Advancing opioid stewardship in low-middle-income countries: challenges and opportunities

References

• ASHP statement on the pharmacist's role in substance abuse prevention, education, and assistance. (2014). American Journal of Health-System Pharmacy, 71(3), 243–246. https://doi.org/10.2146/sp140002
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• American Hospital Association. (2017). Stem the tide: Addressing the opioid epidemic. AHA. www.aha.org/opioidtoolkit
   Google Scholar
• Azadfard, M., Huecker, M. R., & Leaming, J. M. (2021). Opioid addiction. In StatPearls [Internet]. StatPearls Publishing. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK448203/
   Google Scholar
• Babar, Z. U. (2021). Ten recommendations to improve pharmacy practice in low and middle-income countries (LMICs). Journal of Pharmaceutical Policy and Practice, 14(1), 6. https://doi.org/10.1186/s40545-020-00288-2
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Bach, P., & Hartung, D. (2019). Leveraging the role of community pharmacists in the prevention, surveillance, and treatment of opioid use disorders. Addiction Science & Clinical Practice, 14(1), 30. https://doi.org/10.1186/s13722-019-0158-0
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Bachhuber, M. A., Tuazon, E., Nolan, M. L., Kunins, H. V., & Paone, D. (2019). Impact of a prescription drug monitoring program use mandate on potentially problematic patterns of opioid analgesic prescriptions in New York City. Pharmacoepidemiology and Drug Safety, 28(5), 734–739. https://doi.org/10.1002/pds.4766
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Benyamin, R., Trescot, A. M., Datta, S., Buenaventura, R., Adlaka, R., Sehgal, N., Glaser, S. E., & Vallejo, R. (2008). Opioid complications and side effects. Pain Physician, 11(2 Suppl), S105–S120. https://doi.org/10.36076/ppj.2008/11/S105
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Bicket, M. C., Brat, G. A., Hutfless, S., Wu, C. L., Nesbit, S. A., & Alexander, G. C. (2019). Optimizing opioid prescribing and pain treatment for surgery: Review and conceptual framework. American Journal of Health-System Pharmacy, 76(18), 1403–1412. https://doi.org/10.1093/ajhp/zxz146
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Brown, R., & Morgan, A. (2019). The opioid epidemic in North America: Implications for Australia. Trends and Issues in Crime and Criminal Justice, 578, 1–15.
   Google Scholar
• Bruera, E. (2018). Parenteral opioid shortage – Treating pain during the opioid-overdose epidemic. New England Journal of Medicine, 379(7), 601–603. http://doi.org/10.1056/NEJMp1807117
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Budhathoki, S. S., Pokharel, P. K., Good, S., Limbu, S., & Bhattachan, M. (2017). Osborne RH: The potential of health literacy to address the health related UN sustainable development goal 3 (SDG3) in Nepal: A rapid review. BMC Health Services Research, 17(1), 237. https://doi.org/10.1186/s12913-017-2183-6
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Cernasev, A., Hohmeier, K. C., Frederick, K., Jasmin, H., & Gatwood, J. (2021). A systematic literature review of patient perspectives of barriers and facilitators to access, adherence, stigma, and persistence to treatment for substance use disorder. Exploratory Research in Clinical and Social Pharmacy, 2, 100029.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Cheetham, A., Picco, L., Barnett, A., Lubman, D. I., & Nielsen, S. (2022). The impact of stigma on people with opioid use disorder, opioid treatment, and policy. Substance Abuse and Rehabilitation, 13, 1–12. https://doi.org/10.2147/SAR.S304566
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Chen, A., Legal, M., Shalansky, S., Mihic, T., & Su, V. (2021). Evaluating a pharmacist-led opioid stewardship initiative at an urban teaching hospital. The Canadian Journal of Hospital Pharmacy, 74(3), 248–255.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Chisholm-Burns, M. A., Spivey, C. A., Sherwin, E., Wheeler, J., & Hohmeier, K. (2019). The opioid crisis: Origins, trends, policies, and the roles of pharmacists. American Journal of Health-System Pharmacy, 76(7), 424–435. https://doi.org/10.1093/ajhp/zxy089
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Cid, A., Ng, A., & Ip, V. (2023). Addressing the opioid crisis-the need for a pain management intervention in community pharmacies in Canada: A narrative review. Pharmacy (Basel), 11(2).
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Connery, H. S. (2015). Medication-assisted treatment of opioid use disorder: Review of the evidence and future directions. Harvard Review of Psychiatry, 23(2), 63–75. https://doi.org/10.1097/HRP.0000000000000075
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Copello, A., Templeton, L., Orford, J., & Velleman, R. (2010). The 5-step method: Evidence of gains for affected family members. Drugs: Education, Prevention and Policy, 17(sup1), 100–112. https://doi.org/10.3109/09687637.2010.514234
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Degenhardt, L., Grebely, J., Stone, J., Hickman, M., Vickerman, P., Marshall, B. D. L., Bruneau, J., Altice, F. L., Henderson, G., Rahimi-Movaghar, A., & Larney, S. (2019). Global patterns of opioid use and dependence: Harms to populations, interventions, and future action. The Lancet, 394(10208), 1560–1579. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0140-6736(19)32229-9
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Delcher, C., Pauly, N., & Moyo, P. (2020). Advances in prescription drug monitoring program research: A literature synthesis (June 2018 to December 2019). Current Opinion in Psychiatry, 33(4), 326–333. https://doi.org/10.1097/YCO.0000000000000608
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Dolovich, L., Austin, Z., Waite, N., Chang, F., Farrell, B., Grindrod, K., Houle, S., McCarthy, L., MacCallum, L., & Sproule, B. (2019). Pharmacy in the 21st century: Enhancing the impact of the profession of pharmacy on people's lives in the context of health care trends, evidence and policies. Canadian Pharmacists Journal/Revue des Pharmaciens du Canada, 152(1), 45–53. https://doi.org/10.1177/1715163518815717
   Google Scholar
• Dowell, D., Ragan, K. R., Jones, C. M., Baldwin, G. T., & Chou, R. (2022). CDC clinical practice guideline for prescribing opioids for pain – United States, 2022. MMWR Recommendations and Reports, 71(3), 1–95. https://doi.org/10.15585/mmwr.rr7103a1
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Drug Enforcement Administration. (2022). DEA teams up with more than 4,300 partners to remove unneeded prescription medications from communities. https://www.dea.gov/press-releases/2022/11/14/dea-teams-more-4300-partners-remove-unneeded-prescription-medications
   Google Scholar
• Egan, K. L., Gregory, E., Sparks, M., & Wolfson, M. (2017). From dispensed to disposed: Evaluating the effectiveness of disposal programs through a comparison with prescription drug monitoring program data. The American Journal of Drug and Alcohol Abuse, 43(1), 69–77. https://doi.org/10.1080/00952990.2016.1240801
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Eser, N., & Çelik, N. (2022). Association between rational drug use and health literacy among pregnant women: A cross-sectional study. Women & health, 62(7), 612–620. https://doi.org/10.1080/03630242.2022.2100033
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Gondora, N., Versteeg, S. G., Carter, C., Bishop, L. D., Sproule, B., Turcotte, D., Halpape, K., Beazely, M. A., Dattani, S., Kwong, M., Nissen, L., & Chang, F. (2022). The role of pharmacists in opioid stewardship: A scoping review. Research in Social and Administrative Pharmacy, 18(5), 2714–2747. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.sapharm.2021.06.018
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Gregory, T., & Gregory, L. (2020). The role of pharmacists in safe opioid dispensing. Journal of Pharmacy Practice, 33(6), 856–862. https://doi.org/10.1177/0897190019852803
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Harding, R., & Higginson, I. J. (2005). Palliative care in sub-Saharan Africa. The Lancet, 365(9475), 1971–1977. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0140-6736(05)66666-4
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• HHS. (2019). HHS guide for clinicians on the appropriate dosage reduction or discontinuation of long-term opioid analgesics. https://www.hhs.gov/system/files/Dosage_Reduction_Discontinuation.pdf
   Google Scholar
• International Agency for Research on Cancer. (2018). Latest global cancer data: Cancer burden rises to 18.1 million new cases and 9.6 million cancer deaths in 2018. https://www.iarc.who.int/featured-news/latest-global-cancer-data-cancer-burden-rises-to-18-1-million-new-cases-and-9-6-million-cancer-deaths-in-2018.
   Google Scholar
• Kerschbaum, E., & Nüssler, V. (2019). Cancer prevention with nutrition and lifestyle. Visceral Medicine, 35(4), 204–209. https://doi.org/10.1159/000501776
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Knapp, C., Woodworth, L., Wright, M., Downing, J., Drake, R., Fowler-Kerry, S., Hain, R., & Marston, J. (2011). Pediatric palliative care provision around the world: A systematic review. Pediatric Blood & Cancer, 57(3), 361–368. https://doi.org/10.1002/pbc.23100
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Kolodny, A., Courtwright, D. T., Hwang, C. S., Kreiner, P., Eadie, J. L., Clark, T. W., & Alexander, G. C. (2015). The prescription opioid and heroin crisis: A public health approach to an epidemic of addiction. Annual Review of Public Health, 36(1), 559–574. https://doi.org/10.1146/annurev-publhealth-031914-122957
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Krashin, D., Trescot, A., & Murinova, N. (2013). Opioids and pain treatment. In K. G. Ramawat & J.-M. Mérillon (Eds.), Natural products: Phytochemistry, botany and metabolism of Alkaloids, phenolics and terpenes (pp. 1367–1382). Springer Berlin Heidelberg.
   Google Scholar
• McCabe, S. E., West, B. T., Veliz, P., McCabe, V. V., Stoddard, S. A., & Boyd, C. J. (2017). Trends in medical and nonmedical use of prescription opioids among US adolescents: 1976–2015. Pediatrics, 139(4). https://doi.org/10.1542/peds.2016-2387
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• McGovern, R., Smart, D., Alderson, H., Araújo-Soares, V., Brown, J., Buykx, P., Evans, V., Fleming, K., Hickman, M., Macleod, J., Meier, P., & Kaner, E. (2021). Psychosocial interventions to improve psychological, social and physical wellbeing in family members affected by an adult relative's substance use: A systematic search and review of the evidence. International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health, 18(4), 1793. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph18041793
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Miller, R., & Goodman, C. (2016). Performance of retail pharmacies in low- and middle-income Asian settings: A systematic review. Health Policy and Planning, 31(7), 940–953. https://doi.org/10.1093/heapol/czw007
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Nahin, R. L., Boineau, R., Khalsa, P. S., Stussman, B. J., & Weber, W. J. (2016). Evidence-based evaluation of complementary health approaches for pain management in the United States. Mayo Clinic Proceedings, 91(9), 1292–1306. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.mayocp.2016.06.007
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• National Academies of Sciences, Engineering, and Medicine; Health and Medicine Division; Board on Health Sciences Policy; Committee on Pain Management and Regulatory Strategies to Address Prescription Opioid Abuse. (2017). Pain management and the opioid epidemic: Balancing societal and individual benefits and risks of prescription opioid use. https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/29023083/
   Google Scholar
• National Institute on Drug Abuse. (2023). Drug overdoes death rates. https://nida.nih.gov/research-topics/trends-statistics/overdose-death-rates
   Google Scholar
• NEJM Knowledge+ Team. (2020). Non-opioid analgesics role in pain management. NEJM Knowledge+. https://knowledgeplus.nejm.org/blog/non-opioid-analgesics-role-in-pain-management/
   Google Scholar
• Noncommunicable diseases. (2023). World Health Organization. https://www.who.int/news-room/fact-sheets/detail/noncommunicable-diseases
   Google Scholar
• Norn, S., Kruse, P. R., & Kruse, E. (2005). History of opium poppy and morphine. Dansk Medicinhistorisk Arbog, 33, 171–184.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Opioid Use Disorder. (2024). Johns Hopkins Medicine. https://www.hopkinsmedicine.org/health/conditions-and-diseases/opioid-use-disorder
   Google Scholar
• Pathan, H., & Williams, J. (2012). Basic opioid pharmacology: An update. British Journal of Pain, 6(1), 11–16. https://doi.org/10.1177/2049463712438493
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Popovici, I., Maclean, J. C., Hijazi, B., & Radakrishnan, S. (2018). The effect of state laws designed to prevent nonmedical prescription opioid use on overdose deaths and treatment. Health Economics, 27(2), 294–305. https://doi.org/10.1002/hec.3548
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Rane, A., Church, S., Bhatia, U., Orford, J., Velleman, R., & Nadkarni, A. (2017). Psychosocial interventions for addiction-affected families in low and middle income countries: A systematic review. Addictive Behaviors, 74, 1–8. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.addbeh.2017.05.015
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Rosen, Y. (2023). Opioid education program for grades 6 to 12 considered by Alaska lawmakers. Alaska Beacon, March 6. https://alaskabeacon.com/briefs/opioid-education-program-for-grades-6-to-12-considered-by-state-lawmakers/
   Google Scholar
• Rosenblum, A., Marsch, L. A., Joseph, H., & Portenoy, R. K. (2008). Opioids and the treatment of chronic pain: Controversies, current status, and future directions. Experimental and Clinical Psychopharmacology, 16(5), 405–416. https://doi.org/10.1037/a0013628
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Rural Health Information Hub. (2020). Proper drug disposal programs. https://www.ruralhealthinfo.org/toolkits/substance-abuse/2/harm-reduction/drug-disposal
   Google Scholar
• Sapkota, B., Giri, A., Bhatta, B., Awasthi, K., Bhurtyal, K., Joshi, B., & Joshi, K. R. (2022). Implementation of medicine take-back concept at community level in Nepal: A pilot study. Journal of Public Health, 44(3), 575–585. https://doi.org/10.1093/pubmed/fdab134
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Sasaki, H., Bouesseau, M. C., Marston, J., & Mori, R. (2017). A scoping review of palliative care for children in low- and middle-income countries. BMC Palliative Care, 16(1), 60. https://doi.org/10.1186/s12904-017-0242-8
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Schwartz, R. P., Gryczynski, J., O'Grady, K. E., Sharfstein, J. M., Warren, G., Olsen, Y., Mitchell, S. G., & Jaffe, J. H. (2013). Opioid agonist treatments and heroin overdose deaths in Baltimore, Maryland, 1995–2009. American Journal of Public Health, 103(5), 917–922. https://doi.org/10.2105/AJPH.2012.301049
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Shrestha, R., & Shrestha, S. (2024). Addressing the critical gap: Ensuring urgent access to palliative care services with essential medications in Nepal. Journal of Pain & Palliative Care Pharmacotherapy, 1–10. http://doi.org/10.1080/15360288.2024.2320384
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Shrestha, S., Iqbal, A., Teoh, S. L., Khanal, S., Gan, S. H., Lee, S. W. H., & Paudyal, V. (2024). Impact of pharmacist-delivered interventions on pain-related outcomes: An umbrella review of systematic reviews and meta-analyses.  Research in Social and Administrative Pharmacy, S1551-7411(24)00091-3. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.sapharm.2024.03.005
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Shrestha, S., Kc, B., Blebil, A. Q., & Teoh, S. L. (2022). Pharmacist involvement in cancer pain management: A systematic review and meta-analysis. The Journal of Pain, 23(7), 1123–1142. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jpain.2022.02.002
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Shrestha, S., Khatiwada, A. P., Gyawali, S., Shankar, P. R., & Palaian, S. (2020). Overview, challenges and future prospects of drug information services in nepal: A reflective commentary. Journal of Multidisciplinary Healthcare, 13, 287–295. https://doi.org/10.2147/JMDH.S238262
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Shrestha, S., Khatiwada, A. P., Sapkota, B., Sapkota, S., Poudel, P., Kc, B., Teoh, S. L., Blebil, A. Q., & Paudyal, V. (2023). What is "opioid stewardship"? An overview of current definitions and proposal for a universally acceptable definition. Journal of Pain Research, 16, 383–394. https://doi.org/10.2147/JPR.S389358
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Smith, R. G. (2020). A process review to an interdisciplinary approach to opioid stewardship. Journal of Interprofessional Education & Practice, 20, 100344. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.xjep.2020.100344
   Google Scholar
• Soltani, H., & Pardakhty, A. (2016). Marketed new drug delivery systems for opioid agonists/antagonists administration: A rapid overview. Addiction & Health, 8(2), 115–122.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Thakur, T., Frey, M., & Chewning, B. (2021). Communication between patients and health care professionals about opioid medications. Exploratory Research in Clinical and Social Pharmacy, 2, 100030.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Thapa, P., Lee, S. W. H., KC, B., Dujaili, J. A., Mohamed Ibrahim, M. I., & Gyawali, S. (2021). Pharmacist-led intervention on chronic pain management: A systematic review and meta-analysis. British Journal of Clinical Pharmacology, 87(8), 3028–3042. https://doi.org/10.1111/bcp.14745
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• The Frontline in the Fight Against Addiction. (2024). https://searidgedrugrehab.com/article/pharmacies-recovery/
   Google Scholar
• Trang, T., Al-Hasani, R., Salvemini, D., Salter, M. W., Gutstein, H., & Cahill, C. M. (2015). Pain and poppies: The good, the bad, and the ugly of opioid analgesics. The Journal of Neuroscience, 35(41), 13879–13888. https://doi.org/10.1523/JNEUROSCI.2711-15.2015
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• UNODC. (2023). Drivers of Illicit Trafficking in Border Communities in Southeast Asia.
   Google Scholar
• Uritsky, T. J., Busch, M. E., Chae, S. G., & Genord, C. (2021). Opioid stewardship: Building on antibiotic stewardship principles (Vol. 34, pp. 181–183). Taylor & Francis.
   Google Scholar
• Veettil, S. K., Darouiche, G., Sawangjit, R., Cox, N., Lai, N. M., & Chaiyakunapruk, N. (2022). Effects of pharmacist interventions on pain intensity: Systematic review and meta-analysis of randomized controlled trials. Journal of the American Pharmacists Association, 62(4), 1313–1320.e1316. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.japh.2022.02.015
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Velleman, R., Orford, J., Templeton, L., Copello, A., Patel, A., Moore, L., Macleod, J., & Godfrey, C. (2011). 12-month follow-up after brief interventions in primary care for family members affected by the substance misuse problem of a close relative. Addiction Research & Theory, 19(4), 362–374. https://doi.org/10.3109/16066359.2011.564691
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Vowles, K. E., McEntee, M. L., Julnes, P. S., Frohe, T., Ney, J. P., & van der Goes, D. N. (2015). Rates of opioid misuse, abuse, and addiction in chronic pain: A systematic review and data synthesis. Pain, 156(4), 569–576. https://doi.org/10.1097/01.j.pain.0000460357.01998.f1
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Webb, K., Cernasev, A., Li, M. S., Gatwood, J., Cochran, G., & Hohmeier, K. C. (2021). An exploratory study of pharmacist perceptions of opioid interventions for acute pain. Journal of Pharmacy Technology, 37(1), 36–44. https://doi.org/10.1177/8755122520967766
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• WHO. (2023). Opioid overdose. https://www.who.int/news-room/fact-sheets/detail/opioid-overdose
   Google Scholar
• Wu, P. E., Lee, T. C., & McDonald, E. G. (2023). What should i know about medication deprescribing? JAMA Internal Medicine, 183(8), 891–891. https://doi.org/10.1001/jamainternmed.2023.2099
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar