Vokhiwa M, Sikorskii A, et al. Cerebral malaria retinopathy predictors of persisting neurocognitive outcomes in Malawian children. Pediatr Infect Dis J. 2014;33(8):821–824.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Postels DG, Taylor TE, Molyneux M, et al. Neurologic outcomes in retinopathy-negative cerebral malaria survivors. Neurology. 2012;79(12):1268–1272.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Boivin MJ, Mohanty A, Sikorskii A, et al. Early and middle childhood developmental, cognitive, and psychiatric outcomes of Malawian children affected by retinopathy positive cerebral malaria. Child Neuropsychology. 2018;25(1):81–102. DOI:10.1080/09297049.2018.1451497
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Langfitt JT, McDermott MP, Brim R, et al. Neurodevelopmental impairments 1 year after cerebral malaria. Pediatrics; 143(2):2019. DOI:10.1542/peds.2018-1026.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar