Language learning environments for Arabic-speaking children in New Zealand: Family demographics and children’s Arabic language exposure

References

• Abdalla, M., Chown, D., & Memon, N. (2020). Islamic studies in Australian Islamic schools: Learner voice. Religions, 11(8), 1–15. doi:10.3390/rel11080404
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Albirini, A. (2014). Toward understanding the variability in the language proficiencies of Arabic heritage speakers. International Journal of Bilingualism, 18(6), 730–765. doi:10.1177/1367006912472404
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Albirini, A. (2016). Modern Arabic sociolinguistics: Diglossia, variation, codeswitching, attitudes and identity. London: Routledge.
   Google Scholar
• Al Janaideh, R., Gottardo, A., Tibi, S., Paradis, J., & Chen, X. (2020). The role of word reading and oral language skills in reading comprehension in Syrian refugee children. Applied Psycholinguistics, 41(6), 1283–1304. doi:10.1017/S0142716420000284
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Al-Sahafi, M. (2015). The role of Arab fathers in heritage language maintenance in NZ. International Journal of English Linguistics, 5(1), 73–83. doi:10.5539/ijel.v5n1p73
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Al-Sahafi, M. A., & Barkhuizen, G. (2006). Language use in an immigrant context: The case of Arabic in Auckland. NZ Studies in Applied Linguistics, 12(1), 51–69.
   Google Scholar
• Al-Yaseen, W. S. (2021). Teaching English to young children as an innovative practice: Kuwaiti public kindergarten teachers’ beliefs. Cogent Education, 8, 1. doi:10.1080/2331186X.2021.1930492
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Bahhari, A. (2020). Arabic language maintenance amongst sojourning families in Australia. Journal of Multilingual and Multicultural Development, 13, 1. doi:10.1080/01434632.2020.1829631
   Google Scholar
• Barragan, B., Castilla-Earls, A., Martinez-Nieto, L., Restrepo, M. A., & Gray, S. (2018). Performance of low-income dual language learners attending English-only schools on the Clinical Evaluation of Language Fundamentals–Fourth Edition, Spanish. Language, Speech, and Hearing Services in Schools, 49(2), 292–305. doi:10.1044/2017_LSHSS-17-0013
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Bialystok, E. (2018). Bilingual education for young children: Review of the effects and consequences. International Journal of Bilingual Education and Bilingualism, 21(6), 666–679. doi:10.1080/13670050.2016.1203859
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Blake, H. L., Mcleod, S., Verdon, S., & Fuller, G. (2018). The relationship between spoken English proficiency and participation in higher education, employment and income from two Australian censuses. International Journal of Speech-Language Pathology, 20(2), 202–215. doi:10.1080/17549507.2016.1229031
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Braun, V., & Clarke, V. (2022). Conceptual and design thinking for thematic analysis. Qualitative Psychology, 9(1), 3–26. doi:10.1037/qup0000196
   Google Scholar
• Cuervo, S., & Hobek, A. (2021). Tutorial: Digital bilingual books for dual language learners eHearsay. Electronic Journal of the Ohio Speech-Language Hearing Association, 11(1), 42–50. Retrieved from https://www.ohioslha.org/wp-content/uploads/2021/03/WinterIssue2021.pdf
   Google Scholar
• Curdt-Christiansen, X. L. (2009). Invisible and visible language planning: Ideological factors in the family language policy of Chinese immigrant families in Quebec. Language Policy, 8(4), 351–357. doi:10.1007/s10993-009-9146-7
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Dagamseh, M. (2020). Language maintenance, shift and variation evidence from Jordanian and Palestinian immigrants in Christchurch NZ (Unpublished PhD dissertation). University of Canterbury. Retrieved from https://ir.canterbury.ac.nz/handle/10092/100139
   Google Scholar
• Ferguson, G. R. (2013). Language practices and language management in a UK Yemeni community. Journal of Multilingual and Multicultural Development, 34(2), 121–135. doi:10.1080/01434632.2012.724071
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Fillmore, L. W. (2000). Loss of family languages: Should educators be concerned? Theory into Practice, 39(4), 203–210. doi:10.1207/s15430421tip3904_3
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Fishman, J. (1991). Reversing language shift: Theoretical and empirical foundations of assistance to threatened languages. Clevedon: Multilingual Matters.
   Google Scholar
• García, O., & Otheguy, R. (2017). Interrogating the language gap of young bilingual and bidialectal students. International Multilingual Research Journal, 11(1), 52–65. doi:10.1080/19313152.2016.1258190
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Gollan, T. H., Starr, J., & Ferreira, V. S. (2015). More than use it or lose it: The number-of-speakers effect on heritage language proficiency. Psychonomic Bulletin & Review, 22(1), 147–155. doi:10.3758/s13423-014-0649-7
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Guiberson, M. (2020). Introduction to the forum: Innovations in clinical practice for dual language learners, Part 2. American Journal of Speech-Language Pathology, 29(3), 1113–1115. doi:10.1044/2020_AJSLP-20-00153
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Hirsch, T., & Lee, J. S. (2018). Understanding the complexities of transnational family language policy. Journal of Multilingual and Multicultural Development, 39(10), 882–894. doi:10.1080/01434632.2018.1454454
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Kadri, J. (2009). Resettling the unsettled: The refugee journey of Arab Muslims to NZ (Unpublished PhD dissertation). Auckland University of Technology. Retrieved from http://hdl.handle.net/10292/988
   Google Scholar
• Karidakis, M., & Arunachalam, D. (2016). Shift in the use of migrant community languages in Australia. Journal of Multilingual and Multicultural Development, 37(1), 1–22. doi:10.1080/01434632.2015.1023808
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Khamis-Dakwar, R., & Khattab, G. (2014). Cultural and linguistic considerations in language assessment and intervention for Levantine Arabic speaking children. Perspectives on Communication Disorders and Sciences in Culturally and Linguistically Diverse Populations, 21(3), 78. doi:10.1044/cds21.3.78
   Google Scholar
• Kohnert, K. (2010). Bilingual children with primary language impairment: Issues, evidence and implications for clinical actions. Journal of Communication Disorders, 43(6), 456–473. doi:10.1016/j.jcomdis.2010.02.002
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Leuner, B. (2008). Migration, multiculturalism and language maintenance in Australia: Polish migration to Melbourne in the 1980s. Lausanne: Peter Lang.
   Google Scholar
• Miller, C., Al-Wer, E., Caubet, D., & Watson, J. C. E. (2008). Arabic in the city: Issues in dialect contact and language variation. New York: Routledge.
   Google Scholar
• Ministry of Education. (2022a). Different types of primary and intermediate schools. Retrieved November 25, 2022, from https://parents.education.govt.nz/primary-school/schooling-in-nz/different-types-of-primary-and-intermediate-schools/
   Google Scholar
• Ministry of Education. (2022b). International students in NZ. Education Counts. Retrieved November 25, 2022, from https://www.educationcounts.govt.nz/statistics/international-students-in-new-zealand
   Google Scholar
• Montrul, S. (2013). Bilingualism and the heritage language speaker. In W. Ritchie & T. Bhatia (Eds.), The handbook of bilingualism (pp. 174–189). New Jersey: Wiley-Blackwell.
   Google Scholar
• Morgan, P. L., Hammer, C. S., Farkas, G., Hillemeier, M. M., Maczuga, S., Cook, M., & Morano, S. (2016). Who receives speech/language services by 5 years of age in the United States? American Journal of Speech-Language Pathology, 25(2), 183–199. doi:10.1044/2015_AJSLP-14-0201
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Mulgrew, L., Duffy, O., & Kennedy, L. (2022). The assessment of minority language skills in English–Irish-speaking bilingual children: A survey of SLT perspectives and current practices. International Journal of Language & Communication Disorders, 57(1), 63–77. doi:10.1111/1460-6984.12674
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Newbury, J., Bartoszewicz Poole, A., & Theys, C. (2020). Current practices of NZ speech-language pathologists working with multilingual children. International Journal of Speech-Language Pathology, 22(5), 571–582. doi:10.1080/17549507.2020.1712476
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• New Zealand Parliament. (2008). Immigration chronology: Selected events 1840–2008. Retrieved October 20, 2022, from https://www.parliament.nz/en/pb/research-papers/document/00PLSocRP08011/immigration-chronology-selected-events-1840-2008
   Google Scholar
• New Zealand Parliament. (2020). The NZ refugee quota: A snapshot of recent trends. Retrieved October 21, 2022, from https://www.parliament.nz/en/pb/library-research-papers/research-papers/the-new-zealand-refugee-quota-a-snapshot-of-recent-trends/
   Google Scholar
• Paradis, J., & Jia, R. (2017). Bilingual children's long-term outcomes in English as a second language: Language environment factors shape individual differences in catching up with monolinguals. Developmental Science, 20(1), Article e12433. doi:10.1111/desc.12433
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Paradis, J., Soto-Corominas, A., Vitoroulis, I., Al Janaideh, R., Chen, X., Gottardo, A., & Georgiades, K. (2022). The role of socioemotional wellbeing difficulties and adversity in the L2 acquisition of first-generation refugee children. Bilingualism: Language and Cognition, 25(5), 921–933. doi:10.1017/S136672892200030X
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Parker, C., Scott, S., & Geddes, A. (2019). Snowball sampling. In P. Atkinson, S. Delamont, A. Cernat, J. W. Sakshaug & R. A. Williams (Eds.), SAGE research methods foundations. London: SAGE Publications Ltd.
   Google Scholar
• Rojas, R., Iglesias, A., Bunta, F., Goldstein, B., Goldenberg, C., & Reese, L. (2016). Interlocutor differential effects on the expressive language skills of Spanish-speaking English learners. International Journal of Speech-Language Pathology, 18(2), 166–177. doi:10.3109/17549507.2015.1081290
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Said, F., & Zhu, H. (2017). “No, no Maama! Say ‘Shaatir ya Ouledee Shaatir’!” Children’s agency in language use and socialisation. International Journal of Bilingualism, 23(3), 771–785. doi:10.1177/1367006916684919
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Statistics NZ. (2018a). Arab ethnic group. Retrieved November 10, 2022, from https://www.stats.govt.nz/tools/2018-census-ethnic-group-summaries/arab
   Google Scholar
• Statistics NZ. (2018b). NZ’s population reflects growing diversity. Retrieved November 10, 2022, from https://www.stats.govt.nz/news/new-zealands-population-reflects-growing-diversity
   Google Scholar
• Stow, C., & Dodd, B. (2005). A survey of bilingual children referred for investigation of communication disorders: A comparison with monolingual children referred in one area in England. Journal of Multilingual Communication Disorders, 3(1), 1–23. doi:10.1080/14769670400009959
   Google Scholar
• Sun, H., Low, J., & Chua, I. (2022). Maternal heritage language proficiency and child bilingual heritage language learning. International Journal of Bilingual Education and Bilingualism. Advance online publication. doi:10.1080/13670050.2022.2130153
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Surrain, S. (2018). ‘Spanish at home, English at school’: How perceptions of bilingualism shape family language policies among Spanish-speaking parents of preschoolers. International Journal of Bilingual Education and Bilingualism, 24(8), 1163–1177. doi:10.1080/13670050.2018.1546666
   Google Scholar
• Tawalbeh, A. (2018). Transition as a focus within language maintenance research: Wellington Iraqi refugees as an example. International Journal of the Sociology of Language, 2018(251), 179–202. doi:10.1515/ijsl-2018-0011
   Google Scholar
• Tran, V. H., McLeod, S., Verdon, S., & Wang, C. (2021). Vietnamese-Australian parents: Factors associated with language use and attitudes towards home language maintenance. Journal of Multilingual and Multicultural Development, doi:10.1080/01434632.2021.1904963
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Tsinivits, D., & Unsworth, S. (2021). The impact of older siblings on the language environment and language development of bilingual toddlers. Applied Psycholinguistics, 42(2), 325–344. doi:10.1017/S0142716420000570
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Verdon, S., McLeod, S., & Winsler, A. (2014). Language diversity, use, maintenance, and loss in a population study of young Australian children. Early Childhood Research Quarterly, 29(2), 168–181. doi:10.1016/j.ecresq.2013.12.003
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Verdon, S., McLeod, S., & Wong, S. (2015). Supporting culturally and linguistically diverse children with speech, language and communication needs: Overarching principles, individual approaches. Journal of Communication Disorders, 58, 74–90. doi:10.1016/j.jcomdis.2015.10.002
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Willard, J., Agache, A., Jäkel, J., Glück, C., & Leyendecker, B. (2015). Family factors predicting vocabulary in Turkish as a heritage language. Applied Psycholinguistics, 36(4), 875–898. doi:10.1017/S0142716413000544
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Winsler, A., Burchinal, M. R., Tien, H., Peisner-Feinberg, E., Espinosa, L., Castro, D. C., … Feyter, J. D. (2014). Early development among dual language learners: The roles of language use at home, maternal immigration, country of origin, and socio-demographic variables. Early Childhood Research Quarterly, 29(4), 750–764. doi:10.1016/j.ecresq.2014.02.008
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Wright Karem, R., & & Washington, K. N. (2021). The cultural and diagnostic appropriateness of standardized assessments for dual language learners: A focus on Jamaican preschoolers. Language, Speech, and Hearing Services in Schools, 52(3), 807–826. doi:10.1044/2021_LSHSS-20-00106
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Yazan, B., & Ali, I. (2018). Family language policies in a Libyan immigrant family in the U.S.: Language and religious identity. Heritage Language Journal, 15(3), 369–387. doi:10.46538/hlj.15.3.5
   Google Scholar