Pain management in sports medicine: Use and abuse of anti-inflammatory and other agents

References

• Derman EW, Patel DN, Nossel CJ, Schwellnus MP. Healthy lifestyle interventions in general practice: an introduction to lifestyle and diseases of lifestyle. SA Fam Prac 50[4]; 6–12: 2008.
   Google Scholar
• American Sports Data Inc. 2004. Comprehensive study of Sports Injuries in the US [online] http://www.americansportsdata.com (Accessed 2004).
   Google Scholar
• Centers for Disease Control and Prevention. Nonfatal sports and recreational related injuries treated in emergency departments, United States, 2000–2001. Morb Mortal Wkly Rep 51, 736–740. 2002.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Derman E.W. Medical care of the South African Olympic Team—the Sydney 2000 experience. S Afr J Sports Med 2003; 15(3): 22–25.
   Google Scholar
• Virchenko O, Skoglund B, Aspenberg P. Parecoxib impairs early tendon repair but improves later remodeling. Am J Sports Med 2004; 32(7): 1743–1747.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Cohen DB, Kawamura S, Ehteshami JR, Rodeo SA. Indomethacin and celecoxib impair rotator cuff tendon-to- bone healing. Am J Sports Med 2006; 34(3): 362–369.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Alaranta A, Alaranta H, Helenius I. Use of prescription drugs in athletes. Sports Med 2008; 38(6): 449–463.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Ready LB, Edwards WT. Management of Acute Pain: a practical guide. 1992. Seattle, IASP.
   Google Scholar
• Toms L, Derry S, Moore RA, McQuay HJ. Single dose oral paracetamol (acetaminophen) with codeine for postoperative pain in adults. Cochrane Database Syst Rev 2009;(1):CD001547.
   Google Scholar
• Toms L, McQuay HJ, Derry S, Moore RA. Single dose oral paracetamol (acetaminophen) for postoperative pain in adults. Cochrane Database Syst Rev 2008;(4):CD004602.
   Google Scholar
• Hollingshead J, Duhmke RM, Cornblath DR. Tramadol for neuropathic pain. Cochrane Database Syst Rev 2006; 3: CD003726.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• O'Donnell JB, Ekman EF, Spalding WM, Bhadra P, McCabe D, Berger MF. The Effectiveness of a Weak Opioid Medication versus a Cyclo-oxygenase-2 (COX-2) Selective Non-steroidal Anti-inflammatory Drug in Treating Flare-up of Chronic Low-back Pain: Results from Two Randomized, Double-blind, 6-week Studies. J Int Med Res 2009; 37(6): 1789–1802.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Bolin DJ. Transdermal approaches to pain in sports injury management. Curr Sports Med Rep 2003; 2(6): 303–309.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Page AJ, Reid SA, Speedy DB, Mulligan GP, Thompson J. Exercise-associated hyponatremia, renal function, and nonsteroidal antiinflammatory drug use in an ultraendurance mountain run. Clin J Sport Med 2007; 17(1): 43–48.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Moore RA, Tramer MR, Carroll D, Wiffen PJ, McQuay HJ. Quantitative systematic review of topically applied non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs. BMJ 1998; 316(7128):333–338.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Moore RA, Derry S, Makinson GT, McQuay HJ. Tolerability and adverse events in clinical trials of celecoxib in osteoarthritis and rheumatoid arthritis: systematic review and meta-analysis of information from company clinical trial reports. Arthritis Res Ther 2005; 7(3): R644–R665.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Predel HG, Koll R, Pabst H, Dieter R, Gallacchi G, Giannetti B et al. Diclofenac patch for topical treatment of acute impact injuries: a randomised, double blind, placebo controlled, multicentre study. Br J Sports Med 2004; 38(3): 318–323.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Galer BS, Rowbotham M, Perander J, Devers A, Friedman E. Topical diclofenac patch relieves minor sports injury pain: results of a multicenter controlled clinical trial. J Pain Symptom Manage 2000;19(4): 287–294.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Esparza F, Cobian C, Jimenez JF, Garcia-Cota JJ, Sanchez C, Maestro A. Topical ketoprofen TDS patch versus diclofenac gel: efficacy and tolerability in benign sport related soft- tissue injuries. Br J Sports Med 2007; 41(3): 134–139.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Semark A, Noakes TD, St Clair GA, Lambert MI. The effect of a prophylactic dose of flurbiprofen on muscle soreness and sprinting performance in trained subjects. J Sports Sci 1999; 17(3): 197–203.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Frampton JE, Keating GM. Celecoxib: a review of its use in the management of arthritis and acute pain. Drugs 2007; 67(16): 2433–2472.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Petrella R, Ekman EF, Schuller R, Fort JG. Efficacy of celecoxib, a COX-2-specific inhibitor, and naproxen in the management of acute ankle sprain: results of a doubleblind, randomized controlled trial. Clin J Sport Med 2004; 14(4): 225–231.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Bertin P, Behier JM, Noel E, Leroux JL. Celecoxib is as efficacious as naproxen in the management of acute shoulder pain. J Int Med Res 2003; 31(2): 102–112.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Ekman EF, Fiechtner JJ, Levy S, Fort JG. Efficacy of celecoxib versus ibuprofen in the treatment of acute pain: a multicenter, double-blind, randomized controlled trial in acute ankle sprain. Am J Orthop (Belle Mead NJ) 2002; 31(8): 445–451.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Ekman EF, Ruoff G, Kuehl K, Ralph L, Hormbrey P, Fiechtner J et al. The COX-2 specific inhibitor Valdecoxib versus tramadol in acute ankle sprain: a multicenter randomized, controlled trial. Am J Sports Med 2006; 34(6):945–955.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Ekman EF, Ruoff G, Kuehl K, Ralph L, Hormbrey P, Fiechtner J et al. The COX-2 specific inhibitor Valdecoxib versus tramadol in acute ankle sprain: a multicenter randomized, controlled trial. Am J Sports Med 2006; 34(6): 945–955.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Nadarajah A, Abrahan L, Lau FL, Hwang LJ, Fakir-Bolte C. Efficacy and tolerability of celecoxib compared with diclofenac slow release in the treatment of acute ankle sprain in an Asian population. Singapore Med J 2006; 47(6): 534–542.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Vuolteenaho K, Moilanen T, Moilanen E. Non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs, cyclooxygenase-2 and the bone healing process. Basic Clin Pharmacol Toxicol 2008; 102(1): 10–14.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Deguchi M, Rapoff AJ, Zdeblick TA. Posterolateral fusion for isthmic spondylolisthesis in adults: analysis of fusion rate and clinical results. J Spinal Disord 1998; 11(6): 459–464.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Van Staa TP, Leufkens HG, Cooper C. Use of nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs and risk of fractures. Bone 2000; 27(4): 563–568.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Zhang X, Schwarz EM, Young DA, Puzas JE, Rosier RN, O'Keefe RJ. Cyclooxygenase-2 regulates mesenchymal cell differentiation into the osteoblast lineage and is critically involved in bone repair. J Clin Invest 2002; 109(11): 1405–1415.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Endo K, Sairyo K, Komatsubara S, Sasa T, Egawa H, Ogawa T et al. Cyclooxygenase-2 inhibitor delays fracture healing in rats. Acta Orthop 2005; 76(4): 470–474.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Simon AM, O'Connor JP. Dose and time-dependent effects of cyclooxygenase-2 inhibition on fracture-healing. J Bone Joint Surg Am 2007; 89(3): 500–511.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• O'Connor JP, Lysz T. Celecoxib, NSAIDs and the skeleton. Drugs Today (Barc) 2008; 449): 693–709.
   Google Scholar
• Warden SJ. Cyclo-oxygenase-2 inhibitors: beneficial or detrimental for athletes with acute musculoskeletal injuries? Sports Med 2005; 35(4): 271–283.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Shen W, Prisk V, Li Y, Foster W, Huard J. Inhibited skeletal muscle healing in cyclooxygenase-2 gene-deficient mice: the role of PGE2 and PGF2alpha. J Appl Physiol 2006; 101(4): 1215–1221.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Shen W, Li Y, Tang Y, Cummins J, Huard J. NS-398, a cyclooxygenase-2-specific inhibitor, delays skeletal muscle healing by decreasing regeneration and promoting fibrosis. Am J Pathol 2005; 167(4): 1105–1117.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Lapointe BM, Fremont P, Cote CH. Influence of nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drug treatment duration and time of onset on recovery from exercise-induced muscle damage in rats. Arch Phys Med Rehabil 2003; 84(5): 651–655.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Almekinders LC. Anti-inflammatory treatment of muscular injuries in sport. An update of recent studies. Sports Med 1999; 28(6): 383–388.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Peterson JM, Trappe TA, Mylona E, White F, Lambert CP, Evans WJ et al. Ibuprofen and acetaminophen: effect on muscle inflammation after eccentric exercise. Med Sci Sports Exerc 2003; 35(6): 892–896.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Bourgeois J, MacDougall D, MacDonald J, Tarnopolsky M. Naproxen does not alter indices of muscle damage in resistance-exercise trained men. Med Sci Sports Exerc 1999; 31(1): 4–9.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Pizza FX, Cavender D, Stockard A, Baylies H, Beighle A. Anti-inflammatory doses of ibuprofen: effect on neutrophils and exercise-induced muscle injury. Int J Sports Med 1999; 20(2): 98–102.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Derman EW, Lambert ML, West S., Schwellnus M. Does pre-treatment with non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs prevent muscle pain and damage after unaccustomed eccentric exercise? Br. J. Sports Med. 42[6], 506–507. 2008.
   Google Scholar
• Elder CL, Dahners LE, Weinhold PS. A cyclooxygenase-2 inhibitor impairs ligament healing in the rat. Am J Sports Med 2001; 29(6):801–805.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Warden SJ, Avin KG, Beck EM, DeWolf ME, Hagemeier MA, Martin KM. Low-intensity pulsed ultrasound accelerates and a nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drug delays knee ligament healing. Am J Sports Med 2006; 34(7): 1094–1102.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Forslund C, Bylander B, Aspenberg P. Indomethacin and celecoxib improve tendon healing in rats. Acta Orthop Scand 2003; 74(4): 465–469.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Ferry ST, Dahners LE, Afshari HM, Weinhold PS. The effects of common anti-inflammatory drugs on the healing rat patellar tendon. Am J Sports Med 2007; 35(8): 1326–1333.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Buvanendran A, Reuben SS. COX-2 inhibitors in sports medicine: utility and controversy. Br J Sports Med 2006; 40(11): 895–896.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Paoloni JA, Orchard JW. The use of therapeutic medications for soft-tissue injuries in sports medicine. Med J Aust 2005; 183(7): 384–388.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Warden SJ. Prophylactic misuse and recommended use of non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs by athletes. Br J Sports Med 2009; 43(8): 548–549.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar