8,173
Views
2
CrossRef citations to date
0
Altmetric
Research Article

Inequality of education in colonial Ghana: European influences and African responses

References

  • Abdulai, Abdul-Gafuru, and Sam Hickey. 2016. “The Politics of Development Under Competitive Clientelism: Insights from Ghana’s Education Sector.” African Affairs 115 (458): 44–72.
  • Aboagye, Prince Young, and Jutta Bolt. Forthcoming 2021. “Long-Term Trends in Income Inequality: Winners and Losers of Economic Change in Ghana, 1891–1960.” Explorations in Economic History.
  • Acquah, Ioné. 1958. Accra Survey: A Social Survey of the Capital of Ghana, Formerly Called the Gold Coast, Undertaken for the West African Institute of Social and Economic Research, 1953–1956. London: University of London Press.
  • Akurang-Parry, Kwabena O. 2002. ““The Loads are Heavier Than Usual”: Forced Labor by Women and Children in the Central Province, Gold Coast (Colonial Ghana), CA. 1900–1940.” African Economic History 30: 31–51.
  • Akyeampong, Emmanuel, and Hippolyte Fofack. 2014. “The Contribution of African Women to Economic Growth and Development in the Pre-Colonial and Colonial Periods: Historical Perspectives and Policy Implications.” Economic History of Developing Regions 29 (1): 42–73.
  • Allman, Jean, and Victoria Tashjian. 2000. ‘I Will Not Eat Stone’: A Women’s History of Colonial Asante. Portsmouth, NH: Heinemann.
  • Archer, Margaret Scotford. 1979. Social Origins of Educational Systems. Beverly Hills: Sage.
  • Austin, Gareth. 1994. “Human Pawning in Asante c.1820–c.1950: Markets and Coercion, Gender and Cocoa.” In Pawnship in Africa: Debt Bondage in Historical Perspective, edited by Toyin Falola and Paul E. Lovejoy, 119–159. Boulder, San Francisco and Oxford: Westview Press.
  • Austin, Gareth. 2005. Labour, Land, and Capital in Ghana: From Slavery to Free Labour in Asante, 1807–1956. Woodbridge: Boydell & Brewer.
  • Baten, Joerg, Michiel de Haas, Elisabeth Kempter, and Felix Meier zu Selhausen. 2020. “Educational Gender Inequality in Sub-Saharan Africa: A Long-Term Perspective.” African Economic History Working Paper Series No. 54.
  • Becker, Gary S. 1964. Human Capital. New York: Columbia University Press for NBER.
  • Benavot, Aaron, and Phyllis Riddle. 1988. “The Expansion of Primary Education, 1870–1940: Trends and Issues.” Sociology of Education 61 (3): 191–210.
  • Bening, R. Bagulo. 1990. A History of Education in Northern Ghana. Accra: Ghana University Press.
  • Boli, John, Francisco O. Ramirez, and John W. Meyer. 1985. “Explaining the Origins and Expansion of Mass Education.” Comparative Education Review 29 (2): 145–170.
  • Bolt, Jutta, and Dirk Bezemer. 2009. “Understanding Long-Run African Growth: Colonial Institutions or Colonial Education?” The Journal of Development Studies 45 (1): 24–54.
  • Bray, Frank R. 1959. Cocoa Development in Ahafo, West Ashanti. Achimota: University of Ghana.
  • Brown, David S. 2000. “Democracy, Colonization, and Human Capital in Sub-Saharan Africa.” Studies in Comparative International Development 35 (1): 20–40.
  • Busia, Kofi Abrefa. 1950. Report on a Social Survey of Sekondi-Takoradi. Accra: Government of the Gold Coast Printing Department.
  • Cardinall, Allan Wolsey. 1931. The Gold Coast, 1931. Accra: Gold Coast Government Printer.
  • Clemens, Michael A. 2004. “The Long Walk to School: International Education Goals in Historical Perspective.” Center for Global Development Working Paper No. 37.
  • Coe, Cati. 2012. “How Debt Became Care: Child Pawning and its Transformations in Akuapem, the Gold Coast, 1874–1929.” Africa 82 (2): 287–311.
  • Cogneau, Denis, and Alexander Moradi. 2014. “Borders That Divide: Education and Religion in Ghana and Togo Since Colonial Times.” The Journal of Economic History 74 (3): 694–729.
  • Coleman, James, ed. 1965. Education and Political Development. Princeton, NJ: Princeton University Press.
  • Craig, John E. 1981. “Chapter 4: The Expansion of Education.” Review of Research in Education 9 (1): 151–213.
  • Cunningham, Hugh. 2000. “The Decline of Child Labour: Labour Markets and Family Economies in Europe and North America Since 1830.” The Economic History Review 53 (3): 409–428.
  • De Haas, Michiel, and Ewout Frankema. 2018. “Gender, Ethnicity, and Unequal Opportunity in Colonial Uganda: European Influences, African Realities, and the Pitfalls of Parish Register Data.” The Economic History Review 71 (3): 965–994.
  • Dupraz, Yanick. 2019. “French and British Colonial Legacies in Education: Evidence from the Partition of Cameroon.” The Journal of Economic History 79 (3): 628–668.
  • Engerman, Stanley L., and Kenneth L. Sokoloff. 2002. “Factor Endowments, Inequality, and Paths of Development among New World Economics.” National Bureau of Economic Research No. w9259.
  • Feldmann, Horst. 2016. “The Long Shadows of Spanish and French Colonial Education.” Kyklos 69 (1): 32–64.
  • Fortes, Meyer. 1938. Social and Psychological Aspects of Education in Taleland. London: Oxford University Press.
  • Fortes, Meyer. 1948. The Ashanti Social Survey: A Preliminary Report. Oxford: Oxford University Press.
  • Fortes, Meyer, R. W. Steel, and P. Ady. 1947. “Ashanti Survey, 1945–46: An Experiment in Social Research.” The Geographical Journal 110 (4/6): 149–177.
  • Foster, Philip. 1965. Education and Social Change in Ghana. London: Routledge & Kegan Paul.
  • Frankema, Ewout. 2012. “The Origins of Formal Education in Sub-Saharan Africa: Was British Rule More Benign?” European Review of Economic History 16 (4): 335–355.
  • Frankema, Ewout, and Marlous Van Waijenburg. 2012. “Structural Impediments to African Growth? New Evidence from Real Wages in British Africa, 1880–1965.” The Journal of Economic History 72 (4): 895–926.
  • Frankema, Ewout, and Marlous Van Waijenburg. 2019. “The Great Convergence, Skill Accumulation and Mass Education in Africa and Asia, 1870-2010.” Centre for Economic Policy Research Discussion Paper DP14150.
  • Gallego, Francisco A. 2010. “Historical Origins of Schooling: The Role of Democracy and Political Decentralization.” Review of Economics and Statistics 92 (2): 228–243.
  • Gallego, Francisco A., and Robert Woodberry. 2010. “Christian Missionaries and Education in Former African Colonies: How Competition Mattered.” Journal of African Economies 19 (3): 294–329.
  • George, Betty Stein. 1976. Education in Ghana. Washington, DC: Office of Education.
  • Glaeser, Edward L., Rafael La Porta, Florencio Lopez-de-Silanes, and Andrei Shleifer. 2004. “Do Institutions Cause Growth?” Journal of Economic Growth 9 (3): 271–303.
  • Goldin, Claudia Dale, and Lawrence F. Katz. 2008. The Race Between Education and Technology. London: Harvard University Press.
  • Graham, Charles Kwesi. 1968. “The Educational Experience of the Fanti Area of the Gold Coast (Ghana) in the 19th Century. A Study in Social Structure and Social Change.” PhD diss., University of London.
  • Graham, Charles Kwesi. 1971. The History of Education in Ghana: From the Earliest Times to the Declaration of Independence. London: Frank Cass and Co. Ltd.
  • Grier, Robin M. 1999. “Colonial Legacies and Economic Growth.” Public Choice 98 (3-4): 317–335.
  • Hill, Polly. 1956. The Gold Coast Cocoa Farmer: A Preliminary Survey. London: Oxford University Press.
  • Huillery, Elise. 2009. “History Matters: The Long-Term Impact of Colonial Public Investments in French West Africa.” American Economic Journal: Applied Economics 1 (2): 176–215.
  • Hurd, G. E. 1967. “Education.” In A Study of Contemporary Ghana: Volume 2, Some Aspects of Social Structure, edited by Walter Birmingham, Ilya Neustadt, and Emmanuel N. Omaboe, 217–239. London: George Allen & Unwin Ltd.
  • Jedwab, Remi, Felix Meier zu Selhausen, and Alexander Moradi. 2018. “The Economics of Missionary Expansion: Evidence from Africa and Implications for Development.” CSAE Working Paper WPS/2018-07.
  • Kaye, Barrington. 1962. Bringing Up Children in Ghana: An Impressionistic Survey. London: Allen & Unwin.
  • Kimble, David. 1963. A Political History of Ghana: The Rise of Gold Coast Nationalism, 1850–1928. Oxford: Clarendon Press.
  • Ladouceur, Paul André. 1979. Chiefs and Politicians: The Politics of Regionalism in Northern Ghana. London: Longman.
  • Lee, Jong-Wha, and Hanol Lee. 2016. “Human Capital in the Long Run.” Journal of Development Economics 122 (1): 147–169.
  • Levhari, David, and Yoram Weiss. 1974. “The Effect of Risk on the Investment in Human Capital.” The American Economic Review 64 (6): 950–963.
  • Lindert, Peter H. 2004. Growing Public: Social Spending and Economic Growth Since the Eighteenth Century. Volume 1. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.
  • Lord, Jack. 2011. “Child Labor in the Gold Coast: The Economics of Work, Education, and the Family in Late-Colonial African Childhoods, c. 1940–57.” The Journal of the History of Childhood and Youth 4 (1): 88–115.
  • Lord, Jack. 2015. “The History of Childhood in Colonial Ghana, c.1900–57.” PhD diss., SOAS, University of London.
  • McWilliam, Henry Ormiston Arthur, and Michael A. Kwamena-Poh. 1975. The Development of Education in Ghana: An Outline. London: Longman.
  • Meier zu Selhausen, F. 2019. “Missions, Education and Conversion in Colonial Africa.” In Globalization and the Rise of Mass Education, edited by David Mitch and Gabriele Cappeli, 25–59. Cham: Springer Nature.
  • Peil, Margaret. 1970. “The Apprenticeship System in Accra.” Africa 40 (2): 137–150.
  • Plange, Nii-K. 1979. “Underdevelopment in Northern Ghana: Natural Causes or Colonial Capitalism?” Review of African Political Economy 6 (15/16): 4–14.
  • Psacharopoulos, George. 1981. “Returns to Education: An Updated International Comparison.” Comparative Education 17 (3): 321–341.
  • Robertson, Claire C. 1984. Sharing the Same Bowl: A Socioeconomic History of Women and Class in Accra, Ghana. Bloomington: Indiana University Press.
  • Romer, Paul. 1990. “Human Capital and Growth: Theory and Evidence.” Carnegie-Rochester Conference Series on Public Policy 32 (1990): 251–286.
  • Subramaniam, V. 1979. “Consequences of Christian Missionary Education.” Third World Quarterly 1 (3): 129–131.
  • Szereszewski, R. 1965. Structural Changes in the Economy of Ghana, 1891–1911. London: Weidenfeld and Nicolson.
  • Szereszewski, R. 1966. “Regional Aspects of the Structure of the Economy.” In A Study of Contemporary Ghana: Volume 1, The Economy of Ghana, edited by Walter Birmingham, Ilya Neustadt, and Emmanuel N. Omaboe, 89–105. London: George Allen & Unwin Ltd.
  • Thomas, Roger G. 1974. “Education in Northern Ghana, 1906–1940: A Study in Colonial Paradox.” The International Journal of African Historical Studies 7 (3): 427–467.
  • Tordoff, William. 1965. Ashanti Under the Prempehs: 1888–1935. Oxford: Oxford University Press.
  • UNESCO. 2019. “Education in Africa.” Accessed December 3, 2019. http://uis.unesco.org/en/topic/education-africa.
  • Van Hear, Nick. 1982a. “Child Labour and the Development of Capitalist Agriculture in Ghana.” Development and Change 13 (4): 499–514.
  • Van Hear, Nick. 1982b. “Northern Labour and the Development of Capitalist Agriculture in Ghana.” PhD diss., University of Birmingham.
  • Welch, Finis. 1970. “Education in Production.” Journal of Political Economy 78 (1): 35–59.