Risk factors for anaemia in pregnancy in rural KwaZulu-Natal, South Africa: Implication for health education and health promotion

References

• Mayet FGH. Anaemia in pregnancy. S Afr Med J 1985;67:804–9.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• World Health Organization. The prevalence of anaemia in women: A tabulation of available information. Geneva, World Health Organization; 1992 (unpublished document WHO/MCH/MSM/92.2; available upon request from Division of Reproductive Health, World Health Organization, 1211 Geneva 27, Switzerland).
   Google Scholar
• Department of Health. Guidelines for maternity care in South Africa—A manual for clinics, community health centres and district hospitals. 2nd edition. Department of Health, Pretoria; 2002.
   Google Scholar
• Nojilana B, Norman R, Dhansay M, et al. Estimating the burden of disease attributable to iron deficiency anaemia in South Africa in 2000. S Afr Med J 2007;97(8):741–6.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Van den Broek NR. Anaemia in pregnancy in developing countries. Review. Br j Obstet Gynaecol 1998;105:385–90.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Park K. Park's Text Book of Preventive and Social Medicine. 16th edition. Banarsidas Bhanol, Jabalpur: 2000.
   Google Scholar
• Abou Zahr C, Royston E. Maternal mortality: A global fact book. Geneva: World Health Organization; 1991.
   Google Scholar
• Starrs A. Preventing the tragedy of maternal deaths. A report of the International Safe Motherhood Conference, Nairobi, Kenya. World Bank, Washington, DC; 1987.
   Google Scholar
• Department of Health. Saving mothers: Third report on confidential enquiries into maternal deaths in South Africa 2002–2004. Department of Health: Republic of South Africa, Pretoria; 2006.
   Google Scholar
• Sarin AR. Severe anaemia of pregnancy—recent experience. Int J Gynae col Obstet 1995;50:S45–S49.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• World Health Organization. Prevention and management of severe anaemia in pregnancy. WHO; 1993. WHO/FHE/MSM 193.5.
   Google Scholar
• Ross J, Thomas EL. Iron deficiency, anaemia and maternal mortality. Profiles 3, working notes Series No. 3. Washington, DC: Academy for Educational development; 1996.
   Google Scholar
• UNICEF. State of the world's population 1994, New York, UNFPA; 1998.
   Google Scholar
• Nokes C, Van Den Bosch C, Bundy DAP. The effect of iron deficiency and anemia on mental and motor performance, educational achievement and behavior in children: An annotated bibliography. Washington, DC, International Nutritional Anaemia Consultative Group; 1998.
   Google Scholar
• McCormick MC. The contribution of low birth weight to infant mortality and childhood mortality. N Engl J Med 1985;31:82–90.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Oetofse A, Faber M, Benade JG, Benade AJ, Kenoyer DG. The nutritional status of a rural community in KwaZulu-Natal, South Africa: The Ndukanazi project. Cent Afr J Med 1999;45:14–9.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Fleming AF. Anaemia in pregnancy in tropical Africa. Trans R Soc Trop Med Hyg 1989;87:620–6.
   Google Scholar
• Scholl TO, Hediger ML, Belsky DH. Prenatal care and maternal health during adolescent pregnancy: A review and meta-analysis. J Adolesc Health 1994;15:444–56.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Matteelli A, Donato F, Shein A, et al. Malaria and anaemia in pregnant women in urban Zanzibar, Tanzania. Ann Trop Med Parasitol 1994;88:475–83.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Hoque M, Kader SB, Hoque E. Prevalence of anaemia in pregnancy in the Uthungulu health district of KwaZulu-Natal, South Africa. SA Fam Pract 2007;49(6):16–20.
   Google Scholar
• DeMaeyer EM, Adeils-Tegman M. The prevalence of anaemia in the world. World Health Stat Q 1985;38:302–16. [Medline]
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Suharno D, West CE, Muhalil Karyadi D, Hautvast JGAJ. Supplementation with vitamin A and iron for nutritional anaemia in pregnant women in West Java, Indonesia. Lancet 1993;342:1325–7. [Medline]
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Savage D, Gangaidzo I, Lindenbaum J, et al. Vitamin B12 deficiency in the primary cause of megaloblastic anaemia in Zimbabwe. Br J Haematol 1994;86:844–50. [Medline]
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Fleming AF. A study of anaemia in pregnancy in Ibadan, Western Nigeria, with special reference to folic acid deficiency. MD thesis. Cambridge University, Cambridge, United Kingdom; 1968.
   Google Scholar
• Fleming AF. The aetiology of severe anaemia in pregnancy in Ndola, Zambia. Ann Trop Med Parasitol 1989;83:37–49. [Medline]
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Van den Broek NR, White SA, Neilson JP. The association between asymptotic HIV infection and the prevalence and severity of anaemia in pregnant Malawian women. Ann J Tro Med Hyg 1998;59:1004–7. [Medline]
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Shah BK, Baig LA. Association of anaemia with parasitic infestation in pregnant Nepalese women. Results from a hospital based study done in Eastern Nepal. J Ayub Med Coll 2005;17:5–9.
   Google Scholar
• World Health Organization. Report of the African Regional Consultation on control of anaemia in pregnancy. WHO, Geneva; 1989. Document AFR/MCH86.
   Google Scholar
• World Health Organization. Report of the African Regional Consultation on control of anaemia in pregnancy. Brazzaville, Congo; September 1989. Geneva: WHO, 1989.
   Google Scholar
• Allen LH. Pregnancy and iron deficiency: Unresolved issues. Nutrition Review 1997;55:91–103.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Ezzati M, Lopez D, Rodgers A, Murray CJL, eds. Comparative quantification of health risk: Global and regional burden of disease attributable to selected major risk factors. Vol 1. Geneva: World Health Organization; 2004:163–208.
   Google Scholar
• Stoltzfus RJ. Update on issues related to iron deficiency and anaemia control. Report of the 2003 International Nutritional Anaemia consultative group. The INACG Symposium, “Integrating programs to move Iron Deficiency and Anaemia Control Forward”. Marrakech, Morocco, International life Science Institute; 2003.
   Google Scholar
• British Nutrition Foundation. Iron: Nutritional and physiological significance. London; Chapman and Hall, 1995.
   Google Scholar
• Ogbeide O, Wagbadsoma V, Orhue A. Anaemia in pregnancy. East Afr Med J 1994;71:671–3.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Wilkinson D, Cutts F, Ntuli N, Abdul Karrim SS. Maternal and child health indicators in rural South African health district. S Afr Med J 1997;87:456–9.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• WHO. Prevention and management of severe anaemia in pregnancy. Report of a Technical Working Group. 1993, Geneva, World Health Organization. Document WHO/FHE/MSM/93.5.
   Google Scholar
• Jinabhai CC, Taylor M, Coustsoudis A, Coovadia HM, Tomkins AM, Sullivan KR. A mental and nutritional profile of rural school children in KwaZulu-Natal, South Africa. Ann Trop Paediatr 2001;21:50–8.
   Google Scholar
• Chitsulo L, Engels D, Montresor A, Savioli L. The global status of schistosomiasis and its control. Acta Trop 2000;77: 41–51.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Hoque AKM, Worku Z. The cholera epidemic of 2000/2001 in KwaZulu-Natal: Implication for health promotion and education. Health SA Gesondheid 2005;10:66–74.
   Google Scholar
• Kabatereine NB, Broker S, Koukounari A, et al. Impact of a national helminth control programme on infection and morbidity in Ugandan school children. Bull World Health Organ 2007;85:91–9.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Guyatt HL, Brooker S, Kihamia CM, Hall A, Bundy DAP. Evaluation of efficacy of school-based antehelmintic treatments against anaemia in children in the United Republic of Tanzania. Bull World Health Organ 2001;79:695–703.
   Google Scholar
• De Silva NR, Sirisena JL, Gunasekera DP, Ismail MM, De Silva HJ. Effect of mebendazole therapy in pregnancy on birth outcome. Lancet 1999;353:1145–9.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Torlesse H. Parasitic infection and anaemia during pregnancy in Sierra Leone [Thesis], Glasgow, University of Glasgow; 1999.
   Google Scholar
• Torlesse H, Hodges M. Anthelminthic therapy and reduced decline in haemoglobin concentration during pregnancy (Sierra Leone). Transactions of the Royal Society of Tropical Medicine and Hygiene 2001,95:195–201.
   Google Scholar
• WHO. Report of the WHO informal consultation on hookworm infection and anaemia in girls and women, Geneva, WHO; 1996 (document WHO/CTD/SIP/96.1).
   Google Scholar
• Richard GO. Administration of Praziquantel to pregnant and lactating women. Acta Tropica 2003, 86:121347.21–347.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar